Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 158972, 15 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/158972

Research Article

Design of Feedback Control for Networked Finite-Distributed Delays Systems with Quantization and Packet Dropout Compensation

Wen-Chiung Hsu,¹ Lian-Wang Lee,² Kuan-Hsuan Tseng,³ Chien-Yu Lu,¹ Chin-Wen Liao,¹ and Ho-Nien Shou⁴

¹Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
³National Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
⁴Department of Aviation and Communication Electronics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung 820, Taiwan

Received 15 February 2015; Revised 15 April 2015; Accepted 15 April 2015

Academic Editor: Driss Boutat

Copyright © 2015 Wen-Chiung Hsu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper investigates the feedback control for networked discrete-time finite-distributed delays with quantization and packet dropout, and systems induce the control problem. The compensation scheme occurs in a random way. The quantization of system state or output signal is in front of being communicated. It is shown that the design of both a state feedback controller and an observer-based output feedback controller can be achieved, which ensure the asymptotical stability as well as a prescribed performance of the resulting closed-loop system satisfying dependence on the size of the discrete and distributed delays. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the design method in this paper.

1. Introduction

Recurrent networked control systems (NCSs) have been extensively studied in recent years due to their great significance for both practical and theoretical purposes, such as mobile sensor networks, vehicles and crafts, communication networks, and Internet-based control. The stability and control problem of NCSs has aroused increasing interest and has been widely studied [1–4]. On the other hand, it is well known that the insertion of communication networks in control loops results in some inevitable phenomena including signal-transmission delay, packet dropout, and quantization errors, which can degrade the system performance and even destabilize the system. Therefore, the main goal is how to model them more accurately and quantitatively eliminate or compensate the effect caused by the communication delays and data package loss [5, 6]. Almost all time delays studied in the aforementioned literature fall into the discrete case. In fact, there is still another type of time delay, namely, distributed delay, which occurs in a lot of practical plants and has been drawing increasing attention [7]. Naturally, it turns out to be meaningful to investigate the issue of how distributed delays influence the dynamical behavior of the discrete-time NCSs. However, only few papers are focused on discrete-time finite-distributed delay systems.

Quantization always exists in digital/analog interface control systems and quantization errors have adverse effects on the NCSs’ performance. In the early 1990s, the quantized problem for time-invariant discrete-time linear system was proposed in [8], where quantized state feedback was employed to stabilize an unstable linear system. Excitingly, there is a new evolution of research on the quantization effect on NCSs where a quantizer is thought of as an information coder. Therefore, it is necessary to guide an analysis on the quantizers and comprehend how much effect the quantization makes on the overall systems.

For NCSs, packet dropouts and data missing are unavoidable phenomena existing due to the limited transmission capacity of the networks. Recently, the predictive controller design of networked systems with communication delay and data loss has been dealt with in [9], in which a networked predictive control scheme is employed to compensate for communication delay and data loss actively rather than passively. When input and output signals quantization was considered, a sufficient condition for the existence of quantized static output feedback controller was proposed in [10]. In addition, in the presence of packet dropouts, the system-performance requirements such as robustness and disturbance rejection attenuation were gained; the state feedback quantized control problem was solved in [11] via a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. It is noted that all the above results are derived for packet-loss problem with discrete delays. Recently, although the networked-based feedback control problem for systems with discrete and infinite-distributed delays involving quantization and dropout was found in [12], another typical kind of packet dropouts, which include the finite-distributed delays and quantized control strategy, has not been adequately studied in the literature, which motivates the present study.

This paper tackles the state feedback robust control problem for networked control systems with discrete and finite-distributed delays including quantization and packet dropouts. In the NCSs, it is assumed that the measurement signals are quantized before being communicated. The compensation scheme is presented to deal with the effect of random packet dropout through communication network, which obeys a Bernoulli distributed white sequence taking on values of zero and one with certain probability [13]. Both a state feedback controller and an observer-based output feedback controller are designed such that the closed-loop NCS is stable, and the prescribed disturbance-rejection-attenuation performance is also achieved. Both stability-analysis and controller synthesis problems are thoroughly investigated. It is shown that the controller-design problem under consideration is solvable if certain linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are feasible. Two simulation examples are exploited to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LMI approach.

