Case Reports in Medicine
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 7317289, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7317289

Case Report

Occipitocervical Hemolymphangioma in an Adult with Neck Pain and Stiffness: Case Report and Literature Review

Yongchao Li,1,2 Xing Zhang,¹ Xiaodong Pang,² Liang Yang,² and Baogan Peng²

¹Department of Orthopedics, Gaoyou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225600, China
²Department of Spinal Surgery, General Hospital of Armed Police Force, Beijing 100039, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Baogan Peng; pengbaogan@163.com

Received 1 September 2017; Accepted 18 October 2017; Published 7 December 2017

Academic Editor: Mark E. Shaffrey

Copyright © 2017 Yongchao Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Introduction. Hemolymphangioma is an extremely rare malformation of the lymphatic and blood vessels. A limited number of hemolymphangioma cases occurring in the pancreas, extremities, spleen, and other organs have been reported until September 2017. To the best of our knowledge, no cases of hemolymphangioma in the occipitocervical region have been reported in the literature. Case Presentation. We reported the case of a 23-year-old male patient with an occipitocervical lesion presenting atypically as neck pain and stiffness over a period of five months. Although hemolymphangioma has historically demonstrated a female predilection (2.25 : 1 female to male) and presentation in the third to fourth decades of life, this case is an atypical manifestation occurring in a young male patient. The clinical characteristics and management choices of this uncommon case of hemolymphangioma in the occipitocervical region are discussed, and a review based on the available literature is also presented. Conclusion. Hemolymphangioma of the occipitocervical region is an uncommon presentation of a rare lesion. Although rare, hemolymphangioma should be considered a differential diagnosis for masses occurring in the occipitocervical region. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice and affords a good prognosis.

1. Introduction

Hemolymphangioma is a malformation of both the lymphatic and vascular systems. Clinically, the onset of hemolymphangioma can vary from a slowly growing cyst over a period of years to an aggressive enlarging tumor, without invasive ability [1]. A limited number of hemolymphangioma cases occurring in the pancreas, extremities, spleen, and other organs have been reported until September 2017 [1–25]. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes the first case of hemolymphangioma in the occipitocervical region, which appears to be a rare site of presentation of a rare neoplasm and reviews the clinical characteristics and management choices of this condition based on the existing available literature.

2. Case Presentation

A 23-year-old man presented with a posterior occipitocervical subcutaneous mass that had been present since birth and had been growing for years. He complained of neck pain and stiffness for approximately 5 months, with no symptoms of extremity numbness or pain. There was no history of trauma or weight loss and was no family history of cancer. Physical examination revealed a partially spherical lesion, compressible, with mild tenderness. Laboratory data showed no infectious or inflammatory findings.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination was performed preoperatively, in order to establish the extent of the tumor and define its association with the surrounding tissues. The occipitocervical MRI scan (Figure 1) showed an approximate lesion measuring 11.2 × 3.5 × 6.9 cm with an irregular shape, unclear boundary, and uneven signal intensity on sagittal T2-weighted imaging (WI), dominantly high signal intensity on T2-WI fat suppressed, and markedly heterogeneous enhancement on coronal enhanced scan in the occipitocervical subcutaneous tissue.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: MRI demonstrated a mass (arrows) in the occipitocervical subcutaneous tissue with uneven signal intensity on (Figure 1(a)) sagittal T2-weighted, (Figure 1(b)) T2-weighted fat suppressed, and (Figure 1(c)) coronal enhanced images.

The patient was admitted for surgery. During the operation, the boundary of the mass was unclear. Macroscopically, the mass spaces between all mass measurements were 10.8 × 3.4 × 6.2 cm. It was polycystic and soft in consistency. Histopathological examination (Figure 2) revealed abnormal lymphatic and blood vessels with polycystic spaces, thin wall, and dyed red lymph and blood cells within the lumen, which confirmed a diagnosis of hemolymphangioma. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 2 weeks following the surgery. At 8 months of follow-up, he had no visible recurrence of the subcutaneous lesion and no evidence of neck pain and stiffness.

Figure 2: Histological analysis of specimen (hematoxylin and eosin stain; magnification ×100) showed abnormal lymphatic (black arrowheads) and blood vessels (black stars) with polycystic spaces.

