Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 9704790, 5 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9704790

Case Report

Actinomyces meyeri Popliteal Cyst Infection and Review of the Literature

Bharath Raj Palraj and Ala S. Dababneh

Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic 200, First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Ala S. Dababneh; dababneh.ala@mayo.edu

Received 2 November 2016; Revised 27 December 2016; Accepted 16 January 2017; Published 31 January 2017

Academic Editor: Gernot Walder

Copyright © 2017 Bharath Raj Palraj and Ala S. Dababneh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A 66-year-old, Caucasian male presented with pain and swelling involving the left knee of one-week duration. Arthrocentesis was negative for evidence of septic arthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the left knee showed degenerative arthritis, partial tear of medial meniscus, and a complex fluid collection along the posteromedial aspect of the left knee suggestive of popliteal cyst. He underwent arthroscopy with partial medial meniscectomy. Intraoperative joint fluid was noted to be cloudy but cultures were negative. Arthroscopic procedure provided him with temporary relief but the pain and swelling in the posterior aspect of the left knee recurred in 6 weeks. Repeat MRI showed complex fluid collection in the posterolateral aspect of left knee. Ultrasound guided aspiration of the fluid collection revealed purulent material and cultures grew Actinomyces meyeri. He was treated with 6 weeks of intravenous penicillin regimen followed by 18 months of oral penicillin.

1. Background

Actinomyces meyeri is part of oral microflora and a very uncommon cause of infection in humans. Only 34 cases of infections due to A. meyeri have been reported in English language literature, when search was done in December 2016. The majority of cases were pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, and abscesses in liver, spleen, and brain. Popliteal cyst (Baker’s cyst) infection is a very rare complication that is usually associated with septic arthritis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a popliteal cyst infection due to Actinomyces meyeri in the English language medical literature. Based on clinical case reports, it requires prolonged antibiotic treatment along with surgical drainage procedure to cure this infection.

2. Case Presentation

A 66-year-old Caucasian male with a past medical history of mild degenerative joint disease presented to his primary physician with pain and swelling of the left knee without any history of recent injury. He did not have any history of alcohol abuse but noted history of dental abscess that was treated with root canal procedure approximately 4 months prior to the initial presentation. On physical examination, he had left knee joint effusion and about 35 ml of clear joint fluid was aspirated. Unfortunately, joint fluid was not sent for analysis or culture. Patient was diagnosed with possible degenerative arthritis with effusion and intra-articular steroid injection was given to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain. After a few days, patient presented with recurrence of left knee pain and progressive swelling in the left calf along with intermittent chills. On examination, he had left knee effusion, probable popliteal cyst along with erythema, tenderness, and induration in the calf region. Ultrasound noted a  cm complex fluid collection along the posteromedial aspect of left knee, suggestive of popliteal cyst with debris or hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of his left knee confirmed the ultrasound findings and showed large radial tear through medial meniscus body, anterior cruciate ligament tear. Patient underwent left knee arthroscopy with partial medial meniscectomy, chondroplasty, and subtotal synovectomy. Intraoperatively, the joint fluid was noted to be cloudy but both aerobic and anaerobic cultures of joint fluid were negative.

About 6 weeks after the arthroscopic procedure, patient developed fever with recurrence of pain and swelling in left knee while he was on vacation. He declined any surgical intervention at the time and was prescribed oral amoxicillin-clavulanate 875–125 mg twice daily. Upon his return, he was evaluated in the orthopedic surgery clinic and was noted to have a large, firm, indurated subcutaneous mass measuring about 5-6 inches in diameter in the posteromedial aspect of left knee. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive soft tissue edema around the knee with multiple complex peripherally enhancing fluid collections (Figure 1).

Figure 1: MRI images of left knee and infected fluid collections.

About 30 ml of purulent material was aspirated with ultrasound guidance and anaerobic culture grew Actinomyces meyeri. He did not have any cough or productive sputum. Patient improved briefly with aspiration and 10-day-course of oral amoxicillin-clavulanate 875–125 mg twice daily.

