Case Reports in Dentistry
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 730375, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/730375

Case Report

A Rare Interstitial Duplication of 8q22.1–8q24.3 Associated with Syndromic Bilateral Cleft Lip/Palate

Regina Ferreira Rezek,¹ Ana Angélica Rodrigues Abbas,¹ Juliana Forte Mazzeu,² Siliana Maria Duarte Miranda,³ and Cibele Velloso-Rodrigues⁴

¹Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC Minas), 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
²Catholic University of Brasília (UCB), 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
³Genetic Technology Laboratory, BIOCOD, 30140-070 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
⁴Institute of Biological Science, Department of Basic Sciences, Genetics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Campus Universitário, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Bairro São Pedro, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

Received 21 September 2014; Accepted 4 November 2014; Published 25 November 2014

Academic Editor: Wasiu L. Adeyemo

Copyright © 2014 Regina Ferreira Rezek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We present a rare case of 8q interstitial duplication derived from maternal balanced translocations in a patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate in syndromic form associated with other congenital malformations. G-banding cytogenetic analysis revealed a chromosomal abnormality in the form of the karyotype 46,XX der(22)t(8;22)(q22.1;p11.1)mat. Chromosome microarray analysis evidenced a 49 Mb duplicated segment of chromosome 8q with no pathogenic imbalances on chromosome 22. Two siblings also carry the balanced translocation. We have compared this case with other “pure” trisomies of 8q patients reported in the literature and with genome wide association studies recently published. This work highlights the involvement of chromosome 8q in orofacial clefts.

1. Introduction

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) are the most common craniofacial human birth defects with an incidence of 1 in 800 births [1] with wide variability related to geographic origin [2] and socioeconomic status [3]. The prevalence of orofacial clefts in Brazil was 0.36 per 1,000 live births from 1998 to 2002 [4]. Their etiology involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Some forms of orofacial clefts (OFCs) are associated with congenital malformations and chromosomal defects [5]. The classification of OFCs with or without other congenital anomalies, as well as chromosomal or gene variations, is described in the International Perinatal Database of Typical Oral Q1 Clefts [6] and it was modified in 2013 including new cleft subgroups [7].

In an analysis of medical records of 1127 patients, in the Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Clinic, Boys Town National Research Hospital, the authors found, among other findings, that 32.2% of all cleft patients had associated congenital malformations. Moreover, 63% of these patients with CL/P associated with congenital malformations had chromosome abnormalities [5]. At least ten chromosomes have been reported to be involved in the etiology of orofacial clefts (1p33; 1q32.2; 2p13; 2q33.1; 3q28; 3q28; 4p16.2; 4q21–q31; 6p24.3; 8q24.3; 11q23.3; 11q23.3; 13q33.1–q34; 14q22.2; and 19q13, MIM#119530). Some chromosomes are involved in the etiology of syndromic CL/P including trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 [8] and microdeletions 22q11.2 [9]. An extensive review about genetics of cleft lip and/or cleft palate based on publications identified by searching PubMed and OMIM has been published previously [10].

Pure distal 8q trisomy is a rare disorder. Phenotype varies in relation to the duplication size. Clinical signs include low birth weight; facial abnormalities such as prominent forehead, flat occiput, hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissure, nose and ear deformities, and thin upper lips; congenital heart defects; skeletal abnormalities; and retardation of growth and development [11–13].

This paper reports on a female patient, who exhibits a pattern of multiple congenital anomalies that includes CL/P and has a direct duplication (8) (8q22.1–8q24.3). This chromosomal anomaly resulted from a balanced translocation between chromosomes 8 and 22 in the mother. The balanced anomaly was inherited by two of the proband’s male siblings.