3. Literature Review

In preparation of this case report, a review of the existing medical literature was performed with the PubMed database, using the following keyword: “Hemolymphangioma” to identify all possible studies published up to September 2017. References from these articles were also reviewed. After carefully reviewing and summarizing each published article, we selected 25 original studies with 26 case reports [1–25]. We find this tumor typically appearing in adult patients ranging in age from 2 months to 62 years, with an average age of 31.4 years. Nearly 61.5% (16/26) of all cases occurred in patients over the age of 20. Hemolymphangioma is most common in female patients, with the sex distribution of male to female 1 : 2.25. The clinical manifestation is not typical, whereby it can be hidden for a long time. The reported anatomic location of hemolymphangioma has been 23.1% (6/26) in the pancreas, 15.3% (4/26) in the extremities, 11.5% (3/26) in the spleen, and almost 69.2% (18/26) in internal or visceral locations. To date, no reports documenting recurrence have been reported after short-term follow-up. The clinical characteristics and management choices of all 26 patients with hemolymphangioma are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The clinical characteristics and management choices of 26 patients with hemolymphangioma [1–25].

Case
Publication year
Age (y)/sex
Localization
Size (cm)
Chief complaint
Treatment
Follow-up (months)
Recurrence
Evolution

1 [8]
1979
20/F
Lower extremity
NA
Painful swelling, chest pain, and pulmonary embolism
Urokinase for a short period; prolonged maintenance therapy was with a low dose of heparin
NA
NA
Favourable

2 [9]
1988
1.5/F
Lower extremity
4.0 × 5.0
Not reported
Pressure dressing and combined compression therapy
9
Not reported
Favourable

3 [13]
1993
NA/M
Abdomen
13.0
Not reported
Autopsy
NA
NA
Stillborn

4 [14]
1996
2/F
Esophagus
9.5 × 2.5 × 2.0
Acute dyspnea
Endoscopically
7
Not reported
Favourable

5 [2]
2003
53/F
Pancreas
4.0 × 3.0
Abdominal pain and weight loss
Pancreatoduodenectomy
NA
NA
Favourable

6 [23]
2005
15/F
Tongue
NA
Pain and bleeding
Pulsed-dye laser
10
Not reported
Favourable

7 [3]
2008
53/M
Pancreas
NA
Severe anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding
Pylorous-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy
NA
Not reported
Favourable

8 [4]
2009
20/F
Pancreas
18.0 × 16.0 × 12.5
Epigastric discomfort
Pancreatoduodenectomy
26
Not reported
Favourable

9 [1]
2010
0.16/F
Lower extremity
4.5
Asymptomatic
Surgical excision
12
Not reported
Favourable

10 [1]
2010
5/M
Lower extremity
2.1 × 1.8 × 0.5
Asymptomatic
Surgical excision
12
Not reported
Favourable

11 [15]
2012
57/F
Chest wall
9.0 × 9.0 × 5.0
Chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, and expectoration
Thoracotomy
3
Not reported
Favourable

12 [16]
2012
57/F
Small intestine
5.0 × 4.0
Recurrent melena
Partial resection of the small intestine
12
Not reported
Favourable

13 [17]
2013
53/F
Stomach
1.5
Bloody vomiting and epigastric pain
Endoscopic therapy
NA
NA
Favourable

14 [18]
2013
37/M
Rectum
20.0 × 8.0 × 8.0
Rectal bleeding and tenesmus
Low anterior resection of the rectosigmoid colon with handsewn transanal coloanal anastomosis
12
Not reported
Favourable

15 [5]
2013
39/F
Pancreas
10.0 × 7.0
Abdominal pain
Pancreatic body-tail resection combined with splenectomy
NA
Not reported
Favourable

16 [19]
2014
24/F
Duodenum
4.0 × 1.5
Severe anemia
Surgical excision
NA
Not reported
Favourable

17 [6]
2014
52/F
Pancreas
8.0 × 6.5 × 6.0
Abdominal pain and epigastric discomfort
Pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy
NA
NA
Died

18 [10]
2014
12/M
Spleen
15.7 × 8.5
Abdominal pain
Laparoscopic partial splenectomy
12
Not reported
Favourable

19 [7]
2015
57/F
Pancreas
8.0 × 6.0 × 4.5
Epigastric discomfort
Surgical excision
2
Not reported
Favourable

20 [11]
2015
62/F
Spleen
11.0 × 6.0 × 3.0
Abdominal pain
Total splenectomy
12
Not reported
Favourable

21 [20]
2015
17/M
Waist
12.0 × 6.0 × 6.0
Back pain
Surgical excision
7
Not reported
Favourable

22 [12]
2015
25/F
Spleen, retroperitoneum
28.0 × 24.0 × 15.0
Progressive splenomegaly
Splenectomy
NA
NA
Favourable

23 [21]
2015
15/F
Paraspinous
NA
Scoliosis
Posterior spinal fusion
12
Not reported
Favourable

24 [22]
2016
48/F
Posterior mediastinum
3.1 × 2.4
Shortness of breath and chest tightness
Thoracic surgery
12
Not reported
Favourable

25 [24]
2016
3/M
Greater omentum
20 × 15 × 6
Abdominal pain
Surgical excision
6
Not reported
Favourable

26 [25]
2017
57/M
Rectum, sigmoid
25
Rectorrhagia
Surgical excision
6
Not reported
Favourable

NA, the data were not available.

