Disease Markers

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 351863, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/351863

Research Article

Promoter Methylation of SFRP3 Is Frequent in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ya-Wen Lin,1,2 Yu-Lueng Shih,³ Gi-Shih Lien,⁴ Fat-Moon Suk,⁴ Chung-Bao Hsieh,⁵ and Ming-De Yan⁴

¹Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

²Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

³Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

⁴Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

⁵Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

Received 30 June 2013; Revised 1 October 2013; Accepted 22 October 2013; Published 21 January 2014

Academic Editor: Valeria Barresi

Copyright © 2014 Ya-Wen Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Oncogenic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is common in human cancers. The secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) function as negative regulators of Wnt signaling and have important implications in carcinogenesis. Because there have been no reports about the role of SFRP3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we investigated the level of methylation and transcription of SFRP3. Four HCC cell lines, 60 HCCs, 23 cirrhosis livers, 37 chronic hepatitis livers, and 30 control livers were prescreened for SFRP3 promoter methylation by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and bisulfite sequencing. SFRP3 promoter methylation was observed in 100%, 60%, 39.1%, 16.2%, and 0% in HCC cell lines, primary HCCs, cirrhosis livers, chronic hepatitis livers, and control livers, respectively. Demethylation treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in HCC cells restored or increased the SFRP3 mRNA expression. We next used quantitative MS-PCR (QMSP) to analyze the methylation level of SFRP3 in 60 HCCs and their corresponding nontumor tissues. Methylation of SFRP3 promoter region in HCCs increased significantly compared with control tissues. There is a positive correlation between promoter hypermethylation and SFRP3 mRNA downregulation. Our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation of SFRP3 is a common event in HCCs and plays an important role in regulation of SFRP3 mRNA expression.

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary malignancy of the liver and accounts for as many as 1 million deaths annually worldwide [1–5]. The major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, environmental carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), alcoholic cirrhosis, and inherited genetic disorder such as hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, and tyrosinemia. Among them, HBV, HCV, and AFB1 are responsible for approximately 80% of all HCC [1, 2]. Research on molecular genetics and pathogenesis of HCC has become a hot spot in cancer study because of its scientific merits and its clinical importance. Despite rapid expansion of information obtained from these researchers, the molecular mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis and molecular genetics of HCC remain elusive.

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in liver physiology and pathology by regulating a variety of crucial cellular events, including differentiation, proliferation, and survival [6–8]. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway can be activated through mutations in CTNNB1 (encoding β-catenin), AXIN1, and AXIN2 [6, 9] in human HCC. The common event is the stabilization of β-catenin, which translocates into the nucleus and associates with the T-cell factor (TCF) family of transcription factors for efficient activation of Wnt target genes [10–17]. In addition to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes are also involved in the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer cells [6, 9, 18–22].

Abnormal hypermethylation of CpG islands serves as another mechanism for inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in cancer [23–25]. Hypermethylation of gene promoters has been demonstrated as an early event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis [26–28]. The secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) function as negative regulators of Wnt signaling and have important implications for carcinogenesis [29]. The secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) family plays a significant role in the inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway in various cancers [30]. The frizzled-related protein (SFRP3) is generally thought to be an inhibitor of Wnt signaling in several cancers [31, 32]. Some reports have demonstrated that SFRP3 has tumor-suppressing activities and could inhibit cell invasiveness in prostate cancer and melanoma cells [31, 32]. However, SFRP3 promotes cell growth, invasion, and inhibition of apoptosis in renal cancer cells [33]. Because there have been no reports about the role of SFRP3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we investigated the level of methylation and transcription of SFRP3.

Recently, we have shown that SFRPs are often downregulated through promoter hypermethylation in HCC cell lines and clinical HCC tissues [18, 34]. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that restoration of SFRPs could attenuate Wnt signaling in HCC cells with β-catenin mutation, decrease aberrant accumulation of free β-catenin in the nucleus, and then suppress cell growth [34]. We hypothesized that CpG island methylation of the SFRP3 promoter may play an important role in regulating SFRP3 expression in HCC. To test this hypothesis, we used MS-PCR, QMSP, and bisulfite sequencing method to analyze the SFRP3 methylation pattern in HCCs. The mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR assay. Further, we determined whether treatment of HCC cell lines with a DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), could then restore or increase expression of the SFRP3 mRNA.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Tissue Specimens

Sixty paired HCC samples (including HCC tissues, DNA, and RNA samples) and 30 hepatic hemangioma tissues were provided by the Taiwan Liver Cancer Network (TLCN). The TLCN is funded by the National Science Council to provide researchers in Taiwan with primary liver cancer tissues and their associated clinical information. The diagnosis of HCC was confirmed by histology. Experienced pathologist classified the nontumor tissues as chronic hepatitis livers (23 cases) and cirrhosis livers (37 cases). The use of the 60 HCC tissues, paired nontumor parts, and 30 hepatic hemangioma tissues (as control livers) in this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and the TLCN User Committee.

