Disease Markers
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 619273, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619273

Research Article

CLCA2 as a Novel Immunohistochemical Marker for Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

Kazuya Shinmura,¹ Hisaki Igarashi,¹ Hisami Kato,¹ Yuichi Kawanishi,² Yusuke Inoue,1,3 Satoki Nakamura,¹ Hiroshi Ogawa,⁴ Takashi Yamashita,⁵ Akikazu Kawase,⁵ Kazuhito Funai,⁵ and Haruhiko Sugimura¹

¹Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
²Research Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
³Department of Internal Medicine 2, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
⁴Division of Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu 433-8558, Japan
⁵Department of Surgery 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan

Received 11 September 2014; Revised 17 November 2014; Accepted 17 November 2014; Published 7 December 2014

Academic Editor: Stamatios Theocharis

Copyright © 2014 Kazuya Shinmura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Recent progress in targeted therapy for lung cancer has revealed that accurate differential diagnosis between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the lung is essential. To identify a novel immunohistochemical marker useful for differential diagnosis between the two subtypes of lung cancer, we first selected 24 SCC-specific genes and 6 ADC-specific genes using data (case number, 980) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Among the genes, we chose the CLCA2 gene, which is involved in chloride conductance and whose protein expression in lung cancer is yet to be characterized, and evaluated its protein expression status in 396 cases of primary lung cancer at Hamamatsu University Hospital. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significantly higher CLCA2 expression level in the SCCs than in the ADCs and also a significantly higher frequency of CLCA2 protein expression in the SCCs (104/161, 64.6%) as compared with that in the ADCs (2/235, 0.9%) ; sensitivity 64.6%, specificity 99.1%). The CLCA2 protein expression status was associated with the histological tumor grade in the SCCs. These results suggest that CLCA2 might be a novel excellent immunohistochemical marker for differentiating between primary SCC and primary ADC of the lung.

1. Introduction

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) are the two most common histological subtypes of lung cancer [1, 2]. Recent advances in the elucidation of the genetic alterations in lung cancers and in the chemotherapy for lung cancer patients have revealed differences in the most suitable chemotherapeutic regimens between SCC and ADC [3–5]. For example, bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF, and pemetrexed, a folate antimetabolite, are not used in SCC patients owing to an increased risk of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage and lack of effectiveness, respectively [6, 7]. In addition, erlotinib and gefitinib, small-molecule EGFR inhibitors, are only indicated in EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer, most cases of which are ADCs [8]. Thus, it is important to differentiate between SCC and ADC for assigning lung cancer patients to histology-based therapies.

In addition to light-microscopic examination of conventional hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, immunohistochemistry is often used to assist in various kinds of differential diagnosis [9, 10]. In regard to the differential diagnosis between lung SCC and ADC, for example, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) has been identified as a specific marker of ADC, while p63, p40, and cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) are known as SCC-specific markers [11, 12]. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to these proteins is widely performed; however, the results of the analysis are not always reliable, because a subset of ADCs that are immunohistochemically positive for p63, p40, or CK5/6 and a subset of SCCs that are positive for TTF-1 have also been reported [11, 13–17]. To measure the mRNA expression level, microarray analysis has been used for a long time in spite of some limitations such as its low dynamic range and the occurrence of hybridization artifacts [18, 19]. Recently, however, the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method has been developed, in which the aforementioned limitations of microarray analysis have been overcome; furthermore, this technique is also superior in terms of some issues such as the dynamic range, detection of low abundance transcripts, and differentiation of isoforms [20]. Thus, use of the RNA-seq method might be useful for the identification of novel alterations of mRNA expression in human cancers; however, only one report of comparison between SCC and ADC of the lung using RNA-seq expression data has been published, in which 88 lung cancer cases were analyzed [21]. Therefore, to identify novel reliable immunohistochemical markers useful for distinguishing between SCC and ADC of the lung, in this study, we screened whole genes by comparing the expression values derived from the processed RNA-seq data between 490 cases of SCC and 490 cases of ADC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then from a total of 30 genes selected by the screening, we chose CLCA2 (chloride channel accessory 2), examined its expression status in 396 lung cancers, and found that CLCA2 is a sensitive and specific marker of SCC. Our study suggests that evaluation of the expression of CLCA2 is of value in distinguishing between SCC and ADC of the lung.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Collection of Publicly Available Gene Expression and Somatic Mutation Data

Gene expression data for 980 lung ADC and SCC cases and somatic mutation data for 173 lung SCC cases (TCGA public data available in April 2014) were collected from the TCGA data portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/). The expression data were obtained as processed RNA-seq data in the form of RNA-seq by Expectation Maximization (RSEM) [22]. The somatic mutation data were obtained in the form of the mutation annotation format (MAF) file.

