Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 610345, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/610345

Research Article

Bifurcation Analysis for Nonlinear Recurrence Relations with Threshold Control and -Periodic Coefficients

Liping Dou,¹ Chengmin Hou,¹ and Sui Sun Cheng²

¹Department of Mathematics, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
²Department of Mathematics, Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan

Received 18 January 2015; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 11 March 2015

Academic Editor: Garyfalos Papashinopoulos

Copyright © 2015 Liping Dou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A nonlinear recurrence involving a piecewise constant McCulloch-Pitts function and -periodic coefficient sequences is investigated. By allowing the threshold parameter to vary from 0 to , we work out a complete bifurcation analysis for the asymptotic behaviors of the corresponding solutions. Among other things, we show that each solution tends towards one of four different limits. Furthermore, the accompanying initial regions for each type of solutions can be determined. It is hoped that our analysis will provide motivation for further results for recurrent McCulloch-Pitts type neural networks.

1. Introduction

It is of great interest to see how an artificial neural network uses components which are closer to “biological” components. One particular important component can be described by means of the step (activation) function defined by

with a nonnegative (threshold) real parameter . Roughly, the activation function mimics a so called McCulloch neuron that may receive an excitatory value (indicated by 1) if the input signal has strength within limits 0 and , and otherwise it remains intact with an inhibitory value (indicated by 0).

If we let be the state value of a neural unit during the time period , then the recurrence relation

may be used to describe a one neuron McCulloch-Pitts system where the state value is updated from the two most recent state values.

Let . Zhu and Huang [1] discussed the “limit cycles” of the recurrence relation

where , , and is defined by (1), in which the positive threshold can be regarded as a bifurcation parameter. Then, Chen [2] considered the following recurrence relation:

where and are 2-periodic sequences with and . Asymptotic behaviors of these equations reflect their differences (see [1, 2]). A good reason for studying (4) is that the constants and used in the physical model described by (3) may not be truly constant but exhibit fluctuating behaviors between two limits. Since in (4) we have chosen to consider the case where and are replaced by 2-periodic sequences, the question then arises as to what will happen if we choose general periodic sequences.

In this paper, we offer partial answers by considering the difference equation

where and are -periodic sequences with , , and . By studying this equation, we hope that the subsequent results will lead to much more general ones for complex systems involving similar periodic parameters and discontinuous controls.

In order to study the asymptotic behavior of (5), let us first note that it is a three-term recurrence relation so that, given and , we may calculate , and so forth in a sequential manner. The resulting sequence is naturally called a solution of (5). For example, when and are -periodic sequences, we may write

This motivates us to define a vector equation. Given a sequence  , its Casoratian vector sequence is , where , . Then (5) is equivalent to the asynchronous vector equation

where

Note that, given , we may use (7) to generate which, when “lined up,” yields the same as described above. For this reason, the sequence will be called the solution of (7) determined by .

Therefore, to obtain complete asymptotic behaviors of (5), we need to derive the behaviors of solutions of (7) determined by vectors in the entire plane.

The following result, however, can help us concentrate on solutions determined by vectors in .

Theorem 1. A solution of (7) with in the nonpositive orthant is nonpositive and tends towards .

Proof. Let . Then, by (7) and by induction, for any and , we may get , that is,

Since and tends towards as tends towards , we see that tends towards . The proof is complete.

Next, note that our system is autonomous (time invariant), and hence, if is a solution of (7), then, for any , the sequence, defined by for , is also a solution of (7).

Suppose is a solution of (7). Then, we say that

approaches a limit 1-cycle if ;  approaches a limit 2-cycle if and and .

For the sake of convenience, we also need to introduce some notations. The numbers and are defined as

while the numbers

and their properties are listed in the Appendix. These numbers are introduced in order to break the plane into different parts such that the behavior of each solution of (7) which originates from each part may be traced.

In the sequel, we distinguish the cases (i) , (ii) , and (iii) , and then, for different , we find the asymptotic behaviors of the corresponding solutions.

2. The Case

We begin with the following.

Lemma 2. Let . If is a solution of (7) with , then there exist integers and such that .