Few weeks later, he was referred to the Infectious Diseases Clinic when his symptoms recurred and was noted to have erythema, warmth, and induration involving the posterolateral aspect of his left calf, without any fluctuance, purulent drainage, or sinus tract. Ultrasound of left leg showed complex popliteal cystic fluid collection with internal debris extending into posterior lateral calf. 20 ml of purulent material was aspirated with ultrasound guidance and its analysis showed 533,000 cells per cubic millimeter; RBC 114,000 cells per cubic millimeter; 98% segmented neutrophils; 1% lymphocytes; and 1% eosinophils. Aerobic culture of aspirate was negative; anaerobic culture grew Actinomyces meyeri that was susceptible to penicillin and clindamycin. White Blood Cell count was 15.6 × 10(9)/L and CRP was elevated at 158 mg/L. Chest radiography was negative for any pulmonary infectious process. He was treated with 6 weeks of intravenous penicillin G 24 million international units every 24 hour via continuous infusion. Patient improved clinically and was transitioned to oral penicillin VK 500 mg twice daily.

While on oral penicillin regimen, patient developed severe throat pain. He was noted to have inflamed left posterior tonsillar fossa, atypical abscess with suspected fistulization, suggestive of actinomycosis. He underwent incision and drainage of left peritonsillar abscess and anaerobic culture grew multiple anaerobes but Actinomyces meyeri was not isolated. He received approximately 5 weeks of intravenous ertapenem 1 g every 24 hours, a broad spectrum antibiotic to cover multiple oral anaerobes until the left peritonsillar abscess resolved and was then transitioned to oral penicillin VK 500 mg twice daily (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Timeline of clinical course and management.

Patient completed 12 months of oral penicillin VK treatment and he has not had any recurrence of symptoms 12 months after completion of treatment.

3. Discussion

Popliteal cyst infection is a rare infectious disease process that is usually an extension of an infected knee joint [1–8] and only a small number of cases have been reported in the medical literature [1, 4]. Clinical presentation may resemble deep venous thrombosis or cellulitis [5–7]. Ultrasonography usually reveals a cystic fluid filled collection in the posterior aspect of the knee. MRI is better in assessment of rupture of the cyst and associated pyomyositis or osteomyelitis.

To identify the pathogen and to determine the specific pathogen-targeted antimicrobial therapy, aspirate of cystic fluid should be sent for gram stain, bacterial cultures, Acid Fast Bacilli stain, mycobacterial culture, fungal stain, and fungal culture. Staphylococcus aureus appears to be the most common causative pathogen [1]. Only one case report of anaerobic popliteal cyst infection has been reported in the medical literature [6].

In our patient, anaerobic culture of the aspirate grew Actinomyces meyeri that was susceptible to penicillin. Actinomyces are part of the normal flora of the oral, gastrointestinal, and genital tract in human beings. They can become pathogenic when there is disruption in mucosal barrier, resulting in rare chronic infections (actinomycosis) involving oral/cervicofacial, intra-abdominal, and genitourinary tracts.

Actinomyces israelii is the most common member of genus Actinomyces to cause human infections, predominantly localized in cervicofacial diseases [9]. Other human pathogens include A. naeslundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A. gerencseriae, A. meyeri, A. europaeus, A. neuii, A. radingae, A. graevenitzii, A. turicensis, A. georgiae, A. funkei, A. lingnae, A. houstonesis, and A. cardiffensis [9]. A. meyeri is an uncommon cause of actinomycosis in humans. Only 34 cases of infections by Actinomyces meyeri have been reported in English language literature when search was done in December 2016 [10–12].

Unlike A. israelii, A. meyeri usually causes pulmonary infection [13–16] and has been noted to have propensity for systemic disseminated disease involving the heart [17], bones [18, 19], liver [20–22], spleen [23], brain [24, 25], and muscles [26]. Localized infections in the jaw [27], breast [28], disk space [29], skin [30], orbit [31], foot [32], or abdomen [11, 33] also occur if there is direct inoculation due to injury or surgery. A review of cases noted that more than one-third of patients with A. meyeri had evidence of gingival/dental infection and/or alcohol use [10]. About half of patients with pneumonia were noted to have evidence of systemic dissemination [10].

Actinomyces meyeri is thought to cause primary pulmonary infection with subsequent local empyema and distant haematogenous dissemination to brain, liver, or spleen. A significant number of patients have poor dental hygiene and history of alcoholism, suggesting that aspiration to the lungs is the primary inciting event in the pathogenesis [10].

