Case Reports in Surgery
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 8121493, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8121493

Case Report

Breast Metastasis in Esophagus Cancer: Literature Review and Report on a Case

Abdulaziz Ghibour and Osama Shaheen

Department of General Surgery, Al-Mouwasat University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, 5371 Damascus, Syria

Received 8 March 2016; Revised 2 May 2016; Accepted 11 May 2016

Academic Editor: Oded Olsha

Copyright © 2016 Abdulaziz Ghibour and Osama Shaheen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Esophagus cancer metastases often involve locoregional lymph nodes, lung, bone, liver, and brain. Metastatic involvement of the breast from esophagus cancer is uncommon, but if it happened, it usually presents as a part of multiple organ distal metastases. Here we report a case of the largest metastatic esophagus cancer of the breast and the chest wall, and we review the similar reported cases.

1. Introduction

Esophagus cancer metastases to unexpected sites usually happen when there are widespread metastases to other organs [1], and breast is considered one of the unexpected sites for esophageal cancer metastasis. Here, in order to understand more about this rare phenomenon, we conducted a literature review using Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar on all the cases that described breast metastasis from esophagus cancer. We report as well a remarkable case with the largest breast metastasis from esophagus cancer.

2. Case Report

A 57-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a painful left breast mass (Figure 1). The mass started to appear six months previously and gradually increased in size to become painful and tense, but without discharge from the nipple.

Figure 1: Left breast mass with gastrostomy.

Her past medical history revealed she had been diagnosed with esophagus carcinoma one year ago (Figure 2), but she had refused any kind of treatment back then. Review of her other symptoms showed that the dysphagia associating the esophagus cancer had increased gradually during the last year until it became impossible for her to swallow any solid food during the last month, and she had lost 25 kg during the previous four months.

Figure 2: Esophagogram showing signs of mid-lower esophagus mass.

The patient was severely malnourished, her BMI was 14 kg/m², and her vital signs were as follows: Bp: 100/55 mm/Hg; pulse: 130 beats per minute; temperature: 99.5 F; RR: 22 breath per minute; she was alert and oriented but looked tired. The examination showed a fixed 9 × 10 × 7 cm painful hard mass involving the left breast. The skin over the mass was red but not hot and the rest of the examination including the lymphatic system was unremarkable except a noticeable wheezing in the right chest.

The blood tests were normal except for a decrease in TP and ALB and a mild decrease in calcium. The head, chest, and abdominal CT scan showed a 4 × 6 × 7 cm lobulated mass involving the lower third of the esophagus accompanied with a large (10 × 9.5 × 8 cm) lobulated (with necrotic component) mass involving the left breast, the left chest muscles, and the pleura; this mass is compressing the anterior face of the lung and destroying the accompanied ribs (Figure 3); the CT scan showed as well left and right pleural effusions without any other obvious metastasis.

Figure 3: Oral and intravenous contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest revealed bilateral pleural effusions with breast mass involving the left chest muscles and pleura destroying the rips.

Review of her medical history revealed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mid-lower third of the esophagus. The breast biopsy showed solid cords, sheets, and lobules of pleomorphic malignant epithelial cells with occasional bizarre, hyperchromic nuclei with occasional keratin pearls compatible with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Figures 4 and 5). The pleural effusion examination was negative for malignancy.

Figure 4: Histological view of the breast mass showing typical structure squamous cell carcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100).

Figure 5: Histological view of the breast mass showing typical structure squamous cell carcinoma (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100).

Feeding tube gastrostomy was done to the patient; however, she passed away two months later.

3. Discussion

In this study we did a literature review to the cases that described metastatic breast disease from esophagus cancer; we will report the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the breast metastasis and we will review the diagnostic and the treatment options.

Only six cases were found in literature; besides our case the cases were 6 females and one male summarized in Table 1; the tumors were located in the middle and/or lower esophagus in 6 cases (squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) in five cases and adenocarcinoma in one case); only one case was reported as SCC in the upper middle part. These metastases were presented at variable times after the diagnosis of the original tumor (2 to 24 months); only one case reported the metastasis as the first sign of the esophagus cancer [2].

Table 1: Breast metastasis from esophagus cancer—cases characteristics.

