Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 8181507, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8181507

Case Series

Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in the Use of Thalidomide and Systemic Corticosteroid in Reference Service in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Luiz Alberto Bomjardim Pôrto,¹ Maria Aparecida de Faria Grossi,² Edilamar Silva de Alecrim,¹ Marcus Henrique de Souza Brito Xavier,³ Frederico Paiva e Silva,¹ Amalia Sathler Pires,¹ Fabianny Sanglard da Silva,¹ and Sandra Lyon¹

¹Dermatology Service Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
²Secretary of State for Health, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
³Dermatology Service Alberto Cavalcante Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Luiz Alberto Bomjardim Pôrto; luizalbertobp@yahoo.com.br

Received 9 March 2019; Accepted 20 May 2019; Published 19 June 2019

Academic Editor: Alireza Firooz

Copyright © 2019 Luiz Alberto Bomjardim Pôrto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Introduction. Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a type of lepra reaction treated with corticosteroids and thalidomide, but this association increases the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Objective. To report cases of ENL with DVT in the use of thalidomide/corticosteroid associated. Methodology. The study was conducted between December 2015 and December 2016 at the Eduardo de Menezes Hospital (HEM-FHEMIG). Results. A clinical case series of 16 patients, eight from HEM-FHEMIG and eight from the literature. DVT occurred on 4 continents, mainly in adults and men. All patients were multibacillary; four people had pulmonary embolism (PE); there were 11 unilateral and five bilateral DVT cases; 12 cases were proximal, two distal, and two unspecified. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis was used on two individuals. Outcome after DVT, 14 patients improved, one had sequelae, and one died. Discussion. DVT increased in association with thalidomide/corticosteroid in multiple myeloma, but this complication is poorly described in ENL. In proximal DVT, there was a greater risk of PE and sequelae venous insufficiency. After DVT, start anticoagulation. ASA 100mg/day as prophylaxis for DVT in case of this drug association in ENL is recommended. Conclusion. The article illustrates the incidence increase of DVT because of the thalidomide/corticosteroid combination in ENL. When this association is necessary, use ASA 100mg/day as prophylaxis.

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 210671 new cases of leprosy, in 2017 which represents a detection rate of 2.77 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. Brazil has high burden for an illness, being the second with the highest number of new cases registered in the world [1].

Leprosy is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae that primarily attacks the skin and peripheral nerves. The clinical presentation depends on the genetically determined cellular immunity of the patient. Accordingly, the disease is often categorized as multibacillary or paucibacillary (lepromatous or tuberculoid) which determines the type of therapeutic scheme [2].

Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory episodes that may occur multiple times during the course of the disease or after treatment, manifesting as type 1 reaction or type 2 reaction known as erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), whose treatment of choice is thalidomide [3–5]. The use of thalidomide associated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin may increase thromboembolic risk [6]. There are studies associating a 10% increase in the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with thalidomide in combination with systemic corticosteroids [5, 7].

Thrombosis is linked to an imbalance of the fibrinolytic system and has as risk factors previous diseases, use of medication and alteration, of pro- or anticoagulant factors [8].

In the literature review, eight patients with leprosy erythema nodosum treated with thalidomide associated with systemic corticosteroids presented thrombotic events [5–12].

In this series, we present eight cases of DVT in individuals with leprosy and type 2 reaction.

2. Objective

The present study aims to report clinical cases of patients with ENL with the outcome of DVT during the use of thalidomide and systemic corticosteroids.

3. Methodology

The study was conducted between December 2015 and December 2016, at the Hospital Eduardo de Menezes of the Hospital Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (HEM-FHEMIG). HEM-FHEMIG is a Regional Reference Center for Health Dermatology and Infectious Diseases [13].

The preparation of this series of cases took into account anamnesis, clinical examination, and propaedeutic exams. A review of the literature on “deep vein thrombosis" related to the use of systemic corticosteroid therapy and thalidomide was performed. The research was done in publications made after 2004, in English and Portuguese, using the following health sciences descriptors: Pubmed, google academic, LILLACS, and Epistemonikos. There were few manuscripts on this subject, most of which were case reports.

Patient images were stored with appropriate descriptions in the DermatologiaWeb Software and later selected for the article. The DermatologiaWeb system is used for photographic documentation of patients in a digital virtual way. It includes photo storage functionality and the comparison function of the most recent images with the oldest images of the same lesion or of the same part of the body [14, 15].

4. Clinical Case Series

Table 1 presents a series of 16 clinical cases of DVT in ENL patients in the period of thalidomide and corticosteroid use, of which eight were followed in the HEM-FHEMIG and the other cases coming from reports of cases found in the English and Portuguese language literature. Thus, it is observed that such complication was described in in North America (1), South America (9), Europe (2), and Asia (4).