2.2. Cell Lines

We obtained three human HCC cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD): HepG2, HA22T, Hep3B, and TONG. They were all grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (w/v) fetal bovine serum, penicillin at 100 U/mL, streptomycin at 100 μg/mL, and L-glutamine at 2 mmol/L (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ in air.

2.3. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine Treatment

HCC cells were seeded at a density of  cells/100-millimeter dish and allowed to attach for 24 hr. Cells were incubated in 5 µM 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or in PBS alone for 96 hr to analyze the effect of methylation inhibition on SFRP3 mRNA expression. All incubations were performed in duplicate dishes, and cells were harvested directly for RNA and DNA isolation.

2.4. DNA Extraction

Genomic DNA was extracted from cell lines and tissue samples using a commercial DNA extraction kit (QIAmp Tissue Kit; Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

2.5. Bisulfite Modification and Methylation-Specific PCR (MS-PCR)

Genomic DNA isolated from cells and tissue was subjected to bisulfite methylation analysis. We treated DNA with bisulfite using an EZ DNA methylation kit (Zymo Research, Orange, CA) according to the protocol described in the user manual. Briefly, one µg of genomic DNA was denatured by incubation with 0.2 M NaOH. Aliquots of 10 mM hydroquinone and 3 M sodium bisulfite (pH 5.0) were added and the solution was incubated at 50°C for 16 hr. Treated DNA was purified on a Zymo-Spin I column, desulfonated with 0.3 M NaOH, repurified on a Zymo-Spin I column, and resuspended in 20 μL elution buffer. MS-PCR [35] was carried out in a volume of 25 μL containing 1 μL of the sodium-bisulfite-treated DNA with Gold Taq DNA polymerase (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) as follows. After heating at 92°C for 10 min, PCR was performed in a thermal cycler (GeneAmp 2400, PE Applied Biosystems) for 35 cycles, each of which consisted of denaturation at 92°C for 30 sec, annealing at 61°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 30 sec, followed by a final 10 min extension at 72°C. The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel. The experiments were repeated three times to ensure reproducibility. The sequences of SFRP3 promoter, primer, and probes are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: The primer and probe sequences used in this study.

Primer sequence ()
Primer name
Assay

GTGTTGTTTTGGGGTTTTGTATTTGTATG
SFRP3 UF
MSPCR

CTACCTCCCACCTAAAAAAAAACTCCAC
SFRP3 UR
MSPCR

TTGGGGTGGGTTTTTTAGTGAGGGGT
BS01 F
BS sequencing

AACAAAAAAAACRCTCAAAAAAAACC
BS01 R
BS sequencing

GGCGTTGTTTTGGGGTTTCGTATTC
SFRP3 MF
MSPCR, QMSP

TCCCGCCTAAAAAAAAACTCCG
SFRP3 MR
MSPCR, QMSP

CTCTACCCTCCAATACC
probe
QMSP

TCCCGAGGCCATCGTTACT
SFRP3 F
QRT-PCR (SyBr)

AGGCTTACATTTACAGCGTTCAC
SFRP3 R
QRT-PCR

Sequence of SFRP3 promoter:

aaaaaaaaagtccaagtgtattagagctgttagtttccacgttaacccttaaggagcaaagctcaagagttctaattccactaggtggggggggcgggaatagaaggaaaaaaccccttttccttgcttctggtggcctatttgtagtcat

gaacagcatttctttgtttctctctctctttttttttttttttaaaggcaatcctccccccacctcctcccccgcagttattgaaaatggagacctctgtagtcactagctctgggttgatatggctccaccgttgctcgcaggggtctgtgttttccg

ctacttggacaaagtgacattgcttaagcctttccccccaccaggtctgactttctgcagagccagtgattgcagaggaaaagctgtagtttgcttaaaggaaatacctccaggaaggagggtctcgggtgggttcccaagtggggaact