2. Case Report

The eight-year-old patient, Brazilian female, came to Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cleft Lip/Palate and Craniofacial Deformities of the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas (CENTRARE/PUC Minas) for treatment of a bilateral transforaminal cleft; cheiloplasty and palatoplasty had been previously performed, but the patient presented with a new palatal opening. In addition to the CL/P, her clinical features comprise intellectual disability, speech and locomotion delay, frequent seizures, asthma, recurrent respiratory infections, worn teeth due to bruxism, high forehead, hypertelorism, low set ears, prominent nostrils, and a shallow nasal bridge, pectus excavatum, and long and thin fingers and toes (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Analysis of the family history identified that this female is the fourth of four children born to nonconsanguineous parents. Her three male siblings did not present phenotypic abnormalities. Chromosomal analysis by G-banding for the proband, the parents, and the siblings was requested. A 5 mL sample of peripheral blood was collected in a heparinized tube from the proband and her relatives. From this material, a temporary lymphocyte culture was performed to obtain cells in metaphase. Following cell culture with stimulation of chromosomal growth and elongation, G-band staining and cytogenetic microscopic analysis were performed to determine the constitutional alterations in the chromosomes. Thirty cells in metaphase were analyzed at a resolution of approximately 450 bands. As a reference, bands from the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN, 2013) ideogram were used. Chromosomal microarray analysis was performed using CytoScan 750k plataform (Affymetrix, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The proband had a derivative chromosome 22 of maternal origin. The translocation occurred between the short arm of chromosome 22 and the long arm of chromosome 8 (Figure 2). Subsequent analysis of parental chromosomes showed a balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother, with her karyotype being 46,XX,t(8;22)(p21.1;q22.3). Therefore, the patient had a partial trisomy of chromosome 8q with the karyotype 46,XX der(22)t(8;22)(q22.1;p11.1)mat. Chromosome microarray analysis evidenced a 49 Mb duplicated segment of chromosome 8 (chr8: 96,871,849–146,295,771, hg19) (Figure 3). No pathogenic imbalances were found on chromosome 22 or any other chromosomes. Two of the three phenotypically normal siblings carried the apparently balanced translocation.

(a) Front view of patient

(b) Side view of patient

Figure 1: Patient at age of 8 years. Note craniofacial dysmorphism, bilateral transforaminal cleft (cheiloplasty and palatoplasty had been previously performed), high forehead, hypertelorism, low set ears, strabismus, and large nasal bridge with anteverted nares.

Figure 2: Micrograph of G-band metaphase chromosomes of the patient. Karyotype 46,XX der22t(8;22)(q22.1;p11.1)mat.

Figure 3: Ideogram showing duplication of 8q22.1–q24.3 detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Probe is ordered on the -axis according to physical mapping positions, with the p-arm probes to the left and q-arm probes to the right. Highlighted region represents the duplication detected by microarray (chr8: 96,871,849–146,295,771, hg19).

3. Discussion

We report a patient with partial trisomy of chromosome 8 resulting from a balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother. The karyotype 46,XX der(22)t(8;22)(q22.1; p11.1)mat. appears to be responsible for the phenotype of the patient. Conventional karyotyping and molecular analysis of our patient revealed a duplication of approximately 49 Mb involving 8q22.1–8q24.3.

Within chromosome 8q, in the region corresponding to 49 Mb duplicated segment (8q22.1–8q24.3), there are 54 loci (OMIM, 2014), whose products, in triplicate, may have contributed to proband’s phenotype. The region 8q24.3 was strongly associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) (MIM#612858) in genome wide association studies (GWAS) in patients of European descent [14, 15], in Mesoamerican [16] and Brazilian population [17] but not in the Japanese population [18], or in the southern Han Chinese population from Guangdong Province [19]. Fine mapping of the 640 kb region in 462 unrelated NSCL/P cases revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs987525) that was significantly associated with the disorder [14]. A meta-analysis for NSCL/P using data from the two largest GWA studies showed that the highest risk was associated with the A allele of SNP rs987525 on chromosome 8q24 at genomic position 8: 139,900,000–146,364,022 [20]. The locus has been named OFC12 (orofacial cleft 12) but its function is still unknown.

Clinical signs of trisomy 8q23-qter include short stature, microcephaly, peculiar face, microphthalmia, cleft lip/palate, short and broad neck, widely spaced nipples, congenital heart defects, overriding toes, and mostly severe mental retardation [21]. Whilst some cases of 8q duplication have been reported, “pure” trisomy of 8q is rare and only a few patients showed OFC. The duplication in our patient overlaps with others that have been reported in the literature with a common region of overlap. Although there is a large overlap between regions (chr8: 45 Mb), two cases of interstitial duplication at 8q22.2–q24.3 (chr8: 100,338,614–145,464,363-hg18) [21] and at 8q23.3–q24.1 (116,147,673–129,419,458) [22] were reported in children with similar dysmorphic features but without OFC. Thus our proband has a large duplication of chromosome 8q that extends to the OFC12 locus which explains the presence of OFC.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, our case contributes to the definition of the critical region for etiology of OFC on distal chromosome 8q24.3 and provides new information to patients with this rare duplication syndrome.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

Cibele Velloso-Rodrigues thanks Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) (07/2013-CBB-APQ-02734-13) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (MCT/CNPq/CT-SAÚDE no. 57/2010-Clinical Genetics) for support. Juliana Forte Mazzeu thanks Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal for financial support. The authors thank the patient and family members for their participation in this study. They also thank the Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cleft Lip/Palate and Craniofacial Deformities of the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas (CENTRARE/PUC Minas) and Baleia Hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, that provided support for subject recruitment and rehabilitation. Our study was authorized by Ethics Committees at Baleia Hospital and PUC Minas.