Proof. From our assumption, we have for . Let be a solution of (7) with . Then, there are eight cases.
Case  1. If , then by (7) we may easily obtain , our assertion is true by taking and .
Case  2. Suppose . Then by (7) and induction we may see that for any and ; and hence,

Thus, for any . Then, there exists enough large such that .
Case  3. Suppose . As in Case  2, we may show that there exists enough large such that . Our assertion is thus true.
Case  4. Suppose . We may first show that there is a such that . Otherwise, for any , we have . Then by (7) we have

Since and tends towards as tends towards , we see that tends towards , which is a contradiction. The rest of the proof comes from the assertions in Cases  2 and  3.
Case  5. Suppose . Then by (7) and induction we may see that for any and ; and hence,

Thus, for any . Then, there exists enough large such that .
Case  6. Suppose . As in Case  5, we may show that there exists enough large such that . Our assertion is thus true.
Case  7. Suppose . In view of (A.3), there exist and such that . Next, we consider two cases.

(I)Consider , . Then by (7) we have

 that is, . Our assertion is true by Case  6.(II)Consider , . Then by (7) we have

 and, by induction, we have

 that is, . Our assertion is true by means of Case  6.

Case  8. Suppose . Then, there exist and such that . As in Case  7, we may show that . Our assertion is true by means of Case  5.

Theorem 3. Let . If is a solution of (7) with , then it approaches the limit 1-cycle .

Proof. By Lemma 2, we may assume without loss of generality that . Then, by (7) and induction, for and ; that is,

Since and tends towards as tends towards , we see that tends towards the limit 1-cycle . The proof is complete.

3. The Case

In this section, we assume . Set

Note that a simple plot of the regions and in the plane shows that they are disjoint and form the complement of the region .

Lemma 4. Let . If is a solution of (7) with , then there exist integer and such that , .

The proof is similar to those discussed in Cases  5 through 8 in the proof of Lemma 2 and, hence, is skipped.

Theorem 5. Let . If is a solution of (7) with , then it approaches the limit 1-cycle .

Proof. By Lemma 4, we may assume without loss of generality that . Then, similar to the proof of Theorem 3, we have for and ; that is,

Since and tends towards as tends towards , we see that tends towards the limit 1-cycle . The proof is complete.

Theorem 6. A solution of (7) with tends towards the limit 2-cycle .

Proof. By (7), we have

and by induction,

Therefore, tends towards the limit 2-cycle .

Theorem 7. A solution of (7) with tends towards the limit 2-cycle .

The proof is similar to Theorem 6 and is skipped.

Theorem 8. Suppose that is a solution of (7) with , where and . Then,

(i) for ;(ii) for ;(iii) for ;(iv) for .

Proof. Suppose that .
(i) We distinguish two different cases.
Case  1. Consider , . Then,

Case  2. Consider , . Then,

and by induction, we have

(ii) Similar to (i), by distinguishing two different cases and by induction, we have the following.
Case  1. Consider , .
Case  2. Consider , .
(iii) We distinguish four different cases.
Case  1. Consider , . By (7),

Case  2. Consider , . Then, by (7),

Case  3. Consider , . Then,

and, by induction, we have

Case  4. Consider , . Then,

and, by induction, we have

(iv) Similar to (iii), by distinguishing four different cases and by induction, we have the following.
Case  1. Consider , .
Case  2. Consider , .
Case  3. Consider ,  .
Case  4. Consider , ,.
Note that, in view of (A.3) and (A.4), the above result handles all solutions of (7) originated from . Together with Theorems 6 and 7, we have taken care of all the cases where . Since is the complement of the region , Theorems 1 and 5–7 can be used to take care of all possible solutions of (7).

4. The Case

In this section, we assume that and we set if . We continue to use those notations in the case where .

Lemma 9. Let . If is a solution of (7) with , then there exist integers and such that .

Proof. There are seven cases.
(i) If or , then, by (7), we may easily see that or .
(ii) Suppose . If for all , then for all , . Thus, , which is a contradiction. Therefore, there exists such that

(iii) Suppose . If for all , , then , for all , . Thus , which is a contradiction. Therefore, there exists such that

(iv) If , then, in view of (A.15), there exist , such that . Furthermore, if , we distinguish two cases.
Case  1. Consider , . Then,

Case  2. Consider , . Then,

Next, suppose .
Case  1. Consider . From , we may get . Then,

Case  2. Consider , . From , we may get . Then,

Theorem 10. Let . Then, any solution of (7) tends asymptotically to the 2-cycle or .