Our patient did not have any evidence of dental abscess at the time of presentation with popliteal cyst infection. He had history of dental abscess approximately 4 months prior to the presentation. About 4 months after the initial presentation, he was noted to have peritonsillar abscess which required incision and drainage. The peritonsillar abscess fluid culture grew multiple anaerobic organisms but Actinomyces meyeri was not isolated. We hypothesize that the portal of entry of A. meyeri in our patient is likely oral mucosa with subsequent hematogenous dissemination to the left knee popliteal cyst without pulmonary involvement. He received intra-articular steroid injection during his initial visit which might have exacerbated the infectious process. Patient did not have any clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary infection. The infectious process extended beyond the popliteal cyst likely either as a result of partial rupture of the cyst into the surrounding soft tissue in the posterolateral aspect of the left leg or due to tissue invasion by Actinomyces. Actinomyces do not respect any tissue boundaries and can easily invade tissues to spread infection beyond the popliteal bursa. The initial arthroscopy noted cloudy fluid but joint fluid cultures were negative.

Treatment requires a lengthy course of antibiotic therapy along with adequate drainage or surgery. A. meyeri is susceptible to penicillin and disseminated disease is usually treated with intravenous penicillin, 18–24 million units per day, for two to six weeks, followed by penicillin v potassium or amoxicillin. In patients that cannot take penicillin, doxycycline or clindamycin is a viable alternative. The duration of antibiotic therapy is variable and can range from six to twelve months, pending clinical response [10].

In conclusion, infections of popliteal cyst due to A. meyeri are very uncommon. Periodontal disease and alcoholism are risk factors for infection with A. meyeri. A. meyeri has a predilection for disseminated disease which could be secondary to more frequent pulmonary infection. A penicillin-based regime remains the treatment of choice and a relatively long course is needed. Surgical or percutaneous drainage of abscesses is recommended, as needed. The overall prognosis is fair, even in the presence of disseminated disease.

Additional Points

Learning Points. They were as follows:

(i)Popliteal cyst infection is a very uncommon complication that can resemble cellulitis or deep venous thrombosis.(ii)Actinomyces meyeri is part of oral microflora and an uncommon cause of infection in humans.(iii)Actinomyces israelii usually causes localized cervicofacial disease where as Actinomyces meyeri is noted to cause pulmonary infection with propensity to cause systemic disseminated disease involving skin, long bones, muscle, liver, and brain.(iv)Actinomyces meyeri is sensitive to penicillin. Current recommendation based on expert opinion is IV penicillin for 2–6 weeks followed by prolonged 6–12 months course of oral penicillin VK. The total duration of antibiotics should be individualised based on clinical and radiological progress.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

C. Drees, T. Lewis, and S. Mossad, “Baker's cyst infection: case report and review,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 276–278, 1999.

M. R. Liebling, “Editorial response: why a duck?—Or for that matter, why a cyst?” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 279–280, 1999.

C. J. Good and M. A. Jones, “Posterior rupture of the knee joint in septic arthritis: case report,” British Journal of Surgery, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 553–554, 1974.

I. M. Stewart, D. R. Swinson, and K. Hardinge, “Pyogenic arthritis presenting as a ruptured popliteal cyst,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 181–182, 1979.

A. Richards, “Ruptured popliteal cyst and pyogenic arthritis,” British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.), vol. 282, no. 6270, pp. 1120–1121, 1981.

B. R. Rubin, V. P. Gupta, R. S. Levy, E. Marmar, and G. E. Ehrlich, “Anaerobic abscess of a popliteal cyst in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis,” Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 733–734, 1982.

S. Hall, C. Wong, and G. O. Littlejohn, “Popliteal cyst rupture in septic arthritis,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 385–386, 1982.

M. Mannino, C. Marino, and K. Chawla, “Ruptured pyogenic Backer's cyst,” Journal of the National Medical Association, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1018–1022, 1988.

T. Russo, “Agents of actinomycosis,” in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, vol. 2, pp. 2309–2319, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 7th edition, 2010.

T. Fazili, D. Blair, S. Riddell, D. Kiska, and S. Nagra, “Actinomyces meyeri infection: case report and review of literature,” Journal of Infection, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 357–361, 2012.

