Discrete Dynamics in Nature and SocietyVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 530267, 14 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/530267

Research Article

Global Stability of an Epidemic Model with Incomplete Treatment and Vaccination

Hai-Feng Huo and Li-Xiang Feng

Department of Applied Mathematics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China

Received 10 December 2011; Revised 30 December 2011; Accepted 30 December 2011

Academic Editor: Binggen Zhang

Copyright © 2012 Hai-Feng Huo and Li-Xiang Feng. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An epidemic model with incomplete treatment and vaccination for the newborns and susceptibles is constructed. We establish that the global dynamics are completely determined by the basic reproduction number . If , then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. If , the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Some numerical simulations are also given to explain our conclusions.

1. Introduction

Epidemiological models describing a directly transmitted viral or bacterial agent in a closed population and consisting of susceptibles (), infectives (), and recovers () were considered by Kermack and Mckendrick (1927). For some diseases, such as influenza and tuberculosis, on adequate contact with an infectious individual, a susceptible becomes exposed for a while, that is, infected but not yet infectious. Thus it is realistic to introduce a latent compartment (usually denoted by ), leading to an SEIR model [1]. Such type of models has been widely discussed in recent decades [2–8].

Vaccination is important for the elimination of infectious disease. Usually, the vaccination process are different schedules for different disease and vaccines. For some disease, such as hepatitis B virus infection [9], doses should be taken by vaccinees several times and there must be some fixed time intervals between two doses. Considering the time for vaccines to obtain immunity and possibility to be infected before vaccination, Liu et al. [10] studied the vaccination effects via two SVIR models according to continuous vaccination strategy and pulse vaccination strategy (PVS), respectively. Li et al. [11] considered that the vaccine is available for both the susceptibles and the newborns, and the immunity of the vaccinated individuals is temporary and that the efficiency of vaccine is not complete.

In [12–15], it is assumed that the treated individuals have partial immunity and can be infected through contacts with infectious individuals. Yang et al. [15] incorporated the incomplete treatment into TB epidemic model with treatment, it is assumed that the being treated individuals are kept at an isolated environment, therefore, individuals in treatment compartment are not able to infect others or be infected. Since individual's symptoms of TB may disappear after being treated, but a few of tubercle bacillus may still be left in the body of the treated individual [16, 17], then the treated individual may still be a TB carrier and become latent or may enter the infectious compartment for treatment failure [18].

Motivated by these works, in this paper, we consider an SVEIT epidemiological model with varying infectivity. The model assumes that the vaccine is available for both the susceptibles and the newborns and the immunity of the vaccinated individuals is temporary, and that the efficiency of vaccine is not complete. And we also incorporate the incomplete treatment into the epidemic model.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In the next section, the epidemic model with incomplete treatment and vaccination for the newborns and susceptibles is formulated. In Section 3, the basic reproduction number and the existence of equilibria are investigated. The global stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria are proved in Section 4, and some numerical simulations are given in Section 5. In the last section, we give some brief discussions.

2. The Model Formulation

In this section, we introduce an epidemic model with incomplete treatment and vaccination. The total population is partitioned into five compartments: the susceptible compartment (), the vaccinated compartment (), the latent compartment (), the infectious compartment (), and the treatment compartment (). The population flow among those compartments is shown in the following diagram (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The transfer diagram for the model (2.1).

The schematic diagram leads to the following system of ordinary differential equations: Here, is the birth rate of the population; is the natural death rate of the population; is the fraction of the unvaccinated newborns, is the fraction of the vaccinated newborns; is the vaccinating rate coefficient for the susceptible individuals; is the rate coefficient of losing the immunity from the vaccination. and are the transmission coefficient of the infection for the susceptible and vaccinated individuals from the infectious individuals, where shows that the efficiency of the vaccine is not complete ; is the rate coefficient of transfer from the latent compartment to the infectious one; is the percapita treatment rate for the infectious individuals; is the rate coefficient at which a treated individual leaves compartment ; and are the disease-induced death rate coefficients for individuals in compartments and , respectively; is the fraction of the drug-resistant individuals in the treated individuals. reflects the failure of treatment, where means that all the treated individuals will become latent, while means that the treatment fails and all the treated individuals will still be infectious.

