Case Reports in Oncological Medicine
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 9581395, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9581395

Case Report

Smooth Muscle Tumor Originating in the Pleura: A Case Report and Updated Literature Review

Santiago Fabián Moscoso Martínez,¹ Vadim Zarubin,¹ Geethapriya Rajasekaran Rathnakumar,² and Alireza Zarineh³

¹Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, New York, NY 11201, USA
²Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, New York, NY 11201, USA
³Department of Pathology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, New York, NY 11201, USA

Received 15 July 2016; Accepted 14 August 2016

Academic Editor: Francesco A. Mauri

Copyright © 2016 Santiago Fabián Moscoso Martínez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Smooth muscle tumors (SMTs) of the pleura are exceptionally rare. At present and to the best of these authors’ knowledge, there are only 17 cases reported in the literature. We describe a case of a 51-year-old woman who complained of left sided pleuritic chest pain. Further, computed tomography (CT) revealed a left sided localized pleural-based mass involving the 9th rib. She underwent an interventional radiology guided percutaneous core biopsy of the lesion, which disclosed a “Smooth Muscle Tumor of Undetermined Malignant Potential (SMT-UMP).” A video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed for diagnosis and treatment purposes. Resections of the pleural-based mass and 9th rib were performed. SMT-UMP was the definitive diagnosis.

1. Introduction

Intrathoracic smooth muscle tumors are uncommon in the respiratory tract (upper and lower respiratory tract). They are seen occasionally in the gastrointestinal tract and commonly seen in the urogenital system [1–3]. However, the existence and diagnostic criteria of smooth muscle tumors originating in the pleura have been controversial and only rare and sporadic case reports have been mentioned in the literature [4]. Table 1 describes all cases that have been reported in the literature. We present a case of SMT-UMP with CT evidence of involvement of the 9th rib.

Table 1: Clinical and histopathological features of previous case reports and current case report of SMT of the pleura.

Case
Sex
Age
Clinical features
Size (cm)
Histology
Origin of the tumor
Procedure
Follow-up (months)
Clinical course

1
F
21
Asymptomatic
U
SMT of UMP
Vascular smooth muscle
(pleura)
Too large for complete resection
4
Alive at 4 M without enlargement or metastasis

2
M
49
Asymptomatic
18
LMS/IG
No detail
Complete resection
8
Alive at 8 M without recurrence

3
F
23
Asymptomatic
10
SMT of UMP
Vascular smooth muscle
(pleura)
Too large for complete resection
6
Alive at 6 M without enlargement or metastasis

4
F
44
Empyema
U
LMS/IG
No detail
Complete resection
2
Alive at 2 M without recurrence

5
F
69
Chest pain
11
LMS/HG
No detail
Complete resection
12
Alive at 12 M without recurrence

6
M
32
Asymptomatic
7 (intrathoracic) + 6 (extrathoracic) = 13
SMT of UMP
No detail
(pleura)
Complete resection
12
Alive at 12 M without recurrence

7
M
73
Asymptomatic
At least 21
SMT of UMP→LMS
No detail
(pleura)
Possible incomplete resection at the apex and received radiation to reduce the risk of local recurrence
14
Alive at 14 M without recurrence

8
F
55
Asymptomatic
1.5
Leiomyoma
Microvascular wall
(pleura)
Complete resection
26
Alive at 26 M without recurrence

9
F
40
Asymptomatic
3.5
SMT of UMP
Microvascular wall
(pleura)
Complete resection
17
Alive at 17 M without recurrence

10
M
45
Chest pain
9
Leiomyoma
No detail
(pleura)
Complete resection
15
Alive at 15 M without recurrence

11
M
33
Asymptomatic
3
Leiomyoma
No detail
Complete resection
Unknown
Unknown

12
F
50
Chest pain
4
SMT of UMP
Vascular smooth muscle
(pleura)
Complete resection
53
Alive at 53 M without recurrence

13
F
48
Chest pain
18
Leiomyoma
No detail
(pleura)
Complete resection
18
Alive at 18 M without recurrence

14
F
32
Chest pain
2 tumors, unknown size
Leiomyoma
No detail
Complete resection
57
Recurrence after 1 year during follow-up
Underwent to chest wall resection. Alive at 57 M without further recurrence

15
M
43
Chest pain
2
Leiomyoma
No detail
Complete resection
40
Alive at 40 M without recurrence

16
F
28
Chest pain
4.2
Leiomyoma
No detail
(intercostal space)
Complete resection
2
Alive at 2 M without recurrence

17
F
33
Chest pain
5.3
Leiomyoma
Vascular smooth muscle
(pleura)
Complete resection
14
Alive at 14 M without recurrence

Present case
F
51
Chest pain
3.5
SMT of UMP
No detail
Complete resection
0
—

Maximum diameter of the tumor in cm.