I. A. Harsch, J. Benninger, G. Niedobitek et al., “Abdominal actinomycosis: complication of endoscopic stenting in chronic pancreatitis?” Endoscopy, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1065–1069, 2001.

J. Gomes, T. Pereira, A. Carvalho, and C. Brito, “Primary cutaneous actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces meyeri as first manifestation of HIV infection,” Dermatology Online Journal, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 5, 2011.

H. D. Rose, B. Varkey, and C. P. Kesavan Kutty, “Thoracic actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces meyeri,” American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 251–254, 1982.

J. W. Rippon and S. K. Kathuria, “Actinomyces meyeri presenting as an asymptomatic lung mass,” Mycopathologia, vol. 84, no. 2-3, pp. 187–192, 1984.

J. R. Lentino, J. E. Allen, and M. Stachowski, “Hematogenous dissemination of thoracic actinomycosis due to actinomyces meyeri,” Pediatric Infectious Disease, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 698–699, 1985.

A. M. Allworth, H. K. Ghosh, and N. Saltos, “A case of Actinomyces meyeri pneumonia in a child,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 145, no. 1, p. 33, 1986.

K.-L. Huang, S. M. Beutler, and C. Wang, “Endocarditis due to Actinomyces meyeri,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 909–910, 1999.

M. Lipton and G. Sonnenfeld, “Actinomyces meyeri osteomyelitis: an unusual cause of chronic infection of the tibia,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 148, pp. 169–171, 1980.

J. B. Long, J. M. Collins, C. P. Beauchamp, R. Kho, and J. L. Cornella, “Actinomyces meyeri osteomyelitis of the symphysis pubis following pubovaginal sling,” International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1375–1378, 2007.

M. N. Logan, P. J. Stanley, A. Exley, C. Gagg, and I. D. Farrell, “Actinomycetes in pyogenic liver abscess,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 394–396, 1989.

M. I. Miyamoto and F. C. Fang, “Pyogenic liver abscess involving actinomyces: case report and review,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 303–309, 1993.

P. García-Corbeira and J. Esteban-Moreno, “Liver abscess due to actinomyces meyeri,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 491–492, 1994.

E. Garduño, M. Rebollo, M. Á. Asencio, J. Carro, J. M. Pascasio, and J. Blanco, “Splenic abscesses caused by Actinomyces meyeri in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis,” Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 213–214, 2000.

B. A. C. Dijkmans, H. Mattie, R. T. W. M. Thomeer, G. J. Vielvoye, and A. S. Lampe, “Brain abscess due to Streptobacillus moniliformis and Actinobacterium meyerii,” Infection, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 262–264, 1984.

I. Colmegna, M. Rodriguez-Barradas, R. Rauch, J. Clarridge, and E. J. Young, “Disseminated Actinomyces meyeri infection resembling lung cancer with brain metastases,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 326, no. 3, pp. 152–155, 2003.

L. Liaudet, P. Erard, and P. Kaeser, “Cutaneous and muscular abscesses secondary to Actinomyces meyeri pneumonia,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 185–186, 1996.

R. C. Pordy, “Lumpy jaw due to Actinomyces meyerii: report of the first case and review of the literature,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 190–193, 1988.

J. N. Allen, “Actinomyces meyerii breast abscess,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 186–187, 1987.

N. Marquet-Van Der Mee and P. Goupille, “Isolation of Actinomyces meyeri from percutaneous disc biopsy specimens following lumbar disc surgery,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 278–280, 1994.

M. D. Hermida, P. Della Giovanna, M. Lapadula, S. García, and H. N. Cabrera, “Actinomyces meyeri cutaneous actinomycosis,” International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 154–156, 2009.

V. G. Peponis, S. E. Chalkiadakis, E. A. Parikakis, and P. G. Mitropoulos, “Chronic postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Actinomyces meyeri,” Case Reports in Ophthalmology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 95–98, 2011.

D. K. Pang and M. Abdalla, “Osteomyelitis of the foot due to actinomyces meyeri: a case report,” Foot & Ankle International, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 169–171, 1987.

A. P. Zbar, W. Ranasinghe, and P. J. Kennedy, “Subphrenic abscess secondary to Actinomycosis meyeri and Klebsiella ozaenae following laparoscopic cholecystectomy,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 725–727, 2009.