Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 1743540, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1743540

Research Article

On the Solutions of a System of Third-Order Rational Difference Equations

A. M. Alotaibi,¹ M. S. M. Noorani,¹ and M. A. El-Moneam²

¹School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
²Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to A. M. Alotaibi; ab-alo@hotmail.com

Received 21 January 2018; Accepted 20 March 2018; Published 3 May 2018

Academic Editor: Garyfalos Papashinopoulos

Copyright © 2018 A. M. Alotaibi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The structure of the solutions for the system nonlinear difference equations , , is clarified in which the initial conditions , , , , , are considered as arbitrary positive real numbers. To exemplify the theoretical discussion, some numerical examples are presented.

1. Introduction

The prime objective of this paper is to analyze the forms of the solution of the following difference equation systems:

in which the initial conditions , , , , , are arbitrary positive real numbers.

Difference equations appear as a natural model of evolution phenomena. Furthermore, considerable findings in difference equation theory have been retrieved as discrete analogues and as numerical solutions of differential equations. This is notably true in the case of Lyapunov theory of stability. What is more, it has applications in biology, ecology, economy, physics, and so on. Due to this matter, there has been a rise in the interest in the study of qualitative analysis of scalar rational difference equations and rational system of difference equations. Although difference equations look simple in form, it is quite difficult to understand thoroughly the behaviors of their solutions because some prototypes for the development of the basic theory of the global behavior of nonlinear difference equation come from the results of rational difference equations (see [1–6]) and the references cited therein.

El-Dessoky and Elsayed [7] have analyzed the form of the solutions and the periodicity character of the following systems of rational difference equations:

Elsayed and Alghamdi [8] have examined the form of the solutions of the following nonlinear difference equations systems:

Elsayed et al. [9] have investigated the form of the solutions of the following difference equations systems:

Kurbanli [10] has explored the following system of difference equations:

Mansour et al. [11] have got the form of the solutions of some systems of the following rational difference equations:

Touafek and Elsayed [12] have studied the periodicity and gave the form of the solutions of the following systems of difference equations of order two:

Equations similar to difference equations and nonlinear systems of rational difference equations were investigated; see [13–20].

2. Main Results

2.1. The First System: ,

The solutions of the system of two difference equations are analyzed in this subsection.

where the initial conditions , , , , , are arbitrary positive real numbers.

Theorem 1. Suppose that are solutions of system (8). Then for , one has

where , , , , , and where is the Fibonacci Sequence with ,

Proof. For , the result holds. By using mathematical induction now suppose that and that our assumption holds for , . That is,

Now, it follows from system (8) substitution of the above equations that

Also, we obtain

Hence the proof is complete.

Lemma 2. Let be a positive solution of system (8); then every solution of system (8) is bounded and converges to zero.

Proof. It follows from system (8) that

thus

Then the subsequences , are decreasing and so are bounded from above by

Similarly the subsequences , are decreasing and so are bounded from above by

2.2. The Second System: ,

The structure of the solutions of the following system of the difference equations is examined in this subsection.

with nonzero positive real numbers of initial conditions , , and , , with

Theorem 3. Suppose that are solutions of the system

Then for , one has

where , , , , , and where is the Fibonacci Sequence with , .

Proof. For the result holds. By using mathematical induction now suppose that and that our assumption holds for , . That is,

Now, it follows from system (17) substitution of the above equations that

Also, we obtain

Hence the proof is complete.

2.3. The Third System: ,

In this subsection, the framework of the solution of the following system of difference equations is acquired.

where the initial conditions , , , , , are arbitrary positive real numbers with

Theorem 4. Suppose that are solutions of system (23). Then for , one sees that all solutions of system (23) are given by the following formulas:

where , , , , , and where is the Fibonacci Sequence with , .

Proof. For the result holds. By using mathematical induction now suppose that and that our assumption holds for . That is,

Now, it follows from system (23) substitution of the above equations that

Also, we obtain

Thus, the other relations can be proven in a similar way. Hence the proof is complete.

2.4. The Fourth System: ,

In this subsection, we analyze the solutions of the system of the following two difference equations.

with the initial conditions , , and , , being nonzero positive real numbers.

Theorem 5. Let be solutions of system (28). Then and are given by the following formulas for :

where , , , , , and where is the Fibonacci Sequence with , .

Proof. For the result holds. By using mathematical induction now suppose that and that our assumption holds for . That is,

Now, it follows from system (28) substitution of the above equations that

Also, we obtain

Thus, the other relations can be proven in a similar way. Hence the proof is complete.

3. Numerical Examples

To illustrate the results of foregoing sections and to support our theoretical discussions, we take into account several interesting numerical examples in this section.

Example 1 (first system: , ). Figure 1 considers the solution of the difference equations system (8) with the initial conditions , , and , , .

Figure 1: This figure shows the solution of (8).

Example 2 (second system: , ). Figure 2 indicates the solution of the difference equation system (17) with the initial conditions , , and , ,

Figure 2: This figure shows the solution of (17).

Example 3 (third system: , ). Figure 3 considers the solution of the difference equation system (23) with the initial conditions , , and , , .

Figure 3: This figure shows the solution of (23).

Example 4 (fourth system: , ). Figure 4 shows the solution of the difference equation system (28) with the initial conditions , , and , , .

Figure 4: This figure shows the solution of (28).

4. Conclusion

In this analysis, we oversee the structure of the solutions of four cases of the difference equations system , . Additionally, some behavior of the solutions such as boundedness is investigated. Subsequently, some numerical examples are displayed by presenting some numerical values for the initial values per case and figures provided to justify the behavior of the obtained solutions in the case of numerical examples.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by UKM Grant DIP-2017-011 and Ministry of Education Malaysia Grant FRGS/1/2017/STG06/UKM/01/1.

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