It is important to show positivity and boundedness for the system (2.1) as they represent populations. Firstly, we present the positivity of the solutions. System (2.1) can be put into the matrix form where and is given by It is easy to check that Due to Lemma  2 in [19], any solution of (2.1) is such that for all .

Summing equations in (2.1) yields then it follows that , so the set is positively invariant for (2.1). Therefore, we will consider the global stability of (2.1) on the set .

3. The Basic Reproduction Number and Existence of Equilibria

The model has a disease-free equilibrium , where In the following, the basic reproduction number of system (2.1) will be obtained by the next generation matrix method formulated in [20].

Let , then system (2.1) can be written as where The Jacobian matrices of and at the disease-free equilibrium are, respectively, where The model reproduction number, denoted by is thus given by

The endemic equilibrium of system (2.1) is determined by equations The first two equations in (3.7) lead to From the last equation in (3.7), we have Substituting (3.9) into the fourth equation in (3.7) gives For , substituting (3.9), (3.10) into the third equation in (3.7) gives Substituting (3.8) into (3.11) yields Direct calculation shows where then function is decreasing for . Since , and it follows from that , then Thus, Therefore, by the monotonicity of function , for (3.12) there exists a unique positive root in the interval when ; there is no positive root in the interval when . We summarize this result in Theorem 3.1.

Theorem 3.1. For system (2.1), there is always the disease-free equilibrium . When , besides the disease-free equilibrium , system (2.1) also has a unique endemic equilibrium , where and is the unique positive root of equation .

4. Global Stability of Equilibria

Theorem 4.1. For system (2.1), the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable if ; the endemic equilibrium is globally stable if .

4.1. The Proof Global Stability of the Disease-Free Equilibrium

For the disease-free equilibrium , and satisfy equations then (2.1) can be rewritten as follows: Define the Lyapunov function The derivative of is given by where Denote ; then Applying (4.1) to function yields By [11], we have for and if and only if . Since and , then . It follows from LaSalle invariance principle [21] that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when .

4.2. The Proof Global Stability of the Endemic Equilibrium

For the endemic equilibrium , , and satisfy equations which will be used many times in the following inference.

By applying (4.8) and denoting we have Define the Lyapunov function

The derivative of is given by Following [11], and we have for and if and only if and . Therefore, for and if and only if , and the maximum invariant set of system (2.1) on the set is the singleton . Thus, for system (2.1), the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if by LaSalle invariance principle [21].

5. Numerical Simulation

In this section, some numerical results of system (2.1) are presented for supporting the analytic results obtained above. All of the parameter values are estimated. The model parameters are taken as: , , , , , , , , , , . First, we choose , , numerical simulation gives , then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable (Figure 2). Second, we choose , , numerical simulation gives , then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable (Figure 3). At last, we choose , , numerical simulation gives , then the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable (Figure 4).

Figure 2: When , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

Figure 3: When , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

Figure 4: When , the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

6. Discussion

We have formulated an epidemic model with incomplete treatment and vaccination and investigated their dynamical behaviors. By means of the next-generation matrix, we obtained their basic reproduction number, , which play a crucial role. By constructing Lyapunov function, we proved the global stability of their equilibria: when the basic reproduction number is less than or equal to one, all solutions converge to the disease-free equilibrium, that is, the disease dies out eventually; when the basic reproduction number exceeds one, the unique endemic equilibrium is globally stable, that is, the disease will persist in the population and the number of infected individuals tends to a positive constant.

For system (2.1), reflects the failure of treatment. Direct calculation shows that , then decreasing the treatment failure coefficient is helpful to reduce epidemic infection. The realization of decreasing mainly depends on decreasing the appearance of drug resistance. On the other hand, implies that increasing has positive effect on epidemic control, since increasing is to shorten the period of the infectious compartment in the nonisolated environment, that is, to start treating as soon as possible. This measure is effective to control the spread of the epidemic. Figure 5 shows the relation among the basic reproduction number , the treatment failure coefficient , and the per-capita treatment rate .

Figure 5: The relationship among , and .

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the NNSF of China (10961018), the NSF of Gansu Province of China (1107RJZA088), the NSF for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu Province of China (1111RJDA003), the Special Fund for the Basic Requirements in the Research of University of Gansu Province of China, and the Development Program for HongLiu Distinguished Young Scholars in Lanzhou University of Technology.

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