Cases 1–5 from Moran et al. [5]; case 6 from Proca et al. [6]; case 7 from Al-Daraji et al. [7]; case 8 from Nose et al. [8]; case 9 from Tanaka et al. [9]; case 10 from Qiu et al. [10]; case 11 from Mochizuki et al. [11]; case 12 from Turhan et al. [12]; case 13 from Rodríguez et al. [13]; cases 14 and 15 from Kuman et al. [14]; case 16 from Nakada et al. [15]; case 17 from Ziyade et al. [16].

Note: U, unresectable tumors that were only debulked at surgery; SMT, smooth muscle tumor; UMP, undetermined malignant potential; LMS, leiomyosarcoma; IG, intermediate grade; HG, high grade.

2. Case Report

A 51-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with persistent posterior left sided chest discomfort. Patient had nonspecific symptoms for over one year. Upon admission patient was noted to have a normal EKG findings; X-Ray of the chest was unremarkable. She underwent a CT which revealed a pleural-based mass 3.3 cm × 2.0 cm of the left lower lobe involving the 9th rib posteriorly, in Figure 1. A CT-guided transthoracic core biopsy of the tumor revealed a smooth muscle tumor of the pleura of undetermined malignant potential (SMT-UMP). The specimen showed a bland proliferation of spindle cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in fascicles. No necrosis and rare mitotic activity were identified. Due to the pattern of spread that has been shown of these tumors (local growth without metastasis) and the lack of high risk features (no necrosis and rare mitotic activity) CT scan of the chest including the upper abdomen was performed for staging purposes and it did not show metastasis.

Figure 1: Left sided posterior pleural-based mass.

She was further treated with complete resection of the pleural-based mass and the 9th rib by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The final pathology examination revealed a well-capsulated SMT-UMP of pleural origin measuring 3.5 × 3.0 × 2.4 cm with no evidence of rib involvement by the tumor, in Figure 2. Patient tolerated the procedure well without any surgical or medical complications. Unfortunately patient was lost to follow-up. Table 2 shows patient’s immunohistochemical staining.

Table 2: Immunohistochemical staining.

Immunohistochemical staining
Result

CD34 (focal)
Positive

Smooth muscle actin
Positive

SMMHC
Positive

Desmin
Positive

Vimentin
Positive

CD99
Negative

Beta-catenin
Negative

S-100
Negative

BCL-2
Negative

Ki-67
Less than 2% cells showing nuclear staining

Cytokeratin AE1/AE3
Negative

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: (a) Proliferation of bland spindle cells with elongated nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm (hematoxylin and eosin, 400x magnification). (b) Desmin immunohistochemical stain is positive (400x magnification). (c) Beta-catenin is negative (400x magnification).

3. Discussion

SMT-UMP originating in the pleura are rare. They tend to have a female predominance (12 out of 18 patients) as per current literature review. Patient’s age ranges from 21 to 73 years old (mean 42.7). Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) were found mainly in older patients and SMT of UMP on the other hand tend to happen in younger patients. Our case illustrates that SMT-UMP can present in a relatively older age.

SMTs can be found incidentally on imaging studies done for unrelated issues or they can cause symptoms usually related to tumor size (the largest one has been reported as at least 21 cm) and location. In our case a middle aged women presented with nonspecific pleuritic chest pain where fatal conditions need to be ruled out. These patients should undergo a thorough history and physical examination. Radiological studies should be performed with chest X-ray (CXR), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging that helps identify location, size, and radiological structure of the tumor [6].

Pleural tumors tend to grow locally toward the intrathoracic cavity [15]. There is not a single case reported in the literature showing that these tumors did metastasize. Proca et al. [6] reported a case that was followed up without any surgical intervention for four years and it showed that the tumor did grow locally inside and out of the thoracic cavity but no metastasis was reported. However, due to the rarity of these tumors and short follow-ups reported there is not enough data at the moment to determine if these tumors have the ability to metastasize.