Proof. In view of Lemma 9, we may assume without loss of generality that , . Then, by (7),

and by induction, we have for , . Therefore, tends towards the limit 2-cycle . The proof is complete.

By reviewing Theorems  1, 3, 5–8 and 10 carefully, we may see that all solutions of (7) tend towards the limit 1-cycles or or towards the limit 2-cycles or . In Theorems  1, 3, 5–8, we are precise about the limit cycle for each solution from , but not in Theorem 10. We can also be precise in the last case. There are more technical details, however. Hence, we refer the readers who are interested in the precise “initial vector-limit vector” relations to the Appendix.

5. Discussions

The results in the previous sections are stated in terms of the -dimensional asynchronous dynamical system (7). Note that (7) is asynchronous in the sense that, given and , the subsequent are calculated one by one from the first, second, third, equation of (7), respectively.

We may also regard the original equation (5) as the following 2-dimensional asynchronous system:

Let us say that a solution of (39) approaches a limit 1-cycle if and a limit 2-cycle if and . Let us further say that a solution of (39) eventually falls into a region if for all large and eventually alternates between two regions and if and for all large .

Then, we may restate the previous theorems as follows.

(i)The vectors , and form the corners of a square in the plane.(ii)A solution of (39) with in the nonpositive orthant is nonpositive and tends towards the limit 1-cycle .(iii)Suppose . Then, a solution of (39) with will tend towards the limit 1-cycle .(iv)Suppose . Then, a solution of (39) with will tend towards the limit 2-cycle or .(v)Suppose . Then, a solution of (39) with will eventually fall into and approach the limit 1-cycle .(vi)Suppose . Then, a solution of (39) with will eventually alternate between and and approach the limit 2-cycle or .

Since we have obtained a complete set of asymptotic criteria, we may deduce (bifurcation) results such as the following. If it , then all solutions which originated from the positive orthant approach a limit 2-cycle; if , then all solutions that originated from the positive orthant tend towards the limit 1-cycles ; if , then all solutions originated from the positive orthant tend towards the limit 1-cycle or 2-cycles or . Roughly, the above statements show that when the threshold parameter is a relatively small positive parameter, all solutions from the positive orthant tend towards a limit 2-cycle; when the threshold parameter reaches the critical value , some of these solutions drift away and tend towards a limit 1-cycle, and when drifts beyond the critical value, all solutions tend towards the limit 1-cycle . Such an observation seems to appear in many natural processes and hence our model may be used to explain such phenomena. It is also expected that when a group of neural units interact with each other in a network where each unit is governed by evolutionary laws of the form (39), complex but manageable analytical results can be obtained. These are left for further studies.

We remark that the precise region from which each type of solution originates can also be given (by implementing a simple computer program).

Our proofs also indicate that more general multiple neuron recurrent McCulloch-Pitts type neural networks possess similar behavior. However, the derivations may involve more delicate combinatorial arguments and are left for further studies.

Appendix

We let

Then,

Thus,

We assume . Set

Then,

Thus,

We assume . Set

Then,

Since

there exist integers and such that and .

Set

for , , and . Similarly, since

there exist integers and such that and .

Set , , and for , , and . Then,

Furthermore, since

then if we let

then

Furthermore,

We also note that

Therefore,

Lemma A.1. A solution of (7) with   or tends towards the limit 2-cycle   or .

The proof of Lemma A.1 is the same as those discussed in the proofs of Theorems 6 and 7.

Lemma A.2. Suppose is a solution of (7) with , where and . Then,

(i) for , ;(ii) for , ;(iii) for ;(iv) for .

Lemma A.3. Suppose is a solution of (7) with , where and . Then,

(i) for , ;(ii) for , ;(iii) for ;(iv) for .

Lemma A.4. Suppose and is a solution of (7) with . If , then

If

then

Lemma A.5. Suppose and is a solution of (7) with . If , then

If

then

Lemma A.6. Suppose and is a solution of (7) with . If

then

If

then

Lemma A.7. Suppose and is a solution of (7) with . If

then

If

then

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This study is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (11161049).

References

H. Zhu and L. Huang, “Asymptotic behavior of solutions for a class of delay difference equation,” Annals of Differential Equations, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 99–105, 2005.

Y. Chen, “All solutions of a class of difference equations are truncated periodic,” Applied Mathematics Letters, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 975–979, 2002.