agggggacttttccgtagggaattggggtgggctcttcagtgaggggctaggggctcgtttctggggccaaagacgggttccctagtgtgagggcgcgctcgactcggcgctgtcttggggtctcgcactcgcacggcttcgcaccccac

cgcctgcgactcccaggccttctcttccccgggcgcccactccattctcgggaagagcagccggcactggagggcagagactgccccaggggcggagctccctctcaggcgggaggtaggaaagtgcagagccgcccgggcagagg

cacagacgtccctgcggggctcctcctgagcgtccctcctgccagccagggtcgcagccgcagcggcggccgcagctcttagcccacacaggacttgtaaactcttactgcacccttctctcccattaggagcttttcctccctccttccc

cccaacccctctgtcctcctcactttggggaatttaatgctttctttagcatctttttgtgtgcgtgatctaggggaggagacaccccagagctccaactagctctcagctgaattctacttttgtttttatgtcttcctcgcctcctctcgtgtcc

ctcttatctgactgatctgcgaagtctgatgcttctgccagagggagaggaataaatagatgttgctgcttccgaaggcttagacGTTGGGAAAGAGCAGCCTGGGCGGCAGGGGCGGTGGCTG

GAGCTCGGTAAAGCTCGTGGGACCCCATTGGGGGAATTTGATCCAAGGAAGCGGTGATTGCCGGGGGAGGAGAAGCTCCCAGATCCTTGTG

TCCACTTGCAGCGGGGGAGGCGGAGACGGCGGAGCGGGCCTTTTGGCGTCCACTGCGCGGCTGCACCCTGCCCCATCCTGCCGGGATC.

2.6. Bisulfite Sequencing

Bisulfite-treated genomic DNA was amplified using specific primers for human SFRP3. Amplified PCR product was purified and cloned into pCR4-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). DNA sequencing was performed on at least 5 individual clones using the 377 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The primer sequences and the locations are summarized in Table 1.

2.7. Quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR (QMSP)

TagMan-based QMSP (MethyLight) [36] method was used to determine the methylation level of HCCs. We used type II collagen gene (COL2A) for an internal reference gene by amplifying the non-CpG sequences. Each sample was analyzed three times. The genomic DNA treatment with M.Sss I methyltransferase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) was used as positive control. The QMSP reactions were done as our previous report [37]. The relative DNA methylation was determined based on the threshold cycles (Ct) of the gene of interest and of the internal reference gene (COL2A). The relative DNA methylation level [sample_gene/sample_COL2A] was calculated by the ΔCt method [36, 38]. Testing results with Ct-value of COL2A greater than 40 were determined as detection failure.

2.8. Quantitative RT-PCR

Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed on an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, USA). The match primers and TagMan Probe were obtained from commercial Applied Biosystems Tagman Assay-on Demand Gene Expression products. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) was used as an internal control. PCR reaction was carried out using TaqMan PCR master mix reagents kit. Relative gene expression was determined based on the threshold cycles (Ct) of the gene of interest and of the internal reference gene. The mRNA levels of the interest genes were expressed as the ratio of the interest gene to GAPDH mRNA for each sample. The level of each interest gene mRNA in each cancer was compared to the level in the corresponding nontumor part [39]. The average Ct value of the GAPDH gene was subtracted from the average Ct value of the interest genes for each sample: SFRP3 Ct = (Avg. SFRP3 Ct − Avg. GAPDH Ct) and SFRP3 Ct = (Avg. − Avg.). The fold change () in expression of the target genes (SFRP3) relative to the internal control gene (GAPDH) of each analyzed HCC sample was calculated [18, 39].