Table 1: Reports of ENL complicated by thrombosis during thalidomide/corticosteroids therapy.

N
COUNTRY
AGE
(YEARS)
GENDER
TYPE OF LEPROSY
MDT
COMORBITIES
REFERENCE

1
BRAZIL
43
M
LL
No
No
CASE 1

2
BRAZIL
39
M
BL
Yes
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
CASE 2

3
BRAZIL
57
F
LL
MOC
No
CASE 3

4
BRAZIL
40
M
LL
No
HIV+
CASE 4

5
BRAZIL
54
M
LL
Yes
No
CASE 5

6
BRAZIL
34
F
LL
No
Diabetes, ex-alcoholic, asthma and mood disorder
CASE 6

7
BRAZIL
55
M
LL
No
No
CASE 7

8
BRAZIL
71
F
LL
No
HIV+ e diabetes
CASE 8

9
SPAIN
43
M
B
No
No
Petiti-Martin et al. 2013

10
ÍNDIA
35
M
LL
Yes
No
LLetricheLLLLel et al. 2008

11
USA
39
M
B
Yes
No
Fabi et al. 2009

12
ÍNDIA
37
F
MB
Yes
No
Sharma et al. 2004

13
PORTUGAL
33
M
B
Yes
HIV+
Medeiros et al. 2009

14
JAPAN
58
M
B
Yes
HL; HTN
Sayaka et al 201

15
BRAZIL
75
M
BL
No
No
Brito et al. 2010

16
SRI LANKA
60
M
LL
Yes
No
Ahamed et al 2011 9:2.

B, borderline leprosy; BL, borderline lepromatous leprosy; ENL, erythema nodosum leprosum; F, female; HL hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension; LL, lepromatous leprosy; M, male; MB, multibacillary; MDT, multi-drug therapy.

The patients’ age range was 33 to 75 years (mean of 48.3 years). There was a predominance of males in the proportion of 12:4. All 16 patients were multibacillary in the lepromatous leprosy (9), borderline (3), and borderline lepromatous (3) forms and were not subclassified (1). Three patients had HIV-AIDS, one had cutaneous leishmaniasis, one had hypertension and dyslipidemia, one had diabetes, and one had diabetes, asthma, alcoholism, and a mood disorder.

Table 2 presents the characteristics of the DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) in these 16 clinical cases. Among the 16 patients described with DVT, four also presented PE. Most patients had unilateral DVT (68,8%) and the proximal veins were more affected (75%). Drug thromboprophylaxis was performed in two patients: in case number 2, prophylactic enoxaparin was used; in case 6, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was used. In three patients, there were changes in the coagulation system, even without the use of medication thromboprophylaxis at the time of diagnosis of the thrombotic event.

Table 2: Reports of DVT and PE.

N
DVT
PE
COAGULATION DISTURB
PHARMARCOLOGICAL PROPHLAXIS
RISK FACTOR TO DVT
OUTCOME AFTER DVT
REFERENCE

1
Unilateral proximal
No
No
No
No
Recovered
CASE 1

2
Bilateral proximal
No
No
Enoxaparina
Bacterial sepsis
Recovered
CASE 2

3
Bilateral proximal
No
No
No
No
Recovered
CASE 3

4
Unilateral proximal
No
No
No
No
Edema unilateral and death
CASE 4

5
Unilateral proximal
No
No
No
No
Edema unilateral
CASE 5

6
Unilateral distal
No
No
ASA
Smoking and medroxyprogesterone
Recovered
CASE 6

7
Unilateral distal
No
No
No
No
Recovered
CASE 7

8
Unilateral
No
No
No
No
Recovered
CASE 8

9
Unilateral proximal
No
Thrombophilia
No
No
Recovered
Petiti-Martin et al., 2013

10
Bilateral proximal
No
No
No
No
Recovered
LLetricheLLLLel et al., 2008

11
Unilateral proximal
Yes
Bilateral
No
No
No
Recovered
Fabi et al., 2009

12
Unilateral proximal
No
No
No
Cyclophosphamide
Recovered
Sharma et al., 2004

13
Bilateral proximal
Yes
No
No
No
Recovered
Medeiros et al.,2009

14
Bilateral
Yes
Bilateral
No
No
No
Recovered
Sayaka et al., 201

15
Unilateral proximal
No
Coagulogram disturb
No
No
Recovered
Brito et al., 2010

16
Unilateral proximal
Yes
Bilateral
Thrombocytopenia 90.000
No
No
Recovered
Ahamed et al., 2011 9:2.

DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; ASA, acetyl salicylic acid.

Three patients presented risk factors commonly associated with thrombosis: case 2 was hospitalized for bacterial sepsis prior to the diagnosis of DVT; case 6 was a smoker and an injectable contraceptive user; and case 12 used cyclophosphamide to treat ENL.

