Case Reports in Pulmonology
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 2475725, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2475725

Case Report

Successful Treatment for Hypercalcemia due to Cosecretion of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Takunori Ogawa,¹ Jun Miyata,² Koichi Fukunaga,¹ Akihiko Kawana,² and Takashi Inoue³

¹Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
²Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
³Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, Sano, Tochigi, Japan

Correspondence should be addressed to Jun Miyata; junmiyata@ndmc.ac.jp

Received 6 October 2019; Accepted 11 December 2019; Published 3 January 2020

Academic Editor: Takeshi Terashima

Copyright © 2020 Takunori Ogawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy frequently manifests as paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with solid tumors. A 71-year-old man was diagnosed with stage IIIB lung squamous cell carcinoma. Laboratory examination revealed high serum calcium concentration with elevated serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ levels. As the patient did not respond to the initial treatment with calcitonin, extracellular fluid infusion, and chemotherapy, systemic prednisolone was administered additionally. Thus, the levels of serum calcium normalized and PTHrP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ decreased simultaneously. To our knowledge, this is the first case report on the successful treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy caused by PTHrP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ cosecretion in a patient with lung cancer.

1. Introduction

Hypercalcemia is a relatively common finding in cases of paraneoplastic syndrome. Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM) occurs in up to 20 to 30% of patients with cancer [1]. It can be classified into the following four types: caused by local osteolytic hypercalcemia, secretion of parathyroid hormone- (PTH-) related protein (PTHrP), secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcitriol), and ectopic hyperparathyroidism. PTHrP derived from solid tumors, especially squamous cell carcinoma, is a well-known mediator of HCM. However, calcitriol is rarely secreted from these tumors. Only few previous reports have described elevated levels of both blood serum PTHrP and calcitriol in patients with solid tumors [2–6]. Here, we report the case of a patient with squamous cell lung cancer, who developed hypercalcemia caused by cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol, which was improved by corticosteroids.

2. Case Presentation

The patient was a 71-year-old man who presented with nausea, fatigue, and anorexia. He was referred to our hospital for investigation of these symptoms and abnormalities; as such, chest radiography was performed (Figure 1(a)). Laboratory examination revealed an elevated blood serum calcium level (12.3 mg/dL, serum albumin level 3.2 g/dL) and normal creatinine level, which did not indicate dehydration and renal dysfunction (Table 1). He did not take any hypercalcemia-inducing agents such as thiazide diuretics, theophylline, lithium, osteoporosis therapeutic drugs, and vitamin D supplements. Serum PTHrP level was elevated (11.7 pmol/L ()), although the intact PTH level was low (7 pg/mL (reference value 10-65 pg/mL)). Surprisingly, the serum calcitriol level was elevated (105 pg/mL (reference value 20-40 pg/mL)) although 25-OH vitamin D₃ level was low (16 ng/mL ()). Integrated computed tomography and 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET/CT) showed uptake of FDG by a left pulmonary hilar lesion and both ipsilateral mediastinal and subcarinal lymph nodes, because of which lung cancer with metastasis to the lymph nodes was highly suspected (Figures 1(b)–1(d)). No other organs, including the bone, liver, and bilateral adrenal glands, showed FDG uptake. Head magnetic resonance imaging revealed no metastatic lesions. Based on the results of a bronchoscopic examination showing proliferation of large polygonal atypical cells with intercellular bridges in the bronchial submucosa (Figure 2), the patient was diagnosed with stage IIIB lung squamous cell carcinoma (55% of tumor cells were positive for programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression). Lymphoma, granulomatous disease, and mycobacterial or fungal infections were ruled out based on the results of histopathological analysis. Pembrolizumab (200 mg/body every 3 weeks) was administered as the first-line treatment. In addition to anticancer treatment, calcitonin and intravenous 0.9% normal saline were first administered. Despite initial treatment for HCM, hypercalcemia did not improve. On day 28 from the initial treatment of HCM, systemic prednisolone (40 mg/day) was additively administered. Serum calcium level rapidly decreased thereafter and normalized (serum calcium 8.5 mg/dL, serum albumin 3.1 g/dL) on day 31. Serum PTHrP and calcitriol levels decreased simultaneously (PTHrP: 5.4 pmol/L; calcitriol: 65.4 pg/mL) in response to systemic prednisolone. Serum intact PTH levels were elevated to the normal range (47 pg/mL), indicating improvement of the negative feedback circuit to regulate serum calcium levels. However, lung cancer gradually progressed during two cycles of pembrolizumab, suggesting an inadequate therapeutic response to this immunotherapy. Respiratory failure developed, and the patient died on day 58. Figure 3 shows the clinical course of this patient.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Chest radiography and F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings. (a) Chest radiography demonstrating a mass-like lesion on the left upper lung field and (b–d) PET/CT showing uptake of FDG by a left pulmonary hilar lesion mass and subcarinal lymph nodes.