2.9. Statistical Analysis

Associations between methylation of SFRP3 and clinical parameters were analyzed by using a chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, where necessary. We correlated the SFRP3 methylation status with the liver disease status (control, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis liver, and HCC) and downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA expression. Significant differences were analyzed using the paired sample -test or Mann-Whitney test. The significance level was defined as value < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Hypermethylation of SFRP3 Promoter in Primary HCCs

To investigate the promoter methylation of SFRP3 in HCC, we first tested for promoter methylation in 30 control livers, 60 primary HCCs, and their corresponding nontumor tissues using MSP (Figures 1(a) and 1(b), Table 2). Aberrant promoter methylation of SFRP3 gene was observed in 60%, 39.1%, 16.2%, and 0% in primary HCCs, cirrhosis livers, chronic hepatitis livers, and normal controls, respectively. The methylation level within the SFRP3 promoter was then validated by bisulfite sequencing. Representative results for bisulfite sequencing are shown in Figure 1(c). The CpGs in these regions were frequently methylated in HCC tumors (Figure 1(c), 5T). The methylation of SFRP3 promoter was detected in some nontumor parts from HCC patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis (Figure 1(c), 5NT). In contrast, we did not detect promoter hypermethylation in control liver tissues (Figure 1(c), N4). Our data showed that methylation level of SFRP3 promoter region in HCCs increased significantly compared with control livers (Table 3).

Table 2: SFRP3 mRNA expression in primary HCCs by relative quantitative RT-PCR.