References

F. Rahimov, A. Jugessur, and J. C. Murray, “Genetics of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts,” The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 73–91, 2012.

A. P. Vanderas, “Incidence of cleft lip, cleft palate, and cleft lip and palate among races: a review,” Cleft Palate Journal, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 216–225, 1987.

J. C. Murray, S. Daack-Hirsch, K. H. Buetow, et al., “Clinical and epidemiologic studies of cleft lip and palate in the Philippines,” The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 7–10, 1997.

K. Rodrigues, M. F. de Sena, Â. G. Roncalli, and M. Â. F. Ferreira, “Prevalence of orofacial clefts and social factors in Brazil,” Brazilian Oral Research, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 38–42, 2009.

S. Beriaghi, S. Myers, S. Jensen, S. Kaimal, C. Chan, and G. B. Schaefer, “Cleft lip and palate: association with other congenital malformations,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 207–210, 2009.

IPDTOC Working Group, “Prevalence at birth of cleft lip with or without cleft palate: data from the International Perinatal Database of Typical Oral Clefts (IPDTOC),” The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 66–81, 2011.

A. J. M. Luijsterburg and C. Vermeij-Keers, “Ten years recording common oral clefts with a new descriptive system,” The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 173–182, 2011.

F. Perrotin, L. M. de Poncheville, H. Marret, C. Paillet, J. Lansac, and G. Body, “Chromosomal defects and associated malformations in fetal cleft lip with or without cleft palate,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 19–24, 2001.

M. Rittler, V. Cosentino, J. S. López-Camelo, J. C. Murray, G. Wehby, and E. E. Castilla, “Associated anomalies among infants with oral clefts at birth and during a 1-year follow-up,” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol. 155, no. 7, pp. 1588–1596, 2011.

N. Setó-Salvia and P. Stanier, “Genetics of cleft lip and/or cleft palate: association with other common anomalies,” European Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 381–393, 2014.

A. Schinzel, Catalogue of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations in Man, Walter de Gruyter, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 2001.

S. Stengel-Rutkowski, K. Lohse, C. Herzog, et al., “Partial trisomy 8q. Two case reports with maternal translocation and inverted insertion: phenotype analyses and reflections on the risk,” Clinical Genetics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 178–185, 1992.

B. D. Gelb, J. A. Towbin, E. R. B. McCabe, and E. Sujansky, “San Luis Valley recombinant chromosome 8 and tetralogy of Fallot: a review of chromosome 8 anomalies and congenital heart disease,” American Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 471–476, 1991.

S. Birnbaum, K. U. Ludwig, H. Reutter et al., “Key susceptibility locus for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate on chromosome 8q24,” Nature Genetics, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 473–477, 2009.

S. F. A. Grant, K. Wang, H. Zhang et al., “A genome-wide association study identifies a locus for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate on 8q24,” The Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 155, no. 6, pp. 909–913, 2009.

A. Rojas-Martinez, H. Reutter, O. Chacon-Camacho et al., “Genetic risk factors for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a mesoamerican population: evidence for IRF6 and variants at 8q24 and 10q25,” Birth Defects Research Part A—Clinical and Molecular Teratology, vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 535–537, 2010.

L. A. Brito, L. M. R. Paranaiba, C. F. S. Bassi et al., “Region 8q24 is a susceptibility locus for nonsyndromic oral clefting in Brazil,” Birth Defects Research Part A—Clinical and Molecular Teratology, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 464–468, 2012.

M. Hikida, M. Tsuda, A. Watanabe, et al., “No evidence of association between 8q24 and susceptibility to nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate in Japanese population,” The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 714–717, 2012.

M. Y. Xu, X. L. Deng, L. J. Tata et al., “Case-control and family-based association studies of novel susceptibility locus 8q24 in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Southern Han Chinese population located in Guangdong Province,” DNA and Cell Biology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 700–705, 2012.

K. U. Ludwig, E. Mangold, S. Herms et al., “Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate identify six new risk loci,” Nature Genetics, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 968–971, 2012.

D. Concolino, M. A. Iembo, M. T. Moricca et al., “A de novo 8q22.2-24.3 duplication in a patient with mild phenotype,” European Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 67–70, 2012.

P. G. Wheeler, “8q23-q24 duplication—further delineation of a rare chromosomal abnormality,” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 459–463, 2010.