Case
Study
Patient sex and age
Tumor location
Tumor pathology
Esophageal cancer treatment
The breast metastasis
Interval between tumor and metastasis
Metastasis management and outcome

1
Nielsen et al., 1981 [2].
84 y/o female
Middle esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
No management available
5 cm central mass located in the right breast
Three months after diagnosis
Breast metastasis detected at autopsy

2
Miyoshi et al., 1999 [3].
44 y/o male
Upper middle esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
Radiotherapy due to metastasis
Painful mobile hard mass beneath the left nipple
Two months after diagnosis
The patient died 2 months later
Autopsy: lung, liver, diaphragm, peritoneum, and spine metastasis

3
Shiraishi et al., 2001 [4].
57 y/o female
Middle esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
Esophagectomy Radiotherapy
2.5 cm × 2.6 cm mobile painless hard mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast
Two years after surgery
The patient had modified radical mastectomy; she was alive 6 months later

4
Santeufemia et al., 2006 [5].
51 y/o male
Middle esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
Esophagectomy Chemotherapy
3 cm × 3 cm hard mobile nodule in the upper lateral quadrant of the left breast
Four months after surgery
Surgical resection of breast and brain relapse. Successful outcome 11 years later

5
Norooz et al., 2009 [6].
35 y/o female
Middle lower esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
Esophagectomy Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
4 cm × 4.5 cm mobile, painful, hard mass just below the right nipple
Metastatic breast lesion was the first sign of the esophagus cancer
Resection of the breast mass
The patient has acceptable health condition 6 months after the treatment with no sign of recurrence

6
Jena et al., 2014 [7].
32 y/o male
Lower esophagus
Adenocarcinoma
Esophagogastrectomy Chemotherapy
2 cm × 2 cm mobile hard lump in the upper outer quadrant of left breast
Two years after surgery
No management available; the patient died later

7
Our study 2016
57 y/o female
Middle lower esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma
No management available
10 cm × 9.5 cm painful hard mass involving the left breast
One year after diagnosis
The patient died 2 months later

The physical examination of the breast metastasis demonstrated masses indistinguishable from primary mammary carcinoma, although they were often circumscribed and were described as painful in 3 cases. The metastasis size ranges from 2 to 5 cm but it was remarkably larger in our case and reached 10 cm to completely involve the left breast, the left chest muscles, and the pleura. The metastases were located in the left breast in 5 cases and in the right breast in 2 cases.

The mammography was done in 5 cases and was negative for microcalcification. Core-needle or excisional biopsies were used for pathological diagnoses since immunohistochemistry and the presence of an in situ component play an important role in differentiating between primary and metastatic tumors [6]. Immunohistochemistry was always negative for ER, PR, and Her2 neu. In this review breast metastasis was the only recurrence in two cases, and acceptable results without signs of recurrence were mentioned up to six months after surgical resection of the breast metastasis. Only one case reported successful breast and brain metastasis resection outcome 11 years later. In our case, an autopsy was not done to the patient and she refused the treatment from the beginning; nevertheless, the large breast metastasis that involved the chest muscles and the pleura was the only detectable metastasis on CT scan. Three cases out of seven mentioned the presence of multiple untreatable metastasis during management or diagnosis.

We found that many case reports and some experimental studies were published trying to emphasize the complexity of esophagus cancer metastases patterns; these studies found that the complex anatomical pathway of the esophagus lymphatic network can elucidate the possibility of the random distribution of the metastases in esophagus cancer [8]. Despite the high frequency of distant metastasis to the lung, bone, liver, and brain observed in esophagus carcinoma, only a few cases were reported as being related to metastatic breast disease.

The studies showed that the lymphatics originating from the thoracic esophagus frequently drain into the thoracic duct directly without intervening lymph nodes [8, 9]; since the thoracic duct has multiple collateral branches with the intercostal vessels, it can reach the internal mammary chain and may spread to the breast.

In general, treatment should be directed to the primary malignancy; usually the prognosis is poor and surgical resection of breast metastasis suffices only if metastases in other sites are not present or being controlled [5].

In conclusion breast metastasis in esophagus cancer is an extremely rare disease; the diagnosis should be highly suspected in any breast mass with a previous history of esophagus cancer, especially in the presence of multiple metastases. When the breast mass is the only reported metastasis, the case reports revealed that the surgical excision of the metastasis showed an acceptable result on the short-time follow-up; however, more studies are needed for correct treatment choices. We reported the largest breast metastasis in esophagus cancer that involved the left chest muscle and the pleura, without any other obvious radiological metastases. The possibility of this phenomenon may elucidate part of the anatomical network pathway of esophagus cancer.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests related to this paper.

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