Regarding the outcome of the cases, the majority (87.5%) did not present any complications. However, one patient remained with chronic lymphedema in one lower limb and another patient died whose cause was not identified.

Soon after the diagnosis of thrombosis, all were anticoagulated with enoxaparin and subsequently warfarin, except for the third clinical case described in this article for refusal of treatment.

There are five figures of the patients to illustrate the cases from HEM-FHEMIG. Figure 1(a) is about case 1 with Cushing’s syndrome secondary to systemic corticosteroid. Figures 1(b), 2, and 5 are about cases 1, 2, and 6 without edema of the legs after recovered DVT. Figure 3 is about case 4 with edema during acute DVT in right leg. Figure 4 is about case 5 with edema after recovered DVT in left leg.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: (a) Case 1: patient with Cushing’s syndrome secondary to systemic corticosteroid; (b) Case 1: patient without edema after recovered DVT in right leg.

Figure 2: Case 2: patient without edema after recovered DVT in both legs.

Figure 3: Case 4: patient with edema during acute DVT in right leg.

Figure 4: Case 5: patient with edema after recovered DVT in left leg.

Figure 5: Case 6: patient without edema after recovered DVT in right leg.

Between 2014 and 2015, we followed 120 patients in the HEM-FHEMIG dermatology service using Thalidomide and oral corticosteroid for the treatment of ENL. In this period, we observed eight cases of DVT, which means an incidence of 6.66% of cases of thromboembolic events among those individuals.

5. Discussion

The drugs used in the treatment of ENL are thalidomide, oral corticosteroids, clofazimine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetila, methotrexate, and immunoglobulin G. Thalidomide is used in the treatment of ENL because of its anti-inflammatory property which is attributed to the inhibition of cytokines, TNF-alpha, endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor. The association of thalidomide with corticosteroid generates alterations in endothelial cell function, modifies the Th-1 cellular response, and increases the secretion of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. The drug is also used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and renal carcinoma [8].

Thromboembolic events have been described in the association of thalidomide and corticosteroid in the treatment of multiple myeloma, but there are few reports when these drugs are used in the treatment of ENL. In addition, despite the existence of reports of prophylactic anticoagulation in individuals with multiple myeloma using the combination of thalidomide and corticosteroid, we did not find in the literature this prophylaxis for ENL [10].

Clinical suspicion of DVT should be confirmed by a complementary propaedeutic, in order to identify the involved vessel and the extent of thrombosis, since the risk of PE due to proximal DVT is greater, as well as the severity of chronic venous insufficiency [11, 16].

In studies with multiple myeloma patients, the incidence of DVT at the time of use of thalidomide alone is in the range of 2-3% and increases to 12-26% in the case of combination of thalidomide and dexamethasone without prophylactic anticoagulation, but the anticoagulation reduces the chances of DVT [17, 18].

In the results of this article, HEM-FHEMIG presented a 6.66% incidence of thrombosis in patients using Thalidomide for the treatment of ENL, which is more than twice as described in patients with multiple myeloma in use of thalidomide. We believe that this difference is due to the frequent association of corticosteroid and thalidomide in our patients.

In Brazil, the Ministry of Health recommends ASA 100mg/day as prophylaxis for DVT in case of combination of thalidomide and corticosteroid for the treatment of ENL [4, 19].

A study of adverse effects of thalidomide was performed in HEM-FHEMIG and DVT were recorded in the use of the association thalidomide and systemic corticosteroid in patients with ENL [20]. HEM-FHEMIG is a Reference Center of leprosy and is aware in order to ensure timely diagnosis, treatment and prevention of complications [21, 22].

The risk factors commonly associated with DVT are smoking, drug use, immobility, cancer, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and previous history of thrombotic events [9].

The risk of DVT is related to genetic factors and is higher in blacks, intermediate in Caucasians, and lower in Asians. The incidence and prevalence of DVT are also strongly related to age, increasing almost 90-fold from 15 to 80 years of age. There is no definitive data on frequency between genders. Contraceptive use and HIV infection increase the incidence of DVT [23].

The increase in thromboembolic events in patients with ENL in treatment with thalidomide and corticosteroid is not related to genetic events of thrombophilia, but rather the association of the two medications [24].

6. Conclusion

The increased risk of thromboembolic events in ENL patients is not related to genetic events of thrombophilia and should be considered when prescribing the combination thalidomide and corticosteroids.

When this association is necessary, the use of ASA 100mg/day prophylaxis for DVT should be evaluated and the occurrence of DVT should be monitored to avoid complications.

Consent

Informed consent was taken from all the patients, including the patients who allowed photographic registration.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

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