Patient no.
SFRP3 methylation
Ct
Ct
SFRP3 tumor part

SFRP3-GAPDH
Ct tumor  −  Ct nontumor
Rel. to nontumor

1T
U
9.03
1.68
0.3121

1NT
U
7.35

2T
M
10.05
2.81
0.1426

2NT
M
7.24

3T
U
7.63
−0.47
1.3851

3NT
U
8.10

4T
U
7.58
−0.51
1.4191

4NT
U
8.09

5T
U
11.54
0.82
0.5684

5NT
U
10.72

6T
U
5.92
−0.29
1.2226

6NT
U
6.21

7T
M
7.40
1.38
0.3856

7NT
U
6.03

8T
U
15.00
6.10
0.0146

8NT
U
8.91

9T
M
8.95
1.91
0.2661

9NT
U
7.04

10T
M
9.03
1.79
0.2892

10NT
M
7.24

11T
M
15.00
9.03
0.0019

11NT
M
5.97

12T
M
9.10
1.35
0.3923

12NT
M
7.75

13T
U
9.62
1.58
0.3356

13NT
U
8.04

14T
U
6.27
−0.71
1.6358

14NT
U
6.98

15T
M
15.00
7.90
0.0042

15NT
U
7.10

16T
M
15.00
7.14
0.0071

16NT
M
7.86

17T
M
9.34
1.13
0.4569

17NT
M
8.21

18T
U
5.10
−1.01
2.0069

18NT
U
6.11

19T
M
6.75
1.04
0.4863

19NT
M
5.71

20T
U
15.00
7.87
0.0043

20NT
U
7.14

21T
M
15.00
8.13
0.0036

21NT
U
6.87

22T
U
9.92
3.48
0.0899

22NT
U
6.45

23T

23NT
M

M
9.05

7.63
1.42
0.3737

24T
M
8.47
1.24
0.4248

24NT
M
7.23

25T
M
6.96
0.61
0.6552

25NT
M
6.35

26T
U
5.14
0.11
0.9298

26NT
U
5.04

27T
M
12.37
5.31
0.0253

27NT
M
7.06

28T
M
15.00
6.21
0.0136

28NT
U
8.80

29T
U
5.67
2.49
0.1780

29NT
U
3.18

30T
M
9.23
1.44
0.3680

30NT
U
7.79

31T
U
15.00
6.34
0.0123

31NT
U
8.66

32T
U
8.28
1.18
0.4429

32NT
U
7.11

33T
U
12.14
5.96
0.0161

33NT
U
6.18

34T
U
7.63
2.47
0.1811

34NT
U
5.16

35T
M
6.98
4.65
0.0398

35NT
M
2.33

36T
M
15.00
5.01
0.0310

36NT
M
9.99

37T
U
15.00
9.40
0.0015

37NT
U
5.61

38T
M
15.00
10.72
0.0006

38NT
M
4.28

39T
M
7.90
1.10
0.4665

39NT
U
6.80

40T
M
15.00
7.48
0.0056

40NT
U
7.52

41T
M
8.97
1.22
0.4308

41NT
U
7.75

42T
M
9.25
2.17
0.2222

42NT
U
7.08

43T
U
15.00
8.77
0.0023

43NT
U
6.23

44T
M
8.76
0.22
0.8586

44NT
M
8.54

45T
M
8.92
2.86
0.1377

45NT
U
6.06

46T

46NT
U

U
10.34

8.17
2.17
0.2222

47T
M
15.00
9.13
0.0018

47NT
U
5.88

48T
U
15.00
9.16
0.0018

48NT
U
5.85

49T
M
15.00
9.43
0.0014

49NT
U
5.57

50T
M
15.00
6.78
0.0091

50NT
U
8.22

51T
M
15.00
6.16
0.0140

51NT
U
8.85

52T
M
15.00
10.77
0.0006

52NT
U
4.24

53T
U
11.21
3.77
0.0733

53NT
U
7.44

54T
M
12.27
10.28
0.0008

54NT
U
1.99

55T
M
15.00
4.94
0.0326

55NT
U
10.06

56T
U
7.74
1.98
0.2535

56NT
U
5.76

57T
U
10.39
3.52
0.0872

57NT
U
6.87

58T
M
15.00
9.01
0.0019

58NT
U
5.99

59T
M
11.36
3.99
0.0632

59NT
U
7.38

60T
M
7.52
2.55
0.1713

60NT
U
4.97

NT: nontumor part; T: tumor part; M: methylated; U: unmethylated.

The range given for SFRP3 tumor part relative to nontumor part is determined by evaluating the expression: 2−ΔΔCt.

Table 3: Frequency of SFRP3 promoter methylation in 30 control livers and 60 paired HCC and adjacent nontumor tissue samples.

Diagnosis
No. of cases with SFRP3 methylation
value

Control livers* ()
0 (0%)
<0.0001

Chronic hepatitis ()
6 (16.2%)

Cirrhosis ()
9 (39.1%)

HCC ()
36 (60%)

Thirty control tissues were from 30 hepatic hemangiomas. Statistical analysis was determined by chi-square test.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: Methylation of SFRP3 in primary hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. (a) Schematic representation of the promoter region and the first exon of the SFRP3 gene. The CpG rich areas and the sites of methylation specific PCR (MSP), quantitative MSP, and bisulfite sequencing (BS) primers are indicated. (b) Representative results for four control livers (N1 to N5), four HCCs (T), and their corresponding nontumor livers (NT). Bisulfite-modified genomic DNA was amplified using methylation-specific or unmethylation-specific primer sets. M, methylation-specific PCR product; U, unmethylation-specific PCR. DNA from the peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) sample was used as a negative control, and PBL DNA treated with SssI Methylase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) was a positive control. Case numbers are indicated at the top. (c) Summary of bisulfite sequencing. Case numbers of tumors, nontumor tissues, and normal control are indicated at the top. Black and white circles correspond to methylated or unmethylated, respectively.

3.2. Promoter Methylation of SFRP3 and Downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA in HCC Cell Lines

We then investigated the methylation level of SFRP3 promoter in four HCC cell lines (HA22T, HepG2, Hep3B, and TONG) using MSP and bisulfite sequencing. Among four HCC cell lines, our data demonstrated SFRP3 was fully methylated in HA22T cells and partially methylated in the other cells (Figure 2(a)). Bisulfite sequencing results were summarized in Figure 2(b). The CpGs in these regions was frequently methylated (Figure 2(b)). Quantitative RT-PCR data showed that downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA in the four HCC lines with SFRP3 hypermethylation (Figure 2(c)). To confirm that the lack of expression of SFRP3 mRNA in the HCC lines was due to promoter hypermethylation, we treated cells with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation. After treatment with 5 µM of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, the unmethylated promoter DNA was detected by MSP and bisulfite sequencing; SFRP3 mRNA was restored or increased in the four HCC cell lines (Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c)). These data indicate that hypermethylation of SFRP3 may be responsible for the absence or downregulation of mRNA transcription.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2: Promoter methylation and downregulation of SFRP3 in HCC cell lines. (a) Detection of methylation in HCC cell lines using MS-PCR. M, methylation-specific PCR product; U, unmethylation-specific PCR. Four cell lines were treated for 4 days with the indicated concentration of 5-Aza-CdR. MS-PCR assay on DNA isolated from untreated or treated HCC cells. (b) Summary of bisulfite sequencing. The name of HCC cell line is indicated at the top. Black and white circles correspond to methylated or unmethylated, respectively. (c) HCC cell lines were treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR, DAC) for 4 days. The mRNA of SFRP3 was analyzed by Q-RT-PCR. Expression of GAPDH was determined as a control for RNA quality. Significant differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test (* for and *** for ).