2.2. Preparation of Tissue Microarray (TMA) Blocks

Paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 235 cases of ADC of the lung and 161 cases of SCC of the lung who had undergone surgery at Hamamatsu University Hospital were used for the TMA block. To explain in further detail, the block was prepared by transferring a cylinder of 3 mm diameter from each of the paraffin-embedded tissue samples using a microarrayer (KIN-1, Azumaya, Tokyo, Japan), as previously described [23]. The histopathological diagnosis of lung cancer was confirmed by two pathologists (Kazuya Shinmura and Haruhiko Sugimura). This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.

2.3. Immunohistochemical Staining

Sections of TMA blocks were used for immunohistochemical staining with an automatic immunohistochemical stainer, the HISTOSTAINER (Nichirei Bioscience, Tokyo, Japan). To explain in greater detail, the sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and boiled at 96°C for 40 min in TE solution (pH 9.0) for antigen retrieval. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation for 5 min in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Next, the sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-CLCA2 polyclonal antibody (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a dilution of 1 : 1,000 for 30 min at room temperature (RT). After washing, the sections were incubated for 30 min at RT with an amino acid polymer conjugated with goat anti-rabbit IgG and horseradish peroxidase (Histofine Simple Stain MAX-PO kit, Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan). The antigen-antibody complex was visualized with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, and the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Esophageal stratified squamous epithelium and gastric foveolar epithelium were used as positive control and negative control, respectively, for the CLCA2 immunohistochemistry (see Supplementary Figure S1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619273), based on previous reports [24].

2.4. Immunohistochemistry Scoring

The staining intensities of the cancer cells for CLCA2 were graded on a four-point scale as follows: 0 (blue), 1+ (blue/brown), 2+ (brown), and 3+ (bright brown). The percentage of cells with each intensity value was then multiplied by the intensity value, to obtain an immunohistochemical score of 0–300. The immunohistochemical score was then classified as negative (0–100) or positive (101–300).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired -test, Mann-Whitney test, or chi-square test. Overall survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to evaluate the differences in the curves. The JMP version 9.0 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for the analyses. values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.

3. Results

3.1. Identification of Genes Specifically Expressed in SCC of the Lung as Compared to Those Expressed in ADC of the Lung or Vice Versa

To identify markers to differentiate between SCC and ADC of the lung by immunohistochemistry, we first attempted to utilize the mRNA expression data, based on the RNA-seq experiment, of cases of SCC () and ADC () of the lung derived from the TCGA database. To identify SCC-specific genes, we selected genes satisfying the following two conditions: (1) median gene expression value more than 1,500 in SCC specimens and (2) median gene expression value less than 100 in ADC specimens. A total of 2,693 genes (13.1%) conformed to condition (1) and a total of 8,658 genes (42.2%) conformed to condition (2), and 24 genes satisfied both conditions (1) and (2) and were considered as SCC-specific genes (Figure 1(a) and Table 1). The 24 genes included previously identified SCC-specific genes such as KRT5, KRT6, TP63, DSC3, and KRT14 [16, 25, 26]. Next, to identify ADC-specific genes we selected genes satisfying the following two conditions: (1) median gene expression value more than 1,500 in the ADC specimens and (2) median gene expression value less than 100 in the SCC specimens. A total of 2,583 genes (12.6%) conformed to condition (1) and a total of 8,730 genes (42.5%) conformed to condition (2) and 6 genes satisfied both conditions (1) and (2) and were considered as ADC-specific genes (Figure 1(a) and Table 2). Among them was the NKX2-1 (alternative name TTF-1) gene, which is known as an ADC-specific marker, and the LMO3 gene, one of the transcriptional targets of NKX2-1 [11, 27]. These results indicate that our selection based on the comparison of the median expression values of whole genes in SCCs and ADCs of the lung was valid to identify candidate genes for differentiating between SCC and ADC of the lung.