Throughout this paper, the notation () for symmetric matrices and indicates that the matrix is positive and semidefinite (resp., positive definite), represents the transpose of matrix , and the vector norm indicates the Euclidean vector norm; that is, , where denotes the operation of taking the maximum (resp., minimum) eigenvalue of .

2. Preliminaries

Consider the following discrete-time networked control system:

where is the state vector; is the control input; is the measured system output; is the signal to be estimated; , , , , , , and are known real matrices with appropriate dimensions; is nonlinear functions; is the exogenous disturbance signal belonging to ; , , are the initial conditions. and denote the discrete time-varying delay and distributed time-varying delays, respectively, satisfying

where , , , and are known positive integers.

Note that the measured signals will be quantized through the network before they are transmitted to the controller. The set of quantized levels is described as

A quantizer is called logarithmic if the set of quantized levels is characterized by

where the parameter is called the quantization density. For the logarithmic quantizer, the associated quantizer is defined as follows [14, 15]:

where and with .

To realize the state feedback control of system (1)–(4) including quantization and packet dropout, the following compensation scheme is presented at the side of the controller so as to deal with the effect of data loss:

where is the state vector of compensation scheme; is the logarithmic quantizer defined in (8); the stochastic variable is Bernoulli distributed white sequence with

Then, a state feedback controller based on quantized state information and packet dropout compensation is designed as

where is appropriately dimensioned controller gain matrix to be designed later. Combining compensation scheme (9) with system (1), the closed-loop system with quantization can be obtained:

In terms of the method given in [15], the quantizing effects can be obtained:

For a given quantization density , it should be pointed out that, in the closed-loop system (12), there appears stochastic quantity . This differs from the traditional deterministic systems such as linear, discrete delay, and no-packet-loss systems, which are special case of our paper. The purpose of this paper is to design controllers for the system with quantization, such that, in the presence of data packet dropout, for any constant time delays , , , and satisfying (5), the closed-loop system is mean-square stable and the performance

under the zero-initial condition for any nonzero , where is a given scalar.

In order to get our main results, nonlinear function is assumed to be bounded and satisfy the following assumption.

Assumption 1. For each , the function is Lipschitz continuous with a Lipschitz constant ; that is, there exists constant such that, for any , , , the functions satisfy

where , .

The following lemmas are essential for developing our main results.

Lemma 2 (see [12]). Let , , and be real matrices of appropriate dimensions with satisfying . Then, for any scalar , the following equation is satisfied:

Lemma 3 (see [16]). For real matrices , , , , and with appropriate dimensions. The following matrix inequalities hold:

where .

Lemma 4 (see [12]). Let be a positive semidefinite matrix, , and constant . If the series concerned is convergent, then the following inequality holds:

3. Mathematical Formulation of the Proposed Approach

For convenience, without loss of generality, the state of system (1)–(3) is assumed to be measurable and will be quantized before it is transmitted to the controller through communication network while the data packet dropout happens. A sufficient condition is established for the asymptotically mean-square stability of the closed-loop system with quantization (12) for and for the signal to be estimated for satisfying the disturbance attenuation in (14).

Before proof of the main results, for simplicity, we denote the following null equations:

where

where denotes the identity matrix of appropriate dimension and and are free-weighting matrices with appropriate dimension:

Now, the following theorem reveals that such conditions can be expressed in terms of LMIs.

Theorem 5. Under Assumption 1, given any delays , , , and satisfying (5) and supposing quantization density and packet dropout rate , the closed-loop system (9) and (12) with controller (11) is asymptotically stable in the mean square and (14) is satisfied under zero-initial conditions for any nonzero if there exist matrices , , and and diagonal matrices and matrices , , and of appropriate dimensions and positive scalar and scalar such that the following LMI holds:

where

and where

in which

in which , where are given in Assumption 1, .

Proof. Pick the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate for system (9) and (12) as

where

Define the difference of (29) along the solution of (9) and (12) and (13) with and take the mathematical expectation ; one has

It follows from Lemma 3 that (36) is achieved:

On the other hand, based on Lemma 3, the following inequalities are also true:

Using Assumption 1 and noting that is diagonal matrix, one has

where , in which are given in Assumption 1.
Combining (31)–(35), (19)–(24), and (36)–(38) and using Lemma 2 lead to

where , , , with

in which the other elements vanish. Therefore, from , we have for all nonzero . This means that system (9) and (12) is asymptotically stable in the mean square for any delays , , , and satisfying (5).
Next, we establish performance of the controller process under zero-initial condition. We introduce the following performance index:

Construct the same Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional as in Theorem 5. A similar manipulation as in the proof of Theorem 5 yields

where .
On the other hand, by the Schur complement, it follows from (25) which implies for any nonzero . Thus ; for any delays , , , and satisfying (22) and (23), the inequality in (31) holds. This completes the proof.

