Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 489521, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/489521

Research Article

General Solution of Linear Fractional Neutral Differential Difference Equations

Hai Zhang,1,2 Jinde Cao,1,3 and Wei Jiang⁴

¹Department of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China

²Department of Mathematics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246133, China

³Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁴School of Mathematical Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China

Received 2 April 2013; Accepted 27 May 2013

Academic Editor: Pedro R. S. Antunes

Copyright © 2013 Hai Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper is concerned with the general solution of linear fractional neutral differential difference equations. The exponential estimates of the solution and the variation of constant formula for linear fractional neutral differential difference equations are derived by using the Gronwall integral inequality and the Laplace transform method, respectively. The obtained results extend the corresponding ones of integer order linear ordinary differential equations and delay differential equations.

1. Introduction

Fractional differential equations have been proved to be an excellent tool in the modelling of many phenomena in various fields of engineering, physics, and economics. Many practical systems can be represented more accurately through fractional derivative formulation. For more details on fractional calculus theory, one can see the monographs of Miller and Ross [1], Podlubny [2], Magin [3], Diethelm [4], and Kilbas et al. [5]. Fractional differential equations without delay involving the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative or the Caputo fractional derivative have been paid more and more attention in [6–20] and references therein. In [5], Kilbas et al. have discussed the explicit solutions of linear fractional ordinary differential equations based on the method of successive approximations. In [6, 7], the theory of inequalities, local existence, extremal solutions, comparison results, and global existence of the solutions of fractional differential equations are established. In [8], Li et al. have developed an operator theory to study fractional Cauchy problems with the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives in infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. In [9], Bonilla et al. have considered the explicit solution for linear fractional ordinary differential equations employing the exponential matrix function and the fractional Green function. In [10], Odibat has derived the exact solution for the initial value problems of linear fractional ordinary differential systems by analytical approaches.

On the other hand, time delays are present inherently in many interconnected real systems due to transportation of energy and materials. For example, feedback control systems containing time delays and fractional processes and controllers lead to fractional delay systems. While delay differential systems with integer order have been thoroughly investigated during the past decades (see [21–23] and references therein), the research of fractional delay differential systems is still in the initial and developing stage [24–29].

Motivated and inspired by the mentioned works, in this paper, we investigate the representation of the general solution to linear fractional neutral differential difference system with the form

where denotes an order Caputo fractional derivative of , , , are constant matrices, is a constant with , is a -dimensional continuous vector-valued function, , and denotes space of continuously differentiable functions mapping the interval into .

As we all know, the Laplace transform method is an effective and convenient method for solving linear fractional differential equations. The exponential estimate of the solution is an indispensable tache, which guarantees the rationality of solving fractional differential equations by the Laplace transform method. In [11], Lin failed to take into consideration the exponential estimates of the solution, but the existence of the Laplace transform was taken for granted to solve fractional differential equations. The earlier studies concerning the Laplace transform of fractional differential equations can be found in [1–5, 11, 16], which focused especially on the nondelayed case.

The purpose of this paper is to construct the representation of the general solution for system (1) by using the Laplace transform method. The exponential estimate for system (1) is presented by using the Gronwall integral inequality, which is basic to apply the Laplace transform. Moreover, the expression of the general solution for the homogeneous system and the variation of constant formula for system (1) are derived. The obtained results extend the corresponding ones of integer order linear ordinary differential equations and delay differential equations.

This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we present some definitions and preliminary facts used in the paper. In Section 3, we derive the exponential estimates of the solutions for system (1), the expression of the general solution for the homogeneous system, and the variation of contant formula for system (1).

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we recall some definitions and preliminary facts which are used throughout this paper. For more details, one can see [1–5].

Definition 1. The Riemann-Liouville’s fractional integral of order for a function is defined as

Definition 2. The Caputo’s fractional derivative of for a function is defined as

Definition 3. The Laplace transform of a function is defined as

where is -dimensional vector-valued function.