Table 1: Genes specifically expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Genea
Median expression valueb

Symbol
Description
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

KRT5
Keratin 5
100708.3884
40.18975

KRT6A
Keratin 6A
72788.57475
62.8728

PKP1
Plakophilin 1 (ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome)
17091.659
97.2654

TP63
Tumor protein P63
9662.86635
69.23865

KRT6B
Keratin 6B
9498.8982
11.0179

CALML3
Calmodulin-like 3
6967.225
1.4188

DSG3
Desmoglein 3
6477.94655
1.12715

DSC3
Desmocollin 3
6416.14155
9.26815

KRT16
Keratin 16
5794.0321
49.5683

CLCA2
Chloride channel accessory 2
4860.0234
5.2242

KRT6C
Keratin 6C
4570.2383
5.23245

NTRK2
Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2
3944.6804
44.23865

SERPINB5
Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 5
3622.93785
22.98405

KRT13
Keratin 13
3557.4447
5.47095

GPX2
Glutathione peroxidase 2 (gastrointestinal)
3533.0995
99.7255

KRT14
Keratin 14
3094.8684
5.4587

FAT2
FAT atypical cadherin 2
2831.3711
18.2264

UGT1A6
UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A6
2363.18645
17.0277

ANXA8
Annexin A8
2293.52705
38.38905

PTPRZ1
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor-type, Z polypeptide
1949.045
28.1362

AKR1B10
Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 (aldose reductase)
1708.73775
26.0211

PTHLH
Parathyroid hormone-like hormone
1686.3337
38.97765

BMP7
Bone morphogenetic protein 7
1682.00915
40.95445

GBP6
Guanylate binding protein family, member 6
1522.3459
16.8889

All the genes conforming to the following two conditions are listed: () median expression value of the gene ≥1500 in squamous cell carcinoma and () median expression value of the gene ≤100 in adenocarcinoma.

bThe RSEM value is used to show the expression level.

Table 2: Genes specifically expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Genea
Median expression valueb

Symbol
Description
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

NKX2-1 (TTF-1)
NK2 homeobox 1 (thyroid transcription factor 1)
2956.61025
82.2006

SFTA3
Surfactant associated 3
2412.19165
66.691

SFTA2
Surfactant associated 2
1951.85825
41.01335

LMO3
LIM domain only 3 (rhombotin-like 2)
1901.15055
95.90595

XAGE1D
X antigen family, member 1D
1873.0292
5.0326

CLDN3
Claudin 3
1647.12575
93.83215

All the genes conforming to the following two conditions are listed: () median expression value of the gene ≥1500 in adenocarcinoma and () median expression value of the gene ≤100 in squamous cell carcinoma.

bThe RSEM value is used to show the expression level.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: mRNA expression levels of whole genes in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the lung using data from the TCGA database. (a) Median mRNA expression values of whole genes () in SCC (, left panel) and ADC (, right panel) of the lung. The expression levels are shown as RSEM values. Number and percentage of genes whose median expression values in cancer were more than 1,500 or less than 100 are shown. (b) CLCA2 mRNA expression level in SCCs of the lung (). The median expression value was 4,860.

3.2. CLCA2 Protein Is Specifically Expressed in SCC of the Lung

Among the genes listed in Tables 1 and 2, we focused on the CLCA2 gene since its protein expression status in lung cancer has not been reported previously and we found a significant difference in the median expression value of this gene between the SCCs and ADCs (4,860.0234 versus 5.2242) (Table 1 and Figure 1(b)); furthermore, anti-CLCA2 antibody is available. To judge whether determination of the CLCA2 protein expression status might be useful for distinguishing between SCC and ADC, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis using anti-CLCA2 polyclonal antibody in TMA sections containing cancerous tissues in 235 specimens of primary ADC of the lung and 161 specimens of primary SCC of the lung (Hamamatsu University Hospital, Japan). CLCA2 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm and membrane of the cancer cells (Figure 2), and calculation of the immunohistochemical score revealed that it was significantly higher in the SCCs than in the ADCs (median, 170 versus 0; , Mann-Whitney test) (Figures 2 and 3). Moreover, when the immunohistochemical score of 100 was used as the cut-off value for defining positive CLCA2 expression (score > 101) and negative CLCA2 expression (score ≤ 100), positive expression was found at a significantly higher frequency in the SCCs (104/161 cases, 64.6%) as compared with that in the ADCs (2/235 cases, 0.9%) (, chi-square test) (Table 3). The immunohistochemical scores in the two CLCA2-positive ADC cases were relatively low (120 and 105) (Figure 4). The sensitivity of measurement of CLCA2 expression for the diagnosis of SCC was 64.6%, and the specificity was 99.1% (Table 3). In the noncancerous lung, the bronchial epithelium and alveolar epithelium were negative to very weakly positive for CLCA2 expression (Supplementary Figure S2). Thus, the results suggest that CLCA2 may be a novel immunohistochemical marker for differentiating between SCC and ADC of the lung.

