Case Reports in Oncological Medicine
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 391256, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/391256

Case Report

Atypical Reversible Leucoencephalopathy Syndrome after Bevacizumab/Folfox Regimen for Metastatic Colon Cancer

Narimane Salmi,1,2 Ibrahim Elghissassi,1,2 Khadija Bellahammou,1,2 Asmaa Lakhdissi,1,2 Hind Mrabti,1,2 and Hassan Errihani1,2

¹Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat 10000, Morocco
²Université Mohammed V-Souissi, Rabat 8007, Morocco

Received 3 June 2014; Revised 23 September 2014; Accepted 25 September 2014; Published 21 October 2014

Academic Editor: Sercan Aksoy

Copyright © 2014 Narimane Salmi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We are reporting a case of multifocal reversible leucoencephalopathy syndrome induced by chemotherapy based on Folfox-Bevacizumab regimen. A 44-year-old female, with no history of hypertension, received a chemotherapy based on Folfox-Bevacizumab for her metastatic colon cancer (5 FU: 325 mg/m² d1 by intravenous infusion, Oxaliplatin 80 mg/m² d1, and Bevacizumab: 7.5 mg/Kg d1). During the fourth cure, she presented delirium, seizures, and visual disturbances. The computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed hypodense lesions of the white matter of frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes, which were bilateral and symmetrical. The clinical table was reversible under symptomatic treatment.

1. Introduction

Leucoencephalopathy postchemotherapy is a very rare complication that affects the central nervous system. Posterior reversible leucoencephalopathy syndrome (PRLS) is the most described in the literature [1]; it is characterized by an impairment of the white matter of the posterior cerebral hemispheres. In some cases, this syndrome can affect the anterior hemispheres, gray matter, brainstem, and basal ganglia [2–4].

We describe an unusual case of diffuse leucoencephalopathy syndrome after chemotherapy based on Folfox-Bevacizumab (5 FU: 325 mg/m² d1 by intravenous infusion, Oxaliplatin 80 mg/m² d1, and Bevacizumab: 7.5 mg/Kg d1) affecting the central nervous system.

2. Case Presentation

We are presenting a case of a 44-year-old female, without any particular medical history. She is treated for a metastatic colon cancer for which she received chemotherapy based on Folfox-Avastin (5 FU: 325 mg/m² d1 by intravenous infusion, Oxaliplatin 80 mg/m² d1, and Bevacizumab: 7.5 mg/Kg d1). She has received a total of four cures. The blood pressure and the proteinuria were controlled at each cure and they were normal. The first three cures were well tolerated except a grade II diarrhea. During the fourth cure, the patient has developed laryngeal spasm during the infusion of Oxaliplatin; a day after chemotherapy, she has presented with a deviation and hypoesthesia of the tongue associated with swallowing disorders; the blood pressure was 17/9 mmhg.

Due to this clinical figure, we performed a computed tomography (CT) of the brain which was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain was not done because it was not available in our institute. The cerebrospinal fluid from lumbar puncture was clear and colorless, and the cytological examination did not find cancerous cells.

Five days later, our patient developed severe symptoms including dysarthria, tonic-clonic seizures, visual disturbances, headache, confusion, delusions, agitation, and behavioral disorders, with a sensory deficit in the lower limbs and distal motor weakness in the left upper limb. The blood pressure was 16/11 mm Hg, heart rate was 115 beats per minute, arterial oxygen saturation was 98%, and body temperature was normal without any signs of infection or sepsis. The complete blood count showed a thrombocytopenia at 49000 with normal hemoglobin and leucocytes.

Given this clinical figure, another brain computed tomography was performed in the fifth day resulting in hypodense, symmetrical, and bilateral lesions of the white matter of the frontal, parietal, and occipital area (Figure 1). The patient was treated with intravenous nicardipine, 1 mg every 15 minutes until normalization of the blood pressure and oral phenobarbital 150 mg a bid. After 48 hours of monitoring, we found that the blood pressure was back to normal (12/7 cmHg); then the antihypertensive therapy was not necessary. We did not give her a steroid therapy and we maintain oral phenobarbital.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Brain CT scan with contrast shows subcortical hypodensities in the frontoparietooccipital region of white mater bilaterally and symmetrically without contrast enhancement.

