Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 360182, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/360182

Research Article

Periodic Solutions of a Nonautonomous Plant-Hare Model with Impulses

Haihui Wu¹ and Yan Zhou²

¹Sunshine College, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350015, China

²College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350015, China

Received 25 July 2013; Revised 14 September 2013; Accepted 15 September 2013

Academic Editor: Thabet Abdeljawad

Copyright © 2013 Haihui Wu and Yan Zhou. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A plant-hare model subjected by the effect of impulses is studied in this paper. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of at least one positive periodic solution.

1. Introduction

Classical predator-prey model has been well studied (e.g., see [1–8] and the references cited therein). To explore the impact of plant toxicity on the dynamics of plant-hare interactions, Gao and Xia [9] consider a nonautonomous plant-herbivore dynamical system with a toxin-determined functional response:

where denotes the density of plant at time , denotes the herbivore biomass at time , is the plant intrinsic growth rate at time , is the per capita rate of herbivore death unrelated to plant toxicity at time , is the conversion rate at time , is the encounter rate per unit plant, is the fraction of food items encountered that the herbivore ingests, is the carrying capacity of plant, measures the toxicity level, and is the time for handing one unit of plant. To explore the impact of environmental factors (e.g., seasonal effects of weather, food supplies, mating habits, harvesting, etc.), the assumption of periodicity of parameters is more realistic and important. To this reason, they assumed that , , and are continuously positive periodic functions with period and , , , , are five positive real constants.

However, birth of many species is an annual birth pulse, for having more accurate description of the system, we need to consider using the impulsive differential equations. To see how impulses affect the differential equations, for examples, one can refer to [10–17]. Motivated by the above-mentioned works, in this paper, we consider the above system with impulses:

where the assumptions on , , , , , , , and are the same as before, , is a strictly increasing sequence with , and . We further assume that there exists a such that and for .

Without loss of generality, we will assume for , and ; hence .

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we cite some definitions and lemmas.

Let denote the space of -periodic functions which are continuous for , are continuous from the left for , and have possible discontinuities of the first kind at points ; that is, the limit from the right of exists but may be different from the value at . We also denote .

For the convenience, we list the following definitions and lemmas.

Definition 1 (see [10]). The set is said to be quasi-equicontinuous in if for any there exists a such that if ; ; and , then

Lemma 2 (see [10]). The set is relatively compact if and only if

(1) is bounded, that is, , for each , and some ;(2) is quasi-equicontinuous in .

Lemma 3 (see [11]). Assume that , then the following inequality holds:

Before starting the main result, for the sake of convenience, one denotes

3. Existence of Positive Periodic Solutions

In order to obtain the existence of positive periodic solutions of (2), for convenience, we will summarize in the following a few concepts and results from [18] that will be basic for this section.

Let , be normed vector spaces, let be a linear mapping, and a continuous mapping. The mapping is called a Fredholm mapping of index zero if and is closed in . If is a Fredholm mapping of index zero, there exist continuous projectors and such that , . It follows that is invertible. We denote the inverse of that map by . If is an open bounded subset of , then the mapping will be called -compact on if is bounded and is compact. Since is isomorphic to , there exists an isomorphism .

Lemma 4 (see [18]). Let be an open and bounded set. Let be a Fredholm mapping of index zero and let be -compact on . Assume

(a) for each , , ;(b) for each , ;(c).

Then has at least one solution in .

If is a continuous -periodic function, then we set

The following assumptions are valid throughout this paper:

, , .

For convenience, we introduce two numbers as follows:

where .

Theorem 5. In addition to (), (), suppose that

.

Then system (2) has at least one positive -periodic solution.

Remark 6. If the impulsive operators disappear, then . Then Theorem 5 reduces to the main results in Gao and Xia [9]. This implies that our result generalizes the previous one. It shows that the impulses do affect the system indeed.

Proof. Making the change of variables

Then, system (2) can be rewritten as

Take

and define

Both and are Banach spaces.

Define

,

, ; ,

It is not difficult to show that

Since is closed in , and are continuous projectors such that

It follows that is a Fredholm mapping of index zero. Furthermore, the generalized inverse (to ) exists, which is given by

Then and are defined by

Clearly, and are continuous. By using the Arzela-Ascoli theorem (see [10]), it is not difficult to prove that is compact for any open bounded set . Moreover, is bounded. Therefore, is -compact on with any open bounded set .

Now, we reach the position to search for an appropriate open, bounded subset for the application of the continuation theorem.

Corresponding to the operator equation , , we have

Suppose is a solution of (19) for a certain . Integrating the first equation of (19) over the interval , we obtain

Similarly, integrating the second equation of (19) over the interval , we obtain

It follows from the first equation of (19) and (20) and that

That is,

Similarly, it follows from the second equation of (19) and (21) and that

Since , there exists such that

From (20), we see that

which implies

So

This, combined with (23), gives

Similarly, it follows from (21) that

which implies

It follows from that

This, combined with (23), gives

It follows from (29) and (33) that

On the other hand, it follows from (21) and (34) that

which implies

It follows from () that

This, combined with (25), gives

Similarly, it follows from (21) and (34) that

which implies

So

This, combined with (25), gives

It follows from (38) and (42) that

Now, let us consider with . Note that

It follows from , , and that , which implies that the equation has only one solution

Choose such that

Set ; then . Let

It is clear that verifies the requirement (a) in Lemma 4. When , is a constant with . Then for . Simple computation shows that . Here, is taken as the identity mapping since .

By now, we have proved that verifies all the requirements in Lemma 4. Hence, (2) has at least one -periodic solution in .

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by NNSFC and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujiang Province (2013J01010).

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