From the above definitions, we know that if the integral (4) is convergent at the point , then it converges absolutely for such that . Moreover, for , we have

Lemma 4 (Gronwall integral inequality [21]). If and are real valued continuous functions on , and is a nondecreasing function on . In addition, is integrable on with

then

3. Main Results

In this section, we derive the exponential estimation of the solution for system (1) which depends on and based on Gronwall integral inequality. These estimates are basic to the applications of the Laplace transform, and we obtain the representation of the general solution for linear homogeneous fractional neutral system and the variation of constant formula for linear nonhomogeneous fractional neutral system.

Theorem 5. Assume system (1) has a unique continuous solution , if is continuous on , then there exist positive constants and , such that

where .

Proof. For , system (1) is equivalent to the following Volterra integral equation:

Let . Applying the appropriate property of the norm, it follows that

Let . For , then

An application of Lemma 4 yields that

Let and , then (12) can be estimated as

Moreover, the same argument implies the following estimation:

Next, we need to prove that

where , . According to (13), we know that (15) is true for . Assume that (15) is true for . By this hypothesis, we need to prove that (15) is true for . For , we denote , then it yields that

Thus, the proof is completed.

Remark 6. From the proof of Theorem 5, we know that the exponential estimation of the solution for system (1) depends on and , then we denote solution for system (1) as .

Remark 7. From Theorem 5, if is continuous on and exponentially bounded, then is exponentially bounded, which is basic to apply the Laplace transform.

Next, we consider the general solution of linear homogeneous equation of the form

The fundamental solution of the homogeneous system (17) is defined as follows:

Let , and satisfy

then is called the corresponding fundamental solution of system (17).

Let

and denote inverse transform of the Laplace transform. Applying the Laplace transform to system (17), from (18), we have

In terms of the fundamental solution of system (17), the general solution for system (17) can be represented in the following theorem.

Theorem 8. If is the fundamental solution of system (17), then the general solution of system (17) can be represented in the following form:

Proof. Applying the Laplace transform to system (17), we have

It follows from the properties of integral that

Taking into account (22) and (23), it yields that

Note that and , we have

In order to apply the convolution theorem to the terms of the right in (25), we define a function and extend the initial function as follows:

Therefor, we have

Moreover, the same argument implies the following equality:

Since

then

The convolution theorem and inverse theorem of the Laplace transform applied to (30) yields the form

Let , then it follows from (31) that

where for and for . If , the term involving is not present. If , then this term is which is precisely the value of the Stieltjes integral . Therefore, if we make use of the Stieltjes integral, the relation for can be written as

The proof is thus completed.

Remark 9. For the particular case , , then formula (21) becomes

which is consistent with the classical result of the first-order linear differential equation with constant coefficient.

Remark 10. For the particular case , , from Definitions 1 and 2, we have

which is consistent with the general solution of the first-order linear homogeneous delay differential equation [21].

Based on the Laplace transform method, we derive the variation of constant formula for the nonhomogeneous system (1).

Theorem 11. If is continuous on and exponentially bounded, and is the fundamental solution of system (17), then the general solution of system (1) can be represented in the following form:

Proof. Applying the Laplace transform to system (1), it yields that

Note that and , then we have

According to the proof of Theorem 8, we have

Since

then (39) can be represented in the following manner:

The convolution theorem and inverse theorem of Laplace transform applied to (41) yields the form

From Theorem 8, we know that the solution can be represented as

hence, the general solution of system (1) can be represented as

The proof is thus completed.

Remark 12. For the particular case , , from Definitions 1 and 2, we have

which is consistent with the general solution of the first-order linear nonhomogeneous delay differential equation [21].

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to the Editor, Professor Pedro R. S. Antunes, and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and valuable comments and suggestions, which significantly contributed to improving the quality of the paper. This work is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant nos. 61272530, 11072059, and 11071001, the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China under Grant no. 20093401110001, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant no. BK2012741, and the Key Programs of Educational Commission of Anhui Province of China under Grant nos. KJ2010ZD02 and KJ2011A197.

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