Now, we are in position to present study to both a state feedback controller and an observer-based output feedback controller, which are designed such that the closed-loop NCS is stable, and the prescribed disturbance-rejection-attenuation performance is also achieved. First, the following compensator is constructed to deal with the packet dropout

where is the state vector of compensation scheme; is the logarithmic quantizer defined in (8); the stochastic variable is Bernoulli distributed white sequence with (10). Then, output feedback controller based on quantized state information and packet dropout compensation is designed as

where and are appropriately dimensioned state feedback controller and observer-based output feedback controller gain matrices to be designed later, respectively. Similarly, the quantization error can be obtained:

for a given quantization density . Let be the state estimation error. Then in terms of (1), (42)–(45), and (46), the error-state dynamics can be expressed by

where .

Substituting (45) into (1), one has

Next, we are able to focus on the analysis of performance of the observer-based output feedback control design problem for (42) and (47) and (48), which depends on the size of the delays.

Theorem 6. Under Assumption 1, given any delays , , , and satisfying (5) and supposing quantization density and packet dropout rate , the closed-loop system (42) and (47) and (48) with controllers (44) and (45) is asymptotically stable in the mean square and (14) is satisfied under zero-initial conditions for any nonzero if there exist matrices , , and , and , and and and diagonal matrices and and matrices , , and of appropriate dimensions and positive scalar and scalar such that the following LMI holds:

where , , ,

in which the other elements vanish, with and , where and are given in Assumption 1, .

Proof. Pick the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate for system (42) and (47) and (48) as

Similarly, the rest of the proof follows from Theorem 5. Therefore, in accordance with Theorem 5, the observer-based output feedback control system synthesis (42) and (47) and (48) satisfies (14). It follows from synthesis (42) and (47) and (48) that the following performance index

where .
Using the Schur complement to (52) and in view of LMI (48), it follows that . Thus ; for any delays , , , and satisfying (42) and (47) and (48), the inequality in (14) holds. This completes the proof.

Remark 7. Based on Lemma 3, (21)–(23) are integrated with (37) and (24) is combined with (38) by using Assumption 1 to Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional stability inequalities. Theorem 6 proposes a delay-dependent criterion such that the state feedback robust control problem for the networked control systems with discrete and finite-distributed delays including quantization and packet dropouts can be achieved by solving an LMI. Free-weighting matrices , , , , , and are introduced into the LMI condition (49). It should be noted that these free-weighting matrices are not required to be symmetric. The purpose of introduction of these free-weighting matrices is to reduce conservatism for systems.

Remark 8. In deriving the delay-dependent observer-based controller in Theorem 6, no model transform technique incorporating Moon’s bounding inequality [17] to estimate the inner product of the involved crossing terms has been performed. This feature has the potential to enable us to obtain less-conservative results by means of Lemma 3.

4. Examples

In this section, numerical examples are now presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach on the state feedback control problem for networked control systems with discrete and finite-distributed delays including quantization and packet dropouts.

Example 1. Consider system (1)–(4) with the following parameters:

Choosing the constants , we easily find that , which satisfies the convergence condition (18).
The nonlinear function in this example is assumed to satisfy Assumption 1 with , , and . Assume that the random variable satisfies . Then, it can be verified that the delay-dependent conditions of Theorem  1 in [11] cannot be satisfied for any interval time-varying . Thus, [11] cannot provide any results on the upper and lower maximum bounds allowed delay. By Theorem 6, an observer-based controller is designed such that the closed-loop NCS is asymptotically stable in the mean square with a guaranteed performance for all discrete time-varying delays and distributed time-varying delays ; that is, and , when and quantization density . By solving (48), we can obtain the desired controller parameters as follows:

The conclusion is further verified by the numerical simulation for state feedback robust control problem for networked control systems with discrete delay and an observer-based controller is designed such that the closed-loop NCS is asymptotically stable in the mean square with a guaranteed performance for satisfying all discrete time-varying delays. Figure 1 shows that the system state converges to zero, where the initial condition is set to be .