Few days under symptomatic treatment, neurological examination showed a gradual return to normal and complete resolution of the neurological deficit. The diagnosis of postchemotherapy leucoencephalopathy was retained. The chemotherapy was stopped and the patient died two months later due to the progression of her disease.

3. Discussion

Posterior reversible leucoencephalopathy syndrome was first introduced in 1965 by Hinchey et al. [1]. In fact, it is probably a misnomer; this syndrome is not always reversible and is not necessarily limited to the posterior regions of the brain.

The pathophysiology of this syndrome remains debatable; it involves a diffusion of plasmatic proteins into the extracellular space. Two hypotheses have been advanced: the vasogenic and cytotoxic theories.

In the first hypothesis, the increase in blood pressure exceeding the cerebral autoregulation leads to a vasodilatation and a formation of vasogenic edema [1, 5, 6].

In the second hypothesis, it suggests that a brutal and significant increase in blood pressure produces a cerebral vasoconstriction with an ischemia which causes an injury of endothelial cell and the formation of cytotoxic edema [5, 7].

Headache is the most sign found in the clinical figures [5, 7–10]; seizures have been reported in most series [1, 5, 8, 10, 11]; they are often resolutive after management of PRLS and after discontinuation of the responsible agent. However in some pediatric series the evolution has been done to the status of epilepsy disease [12, 13]. Altered mental status as lethargy, confusion, and disorientation in time and space has also been reported frequently in the literature [8, 9].

The clinical figure includes also blindness which is cortical type [4, 6, 7], nystagmus [2, 5], and cases of vomiting and nausea [8, 9]. Focusing signs have also been described [5]. Hypertension is a common sign [1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14] but that is not always present [8, 14].

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the main test for diagnosis. It shows abnormalities signs affecting the white matter as hyperintense lesions on T2 and Flair and hypointense on T1 [1–3, 15].

In our case, MRI was not performed because our institute does not have an MRI unit, which probably delayed the diagnosis of leucoencephalopathy postchemotherapy in our patient.

This syndrome affects typically the posterior lobes (parietooccipital) [1]; that is why it is called “posterior reversible leucoencephalopathy syndrome.”

In its atypical form it is also responsible for a breach of the frontal lobes (28–82%), basal ganglia (42–45%), thalamus (28–68%), brainstem (28%), and subcortical substance (5%) [2–4].

The brain CT scan may be negative in early symptoms; it might be done after the persistence of symptoms which will lead to the diagnosis by showing abnormal signs in the white matter [16]. In our patient, the brain CT scan performed one day after the onset of symptoms was normal; however, it did show the abnormalities of the white substance in the fifth day.

This syndrome is usually reversible after symptomatic treatment and after suspension of the responsible agent [1, 3], but some cases have been described as nonreversible [15].

Several cytotoxic drugs are implicated in the genesis of this syndrome. An extensive search on PubMed from January 2006 to January 2014 by looking for patients who are treated by chemotherapy containing one or more of the following drugs, Bevacizumab, Oxaliplatin, and 5 Fluorouracil, and who developed encephalopathy showed that Oxaliplatin, Bevacizumab, and in a low degree 5 FU are implicated in this syndrome. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A). Its relationship with the PRLS has been reported repeatedly in the literature. Seet and collaborator have recently published two cases of PRLS secondary to Bevacizumab; among both cases, there was a patient who also received Oxaliplatin; Bevacizumab was arrested and Oxaliplatin was continued without recurrence of PRLS [17]. Table 1 shows 14 cases of leucoencephalopathy found in patients receiving chemotherapy with Bevacizumab; in most of these cases the blood pressure was high (11/14 patients) [18–29]. The Oxaliplatin is a third generation platinum known for its toxicity on the peripheral nervous system. Search on PubMed allowed for labeling five cases of PRLS due to Oxaliplatin; among these five cases, there was a patient who has received additionally capecitabine and Bevacizumab [30–34] (Table 2). 5 FU: Its relationship with PRLS has not been clearly demonstrated in the literature. It has been described as responsible of two types of toxicity on the central nervous system: acute toxicity and delayed toxicity [35]. Acute toxicity is as an encephalopathy, which can lead to coma and cerebellar syndrome. Two mechanisms have been proposed: a deficiency in the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [36] and hyperammonemia [37, 38]. Delayed toxicity is a multifocal inflammatory demyelinating encephalopathy [39] and the treatment is based on corticosteroids. In our case it is difficult to decide on the drug responsible for this syndrome but it appears that the combination of several drugs of chemotherapy increases the risk of occurrence of PRLS. Practitioners have to be aware of this syndrome and must recognize it early in its typical and atypical form to set up a treatment which may allow the return to the normal state.