Table 1: Results of laboratory tests conducted on admission.

Value

Reference value

Peripheral blood

    White blood cells
11,900
/μL
3,900-9,800

    Neutrophils
85.8
%

    Lymphocytes
8.5
%

    Basophils
0.5
%

    Eosinophils
0.8
%

    Monocytes
4.4
%

    Hemoglobin
11.8
g/dL
13.5-17.6

    Hematocrit
36.8
%
39.8-51.8

    Platelets
413,000
/μL
131,000-362,000

Blood biochemistry

    Total bilirubin
0.59
mg/dL
0.2-1.2

    Aspartate transaminase
25
U/L
9.0-30

    Alanine transaminase
17
U/L
4.0-35

    Lactate dehydrogenase
197
U/L
80-260

    Alkaline phosphatase
282
U/L
106-345

    γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
59
U/L
16-84

    Total protein
7.5
g/dL
6.5-8.2

    Albumin
3.2
g/dL
3.9-4.9

    Urea nitrogen
16.4
mg/dL
8.0-20

    Creatinine
0.94
mg/dL
0.6-1.1

    Sodium
143
mEq/L
132-148

    Potassium
4.2
mEq/L
3.6-5.0

    Chloride
105
mEq/L
96-110

    Calcium
12.3
mg/dL
8.2-10.2

    Phosphorus
2.6
mg/dL
2.3-4.3

    Intact PTH
7
pg/mL
10-65

    PTHrP
11.7
pmol/L
<1.1

    Calcitriol
105
pg/mL
20-40

    25-OH vitamin D₃
16
ng/mL
>20

Urine

    pH
5.5

5.0-9.0

    Occult blood
(-)

    Sugar
(-)

    Protein
(-)

    Urea nitrogen
312
mg/dL
650-1,300

    Creatinine
69.9
mg/dL
50-150

    Sodium
38
mEq/L
70-250

    Potassium
37.7
mEq/L
25-100

    Chloride
41
mEq/L
70-250

    Calcium
22.2
mg/dL
50-300

    Phosphorus
36.8
mg/dL
<500

PTH: parathyroid hormone; PTHrP: parathyroid hormone-related protein; calcitriol: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃.

Figure 2: Pathological analysis of a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proliferation of large polygonal atypical cells with intercellular bridges is seen in the bronchial submucosa, suggesting squamous cell carcinoma. (a) Scale bar represents 250 μm; (b) scale bar represents 100 μm.

Figure 3: Clinical course of the present case. Calcitriol: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃; PTH: parathyroid hormone; PTHrP: parathyroid hormone-related protein.

3. Discussion

To our knowledge, this is a rare case with cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol in lung cancer. There are only five previous reports of the cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol in cases of solid tumors including ovarian carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, renal cell carcinoma, seminoma, and lung cancer [2–6], which are summarized in Table 2. In the previous report on lung cancer, the histological type was squamous cell carcinoma [6], as in our case. The patient could not receive systemic prednisolone because of rapid tumor progression with no improvement of hypercalcemia. However, systemic prednisolone could be effective for HCM induced by cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol in other cases with solid tumors. In summary, this is the first report of the successful treatment of HCM caused by cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol in a patient with lung cancer.