Figure 1: State trajectories of the system.

Example 2. An Internet-based test rig is used to confirm the effectiveness of the observer-based controller-design approach. This test rig consists of a plant (DC servo system) and a remote controller. The plant and the controller are connected via the Internet [4]. According to [4], here we only consider the linear case with finite-distributed delays to show the effectiveness and application feasibility in networked control systems. Based on the results in [4], the DC servo system is recognized to be a third-order system and in state-space depiction has the following system matrices:

Here, the network-induced delays in forward and backward channels are assumed to be 1 and 4 steps of the sampling period. Hence the upper bound of is 5. Therefore, in addition to the main system parameters and , we let other parameters be the same as in Example 1. The performance level is taken as . With the above parameters and by using the LMI toolbox in Matlab, the desired controller can be found as

Therefore, in the presence of quantization and packet dropout, controllers (43) and (44) are designed to guarantee asymptotical stability in the mean square for the closed-loop DC servo system (47) and (48) and the prescribed performance level in (14) is satisfied under zero-initial conditions, which verifies that packet-based control method is valid.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the problem of control problem for a class of networked systems with discrete and finite-distributed delays subject to quantization and packet dropout has been considered. The state of system (1)–(3) is assumed to be measurable and will be quantized before it is transmitted to the controller through communication network while the data packet dropout happens. An observer-based feedback controller has been designed to stabilize the networked system in the sense of mean square and also achieve the prescribed performance bound for any delays , , , and satisfying (5). Through numerical examples, the effectiveness of the proposed criterion design approach has been shown.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

H. Yang, Y. Xia, and P. Shi, “Stabilization of networked control systems with nonuniform random sampling periods,” International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 501–526, 2011.

G. C. Walsh, H. Ye, and L. G. Bushnell, “Stability analysis of networked control systems,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 438–446, 2002.

P. Ogren, E. Fiorelli, and N. E. Leonard, “Cooperative control of mobile sensor networks: adaptive gradient climbing in a distributed environment,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1292–1302, 2004.

Y.-B. Zhao, G.-P. Liu, and D. Rees, “Design of a packet-based control framework for networked control systems,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 859–865, 2009.

D. K. Kim, P. Park, and J. W. Ko, “Output-feedback H ∞ control of system over communication networks using a deterministic switching system approach,” Automatica, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1205–1212, 2004.

P. Seiler and R. Sengupta, “An approach to networked control,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 356–364, 2005.

Y. Kuang, H. L. Smith, and R. H. Martin, “Global stability for infinite-delay, dispersive Lotka-Volterra systems: weakly interacting populations in nearly identical patches,” Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 339–360, 1991.

D. F. Delchamps, “Stabilizing a linear system with quantized state feedback,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 916–924, 1990.

G. P. Liu, “Predictive controller design of networked systems with communication delays and data loss,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 481–485, 2010.

Y. Liu and G. Yang, “Quantized static output feedback stabilization of discrete-time networked control systems,” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 719–731, 2011.

D. Wen and G. Yang, “State feedback control for networked control systems with quantization and random communication delay,” International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 7, pp. 685–695, 2011.

R. Yang, P. Shi, G.-P. Liu, and H. Gao, “Network-based feedback control for systems with mixed delays based on quantization and dropout compensation,” Automatica, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2805–2809, 2011.

N. E. Nahi, “Optimal recursive estimation with uncertain observation,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 15, pp. 457–462, 1969.

N. Elia and S. K. Mitter, “Stabilization of linear systems with limited information,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1384–1400, 2001.

M. Fu and L. Xie, “The sector bound approach to quantized feedback control,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 1698–1711, 2005.

C.-W. Liao and C.-Y. Lu, “Design of delay-dependent state estimator for discrete-time recurrent neural networks with interval discrete and infinite-distributed time-varying delays,” Cognitive Neurodynamics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 133–143, 2011.

Y. S. Moon, P. Park, W. H. Kwon, and Y. S. Lee, “Delay-dependent robust stabilization of uncertain state-delayed systems,” International Journal of Control, vol. 74, no. 14, pp. 1447–1455, 2001.