Table 3: CLCA2 protein expression status in 161 primary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and 235 primary adenocarcinomas of the lung.

Histology
CLCA2 protein expression
Sensitivity
Specificity

Positive ( = 106)
Negative ( = 290)
valuea

Squamous cell carcinoma ( = 161)
104 (64.6%)
57 (35.4%)
<0.0001
64.6%
99.1%

Adenocarcinoma ( = 235)
2 (0.9%)
233 (99.1%)

Chi-square test.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Figure 2: Examples of CLCA2 immunoreactivity in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the lung. Positive immunohistochemical staining for CLCA2 was observed in two SCC cases ((a) and (c) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E); (b) and (d) CLCA2 immunohistochemistry), and negative staining was observed in one SCC case ((e) H&E; (f) CLCA2 immunohistochemistry) and one ADC case ((g) H&E; (h) CLCA2 immunohistochemistry). Scale bar = 50 μm.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: CLCA2 protein expression level in adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. (a) The staining intensity of the cancer cells in immunohistochemical analysis using anti-CLCA2 antibody. Examples for intensity levels of the values of 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+ are shown. Scale bar = 10 μm. (b) Box-plot analysis was performed for the results of CLCA2 immunohistochemistry in cases with ADC () and cases with SCC of the lung (). Median values are shown. A statistically significant difference in the CLCA2 expression level was detected between the two groups (, Mann-Whitney test).

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Examples of a rare case of adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the lung showing CLCA2 immunoreactivity. CLCA2 immunohistochemistry revealed partial staining in two cases of ADC ((a) and (b)). Scale bar = 50 μm.

3.3. Association of the CLCA2 Protein Expression Status and Clinicopathological Factors in SCC of the Lung

We next examined whether CLCA2 expression might be associated with any clinicopathological factors in SCC of the lung. Although no associations were found between the clinicopathological factors of gender, age, pT stage, or pN stage and the CLCA2 protein expression status, the frequency of cancers showing poorer differentiation (G3) was higher in the CLCA2-negative cancers than in the CLCA2-positive cancers (, chi-square test) (Table 4). Since it has recently been revealed that loss of CLCA2 promotes the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells [28], we next examined whether the transcriptional profile of EMT markers might be changed in SCC of the lung using data from the TCGA database. The low CLCA2 expression group (RSEM expression value ≤ 100) exhibited significantly decreased E-cadherin expression (, Mann-Whitney test) and significantly increased vimentin (), N-cadherin (), and fibronectin () expressions as compared to the high CLCA2 expression group (RSEM expression value > 100); all of the results are compatible with the EMT (Figure 5). Next, by using both the expression and somatic mutation data from the TCGA database, we examined whether the CLCA2 somatic mutation status might be correlated with the CLCA2 expression level in SCC of the lung. Four SCC cases with a missense mutation (2.3%) and one SCC case with a nonsense mutation (0.6%) were observed among a total of 173 SCC cases (Table 5). The former cases showed high CLCA2 mRNA expression levels and the latter showed relatively low CLCA2 expression level (Table 5), although the difference was not statistically significant. All the above results suggested that the CLCA2 expression status was associated with the tumor grade and changes in the status of expression of the EMT markers in SCC of the lung.

Table 4: CLCA2 protein expression status and clinicopathological factors in 161 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.