Table 2: Summary of cases presenting cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol in solid tumors.

Author
Age
Sex
Primary tumor
Histological type
Tx of HCM
Sx
CTx
RTx
Course of the tumor
Outcome of HCM
Effective Tx of HCM

Hoekman et al. [2]
70
F
Ovarian carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Pamidronate
Yes
No
No
Resection
Improvement
Operation

Hydrocortisone

Van den Eynden et al. [3]
59
M
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Neuroendocrine tumor
Pamidronate
Yes
Yes
No
Reduction
Improvement
Chemotherapy

Zoledronic acid

Shivnani et al. [4]
57
M
Renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell
Pamidronate
No
Yes
No
Progression
Improvement
Prednisolone

Prednisolone

Rodriguez-Gutierrez et al. [5]
35
M
Seminoma
Seminoma
Calcitonin
No
Yes
No
Reduction
Improvement
Chemotherapy

Nemr et al. [6]
60
M
Lung cancer
Squamous
Calcitonin
No
No
No
Progression
No improvement
None

Zoledronic acid

Furosemide

Ogawaa
71
M
Lung cancer
Squamous
Prednisolone
No
Yes
No
Progression
Improvement
Prednisolone

Calcitonin

CTx: chemotherapy; HCM: hypercalcemia of malignancy; RTx: radiation therapy; Sx: surgery; Tx: treatment. aPresent case.

The mechanism of independently elevated PTHrP and calcitriol productions remains poorly understood. PTHrP secreted from solid tumors binds to the PTH-1 receptor causing hypercalcemia [7]. However, unlike PTH, it does not elicit calcitriol synthesis [8]. 1-α-Hydroxylase, an enzyme converting 25-OH vitamin D₃ to calcitriol, normally expresses in the kidney. Previous report demonstrated that its expression in alveolar macrophages was higher in the lung cancer patients than in the healthy group [9]. Additionally, a human small cell lung cancer cell line constitutively expressed this enzyme [10]. These findings might explain the possible mechanism of PTHrP and calcitriol cosecretion in patients with lung cancer.

Hypercalcemia with an elevated calcitriol level has been reported in patients with some granulomatous diseases including sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, fungal infection, and lymphoma [11]. In our case, histopathological examination suggested no complications with these diseases. Thus, we concluded lung cancer as the cause of elevated serum calcitriol.

Treatment using extracellular fluid infusion, calcitonin, and chemotherapy was initially introduced in our case. Previous reports indicated that combined extracellular fluid infusion and calcitonin worked rapidly (within several hours) in some cases [12]. However, this therapy was not effective without responsiveness of the lung cancer to chemotherapy, which strongly suggested the necessity of an additive therapeutic drug.

In a case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, prednisolone was chosen for the treatment of HCM, with beneficial effects [4]. Similarly, in our case, hypercalcemia showed a good response to systemic prednisolone as an add-on agent, possibly through steroid-mediated suppressive effects on the expression of enzymes necessary for PTHrP and calcitriol synthesis.

In four previous reports, bisphosphonates were selected for treating HCM due to cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol [2–4, 6], although hypercalcemia was not unaltered in the patients. Bisphosphonates were consequently unnecessary in our case because prednisolone therapy in addition to calcitonin and extracellular fluid infusion was sufficient to normalize the serum calcium levels. However, recurrence of HCM might be observed during initial therapy using prednisolone, though long-term observation was impossible due to the rapid tumor progression. Bisphosphonates could possibly be beneficial as additive agents in this situation [13, 14].

In summary, caution must be exercised by clinicians when patients with lung cancer show hypercalcemia with elevated serum levels of both PTHrP and calcitriol. Early introduction of prednisolone as an optimal therapeutic strategy should be recommended for patients with HCM induced by cosecretion of PTHrP and calcitriol.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

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