Table 1

Authors
Patient
(age, sex)
Localization
Chemotherapy
Symptoms
MRI
Treatment
Outcomes

Sawaya et al., 2014 [18]
31 W
Ovarian carcinoma
Bevacizumab
Focal tonic-clonic
seizure
BP: not mentioned
Cortical and subcortical lesions of
the parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes, posterior fossa, left pons, left cerebral peduncle
Intravenous benzodiazepines,
phenytoin, and valproic acid
The patient recovered slowly over a fortnight

Dersch et al., 2013 [19]
41 W
Lung cancer
Gemcitabine-cisplatin Bevacizumab
Grand mal seizures, nausea, vomiting, limb ataxia, visual hallucinations, confusion, headache
BP: 180/110 mmHg at admittance with peaks to 245/140 mmHg
Bifrontal, parietal, temporal, thalamic, and cerebellar laminar T2-hyperintensive lesions
—
—

Lazarus et al., 2012 [20]
72 M
Lung cancer
Maintenance Bevacizumab (patient received paclitaxel-carboplatin and Bevacizumab before)
Emesis, aphasia, altered mental status, agitation,
myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures,
BP: 164/75
Bilateral cortical hyperintensities, involving the occipital lobes and cerebellar hemispheres
Enoxaparin
Worsening of lesions
patient died

Lau and Paunipagar, 2011 [21]
63 W
Metastatic
rectosigmoid
carcinoma
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with oxaliplatin
and 5-fluorouracil
Headache, drowsiness, visual disturbance,
no focal neurological signs in the limbs
vital signs were stable (BP: not mentioned)
Complete spontaneous clinical recovery
within 1 week
Supportive
measures
Signal abnormalities in the subcortical white matter
in the posteroinferior parietotemporal lobes

Seet and Rabinstein, 2012 [17]
68 W
Metastatic non-small
cell lung carcinoma
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with taxol and
carboplatin
Headaches, confusion,
nausea, and vomiting
BP 221/84 mmHg
Cerebellar lesions
on MRI brain
Intravenous labetatol
Neurologic recovery
one day later
MRI changes resolved
8 days later

Seet and Rabinstein, 2012 [17]
63 W
Advanced pancreatic
carcinoma
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with gemcitabine
and oxaliplatin
Seizures and cortical blindness
BP 190/94 mmHg
Parietooccipital
lesions on
MRI brain
Oral
antihypertensive
medications
Neurologic recovery
4 days later
MRI changes resolved
30 days later

Levy et al., 2009 [22]
4 M
Hepatoblastoma
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with gemcitabine
and oxaliplatin
Seizures, headache,
BP: 160/120 mmHg
Frontal and
parietooccipital
subcortical lesions
on MRI brain
Antihypertensive
medications (details not mentioned)
Neurologic deficits
resolved 13 days
later
MRI changes resolved 21 days later

Bürki et al., 2008 [23]
33 W
Metastatic breast
cancer
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with
liposomal doxorubicin
Headaches, gastralgia, nausea, and vomiting.
BP: 150/100 mmHg.
Frontal and
parietooccipital
subcortical lesions
on MRI brain
Intravenous infusion of prednisolone, furosemide,
nicardipine,
and mannitol
Neurologic recovery
1 day later
MRI changes resolved
4 days later

El Maalouf et al., 2008 [24]
55-year-old woman
Metastatic colon
cancer
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with fluorouracil
and leucovorin
Lethargy, dysarthria, and
generalized seizures
BP 190/120 mmHg
Pontomedullary
lesions on MRI
brain
Oral amlodipine
Neurologic deficits
resolved 1 day later
MRI changes resolved
21 days later