Factor
Number of patients
CLCA2 protein expression status by IHC analysis

Positive (n = 104)
Negative (n = 57)
P value

Gender

    Female
31
22 (71.0%)
9 (29.0%)
0.4091b

    Male
130
82 (63.1%)
48 (36.9%)

Age

    <60
29
16 (55.2%)
13 (44.8%)
0.2412b

    60
132
88 (66.7%)
44 (33.3%)

    Average ± SDa
67.2 ± 8.7
68.0 ± 7.9
65.7 ± 10.0
0.1098c

Grading

    G1 or G2
115
86 (74.8%)
29 (25.2%)
<0.0001b

    G3
46
18 (39.1%)
28 (60.9%)

pT stage

    pT1
44
30 (68.1%)
14 (31.8%)
0.5596b

    pT2–pT4
117
74 (63.3%)
43 (36.7%)

pN stage

    pN0
97
66 (68.0%)
31 (32.0%)
0.3712b

    pN1–pN3
59
36 (61.0%)
23 (39.0%)

SD: standard deviation. bChi-square test. -test.

Table 5: CLCA2 somatic nonsynonymous mutation and CLCA2 mRNA expression level in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung () using data from the TCGA database.

TCGA ID
Nonsynonymous CLCA2 mutation
CLCA2 expressionb

Nucleotide levela
Protein level

TCGA-85-6561-01A-11D-1817-08
c.804G>C
p.Gln268His
6420.1162

TCGA-39-5019-01A-01D-1817-08
c.1357C>A
p.Leu453Met
7491.9606

TCGA-46-6025-01A-11D-1817-08
c.2453C>A
p.Ala818Asp
6539.875

TCGA-66-2793-01A-01D-1267-08
c.2695G>A
p.Asp899Asn
1119.2189

TCGA-66-2785-01A-01D-1522-08
c.1444A>T
p.Arg482Ter
140.5295

The reference sequence is NM_006536.5.

bThe RSEM value is used to show the expression level.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 5: Comparison of the mRNA expression profile of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition marker between groups showing high and low CLCA2 expression levels using data from the TCGA database. The SCC patients were divided into a high CLCA2 expression group (RSEM values > 100; ) and low CLCA2 expression group (RSEM values ≤ 100; ). Statistically significant differences in the expression levels of E-cadherin (a), vimentin (b), N-cadherin (c), and fibronectin (d) were detected between the groups (Mann-Whitney test). Median values are shown.

3.4. Impact of the Difference in the CLCA2 Expression Level on the Survival in Patients with Lung SCC

Finally, we examined whether the CLCA2 protein expression status might be predictive of the prognosis in patients with lung SCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis for survival of the data of 138 SCC patients included in the CLCA2 protein expression analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in the overall survival (Figure 6(a)). However, when the SCC patients were divided into male and female groups, the prognosis of the patients with negative CLCA2 expression was significantly poorer than that of those exhibiting positive CLCA2 expression in the female patient group (; log-rank ) (Figure 6(b)), but not in the male patient group () (Figure 6(c)). These results suggested that negative CLCA2 expression was associated with a poorer survival in female patients with SCC of the lung.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6: Impact of the CLCA2 expression level on the overall survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. The survival curves in patients with SCC of the lung from the Hamamatsu University Hospital were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. (a) The patients with SCC of the lung () were divided into a CLCA2 protein-positive group (red) and CLCA2 protein-negative group (blue), and the overall survival rates in the two groups were compared. ((b) and (c)) Female patients () (b) or male patients () (c) with lung SCC were divided into a CLCA2 protein-positive group (red) and CLCA2 protein-negative group (blue), and the overall survival rates in the two groups were compared.

4. Discussion

In this study, 24 SCC-specific genes and 6 ADC-specific genes at the mRNA expression level were identified using data from the TCGA database. Among the selected genes, the CLCA2 gene, which is involved in chloride conductance, was selected and its protein expression status was evaluated in a total of 396 cases of primary lung cancer from Hamamatsu University Hospital. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the CLCA2 protein expression level was significantly higher in the SCCs than that in the ADCs and that positive CLCA2 protein expression occurred at a significantly higher frequency in SCC of the lung as compared with that in ADC of the lung (sensitivity 64.6%, specificity 99.1%). These results suggest that CLCA2 might be a novel immunohistochemical marker useful for the differential diagnosis between lung SCC and ADC.