3.3. Downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA Is Correlated with Promoter Methylation in Primary HCCs

To study the relation between SFRP3 promoter methylation level and SFRP3 mRNA expression, we first checked the mRNA level of 60 primary HCCs and their corresponding adjacent nontumor tissues by quantitative RT-PCR. Our data showed SFRP3 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the primary HCCs as compared with the adjacent nontumor tissues () (Figure 3(a)). Next, we checked the methylation status of the HCC cell lines and clinical HCC tissues by QMSP. Hypermethylation was confirmed in the HCC tissues compared with the nontumor liver tissues () (Figure 3(b)). In 36 of 60 HCCs (60%), SFRP3 mRNA was significantly downregulated (by >2-fold, Table 4). There was a statistically significant association between the downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA and the methylation status of SFRP3 in HCCs (35/36 versus 17/24 resp.; ) (Table 4). There were some HCCs without methylation; however, their SFRP3 mRNA expression were downregulated.

Table 4: Statistical correlation between SFRP3 mRNA expression and methylation status of SFRP3 CpG island in HCCs.

Methylation of CpG island

(no. of cases)
No methylation of CpG island

(no. of cases)
value

Downregulation of SFRP3 ≥ twofold

    Present
35
17

    Absent
1
7

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Frequent downregulation of SFRP3 is associated with promoter hypermethylation in primary HCCs. The SFRP3 transcripts of 60 primary HCCs (T) and their corresponding adjacent nontumor tissues (NT) were analyzed by RT-PCR and normalized to the internal control (GAPDH). Next, the methylation status of clinical HCC tissues was checked by QMSP and normalized to the internal reference gene COL2A. Significant differences were analyzed using the paired sample -test or Mann-Whitney test (* for and *** for ).

4. Discussion

Here we demonstrate that SFRP3 is significantly hypermethylated and downregulated in HCCs when compared with control livers and nontumor livers (containing chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis livers) (, Table 3 and Table 2). SFRP3 mRNA expression could be restored or increased after HCC cells treatment with a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Figure 2). We found a significant correlation between methylation and transcription level in primary tissues (Table 4, ). In accordance with our data, promoter methylation has been detected in chronic hepatitis tissue and cirrhosis liver tissues, indicating that DNA methylation may be an early event in the pathogenesis of HCC [19, 40]. Put together, our data suggest that that downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA through promoter hypermethylation is an early event during carcinogenesis and may be involved in the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC. Moreover, SFRP3 mRNA was downregulated more than twofold in the absence of promoter hypermethylation in 71% of HCCs (17 of 24) (Table 4). The decreased SFRP3 mRNA level might be due to genetic changes or other epigenetic changes like histone modification.

Our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation of SFRP3 is a common event in HCCs and plays an important role in regulation of SFRP3 mRNA expression. Therefore epigenetic regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been implicated as a possible therapeutic target in human cancer. Further investigations are required to explore the importance of SFRP3 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, promoter hypermethylation of SFRP3 is a frequent event in HCCs and epigenetic downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA may contribute to aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin in HCC. This is the first report about hypermethylation and downregulation of SFRP3 mRNA in HCC.

Abbreviation

HCC: | Hepatocellular carcinoma
SFRP3: | Secreted frizzled-related protein 3
5-Aza-CdR: | 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine
MSP: | Methylation-specific PCR
RT-PCR: | Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
HBV: | Hepatitis B virus
HCV: | Hepatitis C virus
TSG: | Tumor suppressor gene.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Taiwan Liver Cancer Network (TLCN) for providing the hepatocellular carcinoma tissue samples and related clinical data (all are anonymous) for their research work. This network currently includes five major medical centers (National Taiwan University Hospital, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Veteran General Hospital-Taichung, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung, and Veteran General Hospital-Kaohsiung). TLCN is supported by Grants from National Science Council since 2005 (NSC 100-2325-B-182-006) and National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan. This work was supported in part by the following Grants: DOH101-TD-C-111-008 from the Department of Health, Taiwan; 102-wf-eva-03 from the Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan; NSC 98-2314-B-016-035-MY2, NSC 99-2314-B-016-015-MY2, NSC 100-2320-B-016-011, and NSC 101-2320-B-016-011 from the National Science Council, Taiwan; TSGH-C100-010-014-S03 from the Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan; and the Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taiwan. The authors are grateful to Dr. Yu-Ching Chou, School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, for the assistance on statistical analysis.

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