4. Discussion

Hemolymphangioma is thought to originate from the mesenchymal tissue [15] and typically found by palpation or with symptomatic compression of nearby anatomic structures [21]. It may be divided into primary and secondary lymphatic vascular tumors. The primary tumor is considered to be a congenital malformation of the lymphatic vascular system, possibly formed due to obstruction of the venolymphatic communication between dysembryoplastic vascular tissue and the systemic circulation. By contrast, the secondary tumor is caused by poor lymph drainage and lymphatic damage resulting from surgery or trauma [15, 20].

This tumor is a benign hamartoma of blood and lymphatic vessels with a predilection for the pancreas, spleen, and lower extremity and, less commonly, in occipitocervical lesion. In general, hemolymphangiomas are large masses of varying sized cystic cavities with thin walls, having multiple thin septa and containing fluid similar to hemorrhagic fluid, and rarely of clear lymphatic nature. The tumor size varies due to the anatomical location and relationship to the neighboring tissues [15]. The majority of small tumors remain asymptomatic for a long period of time. As the tumor develops, discomfort occurs, which is mainly caused by surrounding or infiltrating the neighboring tissues or other major structures [15]. In the current case, the main complaints were neck pain and stiffness for approximately five months, without symptoms of extremity numbness or pain. In clinical examinations, they are usually described as soft and compressible masses, loculated in pattern [20]. The histopathological examination suggests that the tumors often consist of abnormal lymphatic and blood vessels with polycystic spaces, and the thin-walled cystic lesion has connective septa covered by endothelium [7]. However, all cases in the literature had no abnormal laboratory findings as did our patient.

The impossibility to preoperatively define the histological type of the tumor explains the difficulties to reach a correct differential diagnosis. Biopsy should not be performed because of the high risk of massive bleeding. It is very important and crucial for radiologists to recognize these lesions and establish an accurate diagnosis so as to avoid a biopsy, which could cause severe hemorrhage [6]. In the present study, an occipitocervical MRI showed a lesion with irregular shape, unclear boundary, and uneven signal intensity on sagittal T2-WI, dominantly high signal intensity on T2-WI fat suppressed, and markedly heterogeneous enhancement on coronal enhanced scan in the occipitocervical subcutaneous tissue. These observations may indicate the presence of a lower number of tortuous blood vessels and water-based substance in the lesion, which was then confirmed during surgery. Imaging examinations, including ultrasound, computed tomography, and MRI scans, are useful in order to confirm the diagnosis, identify the tumor nature, and observe its extension and association with the surrounding tissues, assisting the selection of the surgical strategy [20]. However, an accurate diagnosis of the tumor cannot be preoperatively established in spite of modern imaging techniques and can be postoperatively based on histological evidence.

Most researchers believe that hemolymphangioma is commonly a benign disease and has no invasive ability [1, 2, 5–11, 13–23]. But some studies recently found that it can invade the adjacent structures [3, 4, 12]. Toyoki et al. discovered that the tumor from pancreas invaded to the duodenum to cause the duodenal bleeding [3]. In 2009, Sun and colleagues reported that the giant tumor originated in pancreas, infiltrated the transverse mesocolon and greater omentum, and tightly adhered to duodenum and superior mesenteric artery [4]. Recently, Zhang et al. found multiple hemolymphangioma of the visceral organs and reported the retroperitoneal tumor extending to the left colon and small bowel mesentery [12].

The optimal treatment strategy for this lesion remains controversial. Surgical resection appears to be the most effective treatment for hemolymphangioma, especially when the tumor increases in size and creates pressure on the surrounding tissues. To prevent recurrence, during surgery, a thorough radical resection may be necessary. Furthermore, with tumor adhesion or invasion to the surrounding organs, the removal of adjacent organs needs to be considered [3]. Tumor removal may also be associated with complications such as infection, fistula, and hemorrhage [4, 16]. Beninson et al. successfully treated hemolymphangioma in a neonate using a pressure dressing initially followed by combined compression therapy [9]. Wang and colleagues reported a case of successful treatment of hemolymphangioma of the tongue with a variable-pulse 595 nm pulsed-dye laser [23]. All cases in the existing literature had good clinical outcomes as did our case. The risk of recurrence seems very low, and no documented reports of recurrence have been reported in the literature. In addition, so far, no case of malignant transformation was reported. However, careful follow-up with MRI or ultrasound is recommended.

5. Conclusion

Hemolymphangioma of the occipitocervical region is an uncommon presentation of a rare lesion. Although rare, hemolymphangioma should be considered a differential diagnosis for masses occurring in the occipitocervical region. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice and affords a good prognosis.

Consent

Informed consent of the patient was obtained for publication of the case.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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