Koopman et al., 2008 [25]
49 M
Colorectal
cancer
Intravenous Bevacizumab in
combination with oxaliplatin
and capecitabine
Unconsciousness, seizures,
and urinary incontinence
BP 180/100 mmHg
Occipital lesions
on CT brain
Antihypertensive
medications (details
not
mentioned)
Neurologic deficits
resolved 2 days
later
CT brain changes
resolved 6 weeks
later

Peter et al., 2008 [26]
57 W
Metastatic
colon carcinoma
Folfox regimen + intravenous Bevacizumab
Cortical blindness
BP 140/70 mmHg
Parietooccipital
subcortical lesions
on MRI brain
No
antihypertensive medications
administered
Neurologic deficits
recovered 4 weeks
later
MRI brain resolved
7 weeks later

Ozcan et al., 2006 [27]
52 W
Metastatic rectal
adenocarcinoma
Folfox regimen + intravenous Bevacizumab
Headaches, confusion, and
cortical blindness
BP 172/100 mmHg
Occipital subcortical
lesions on MRI
brain
Antihypertensive
medications
(details not
mentioned)
Neurologic recovery
3 days later
Radiologic resolution
not mentioned

Allen et al., 2006 [28]
52 M
Metastatic rectal
carcinoma
FOLFIRI regimen + intravenous Bevacizumab
Headaches, bilateral cortical
blindness, confusion, agitation,
generalized tonic-clonic
seizure.
Systolic BP range 140–150 mmHg
Occipital and posterior
parietal lobes
subcortical lesions
on MRI brain
Corticosteroids
Neurologic deficits
recovered 25 days
later

Glusker et al., 2006 [29]
59 W
Renal cancer
Bevacizumab
Severe lethargy.
Blood pressure: 168/88 mmHg  
cortical blindness
extensor plantar responses
Frontal and parietooccipital
subcortical lesions
on MRI brain
Lorazepam
No medication
for hypertension
Return to normal without treatment 4 days later
Complete resolution
of the leucoencephalopathy on MRI six weeks later

Our case
44 W
Metastatic colon cancer
Folfox + Bevacizumab
Delirium, seizures, visual disturbance, focusing signs
BP: 170/90 mmHg
Frontoparietooccipital lesions on brain CT
Intravenous nicardipine
Oral phenobarbital
Complete neurologic recovery

BP: blood pressure, W: women, and M: men.

Table 2

Authors
Patient
(Age, sex)
Localization
Chemotherapy
Symptoms
MRI
Treatment
Outcomes

Matsunaga et al., 2012 [30]
43 W
Metastatic sigmoid cancer
Modified Folfox 6
Nausea, headache, disturbed consciousness, visual disturbance, seizures
Status epilepticus
hypertension
Bilateral occipital lesions on MRI
No medication for hypertension
No neurologic sequelae
MRI brain resolved
40 days later

Nagata et al., 2009 [31]
35 W
Metastatic sigmoid
Folfox regimen
Convulsions, headache, and visual disturbance
hypertension
Bilateral lesions on posterior lobes on MRI
Antihypertensive therapy and anticonvulsive therapy
Complete resolution of symptoms
MRI changes resolved
30 days later

Sharief and Perry, 2009 [32]
59 M
Metastatic colon cancer
Folfox 6 regimen
Status epilepticus
BP: 156/98
Bilateral frontal cortical lesion on MRI
noncontrast CT scan of the head was normal
Seizure medications
Complete recovery in 24 h
MRI brain resolved
two weeks later

Pinedo et al., 2007 [33]
62 W
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of rectum
Folfox + Bevacizumab
Seizures,
altered mental status,
bilateral lower extremity weakness
BP: 190/88
Lesions on posterior lobes on MRI
Diazepam
Complete resolution on MRI 10 days later

Skelton et al., 2007 [34]
1 F
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of rectum
Folfox
Seizures
Altered mental status
Hyperintensity in the white matter of the posterior hemispheres

Resolution of lesion on repeated MRI

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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