Confirmation of diagnosis is always made with tissue sample and histological examination. A CT-guided biopsy can be performed, but it has the potential to seed the tissues directly in its path [6]. If surgical excision of the lesion can be done safely with minimal complications it should be done with diagnostic and treatment purposes instead of diagnostic needle biopsy in order to avoid potential seeding and spread of tumor with malignant potential.

Primary pleural tumors are rare since 75% of pleural tumors represent metastatic disease [13]. The differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms from pleural origin includes smooth muscle tumor, solitary fibrous tumor, metastatic spindle cell carcinoma, synovial sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, sarcomatous mesothelioma, and spindle cell thymoma [2]. Table 3 describes the main differences between these entities.

Table 3: Immunohistochemical pattern in pleural spindle cell neoplasms [6].

Tumor
Vimentin
SMA
HHF-35
SMMHC
Desmin
CD34
S100
BCL-2
CD99
Cytokeratin

Smooth muscle tumor
+
+
+
+
+
+/−
−
−
−
−

Solitary fibrous tumor
+
−/+
−/+
−/+
−
+
−
+
+
−

Metastatic spindle cell carcinoma
+/−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
+

Synovial sarcoma
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
+/−
+/−

Fibrosarcoma
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−/+
−
−

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
+
−
−
−
−
−
−/+
−/+
−
−

Sarcomatous mesothelioma
+
−
−
−
−/+
−
−/+
−/+
−/+
+

Spindle cell thymoma
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−/+
−
+

SMA: smooth muscle actin; HHF-35: actin muscle specific; SMMHC, smooth muscle myosin-heavy chain; +, positive staining; +/−, usually positive; −/+, rarely positive; and −, negative.

Immunohistochemical staining for smooth muscle actin and desmin provides a definitive diagnosis of smooth muscle origin.

In our patient, microscopic examination showed proliferation of bland spindle cells with elongated nuclei, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and rare mitotic figures. Focal areas of increased cellularity and atypia were present, but no necrosis was identified, in Figure 2. The tumor cells reacted with immunohistochemical stains for desmin, smooth muscle actin, SMMHC, CD34 (focal), and vimentin. Additional immunostains were performed, including S-100, BCL-2, CD99, and beta-catenin. All of these were negative. Less than 2% of the cells showed reactivity with proliferation index Ki-67; see Table 2. The pathological findings were diagnostic of a smooth muscle neoplasm. The absence of pleomorphism, increased mitotic figures, necrosis, and poor differentiation distinguished SMT of UMP from LMS [7].

Even when smooth muscle tumors of the pleura appear benign, well-encapsulated, smooth, and without evidence of necrosis and show rare mitotic activity they can possess malignant potential and present as or transform in LMS; see Table 1 [7].

Primary and preferred treatment is surgical resection if feasible which can be performed using minimally invasive surgery such as VATS, if after surgical resection there are positive margins to consider reresection (preferable option) versus observation (watch and wait approach) of the remaining disease with serial imaging studies during follow-up [6]. Smooth muscle tumors may increase in size with local invasion to the mediastinum and other structures, which can jeopardize complete resection with curative intent. If further surgery is contraindicated and disease was left behind perhaps the role of radiation could be explored [17–20]. Al-Daraji et al. [7] reported a case where there was a concern for possible incomplete resection at the apex and this patient received radiation with the intention to reduce the risk of local recurrence. This patient was reported to be alive at 14 months of follow-up and without recurrence. At present, there is no role for adjuvant chemotherapy.

The prognosis appears to be good if the tumor is excised completely with negative margins, but routine follow-up should not be neglected. Due to the rarity of this entity and relative short follow-ups the behavior of this tumor cannot be properly evaluated.

4. Conclusion

Primary SMTs of the pleura are infrequent tumors and should be considered as a differential diagnosis when approaching a pleural mass. It seems to develop from the vascular smooth muscle cells. SMT-UMP tends to affect younger patients and LMS to tends to affect older patients. However, SMT-UMP can present in older patients as in our case. They appear to grow locally and invade nearby structures but there is not yet a single case reporting distant metastasis (the present case was not the exception). Tissue diagnosis and accurate histopathological evaluation are required. Although these tumors seem to possess low malignant potential they can be life threatening (they can grow very large causing serious symptomatology and/or degenerate into malignant tumors) and should be treated as such with appropriate surgical management and close follow-up.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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