The CLCA2 protein belongs to the calcium sensitive chloride conductance protein family and one of three CLCA proteins (CLCA1, CLCA2, and CLCA4) [29–31]. It has been reported that CLCA2 mRNA is more strongly expressed in SCC of the lung as compared to that in ADC of the lung [32]; however, the CLCA2 protein expression status in lung cancer had not yet been investigated. Our current study clearly revealed, for the first time, that CLCA2 is a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for SCC of the lung. The sensitivity of measurement of CLCA2 expression (64.6%) was relatively low as compared to that of measurement of p63, p40, and CK5/6 reported previously [16, 17, 33], whereas it was better than that for other SCC-specific markers, such as glypican-3 (46%), S100A2 (63%), and CD141 (46%) reported previously [16, 33]. In regard to the specificity of CLCA2 (99.1%), the specificity was superior to that for most of the known immunohistochemical markers of SCC (47 to 100%) [11, 13, 15, 16, 33]. Thus, we considered that CLCA2 as a marker of SCC has the advantage of high specificity. Combined use of CLCA2 with another SCC-specific marker in the future may be expected to increase the value of the marker as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing between SCC and ADC of the lung, similar to the combination of TTF-1 and napsin A for distinguishing between ADC and SCC of the lung, which is widely employed in practical diagnosis [34].

Loss of CLCA2 expression has been reported to be associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with breast cancer [28]; however, the impact of reduced expression of CLCA2 on the survival in patients with other types of cancer has not yet been reported. Our current study revealed that loss of CLCA2 protein expression was a poor prognostic factor in female patients with lung SCC, indicating that the CLCA2 expression status is associated with a poor prognosis, not only in patients with breast cancer but also in those with SCC of the lung. CLCA2 is one of the targets of p53 [35–37] and CLCA2 negatively regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells [35, 36]. Moreover, reduced CLCA2 expression is associated with transcriptional changes of the EMT marker in SCC of the lung as shown in this study and in breast cancer as shown in a previous study [28]. Thus, acquisition of survival advantage of cancer cells associated with downregulation of CLCA2 might be one of the reasons why reduced CLCA2 expression leads to a poor survival outcome in patients with lung SCC. Interestingly, the phenomenon of reduced expression of a lung SCC-specific marker being associated with a poor clinical outcome has also been observed for the DSC3 gene [38], suggesting that it may not be a rare event. In regard to the question of why loss of CLCA2 expression did not exert any significant impact on the survival outcome in male patients with SCC of the lung, we do not have satisfactory answer at present. On the other hand, several survival markers, such as abnormal expression of microRNA miR-183-3p, miR-122, and miR-195, are known in female lung cancer patients [39, 40]. In any case, the number of SCC cases analyzed for the survival outcome in this study was small (male, ; female, ); investigation of a larger number of SCC cases in the future might lead to a more definitive conclusion on the impact of the CLCA2 expression status on the prognosis in patients with SCC of the lung.

In this study, a total of 30 genes expressed differentially between SCC and ADC of the lung were identified by analysis of the RNA-seq expression data. In addition to the genes previously recognized as diagnostic markers and the CLCA2 gene studied here, the selected genes also included several other genes that have not previously been characterized in regard to their usefulness as immunohistochemical markers. Since the nonavailability of reliable antibodies for immunohistochemical analysis is one of the main reasons why they have not been characterized so far, future progress in the development of antibodies for such proteins might lead to the identification of useful immunohistochemical markers. Moreover, since most genes occur in several isoforms, it is possible that the immunohistochemical results might differ depending on the isoform recognized by a particular antibody and lead to the identification of novel useful markers. For example, an anti-p40 antibody was found to be useful antibody specific for SCC through such trials [17]. Thus, comparative analyses in the future of various antibodies against the proteins encoded by each of the listed 30 genes are considered to be important.

At present, the physiological function of CLCA2 in the normal lung epithelium remains unclear. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed a negative or very weakly positive result for the protein expression of CLCA2 in normal lung epithelium. In addition, according to the TCGA data, the mRNA expression level of CLCA2 in the normal lung is low (median RSEM values in the normal lung samples of two groups: 16.0419 and 34.3854). The low CLCA2 expression level in the normal lung suggests that the role of CLCA2 in the noncancerous lung tissue might not be greater than that in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. However, there are many important genes whose expression levels are low at physiological condition, and careful consideration of this point is needed. The cytoplasmic and/or membranous localization of CLCA2 detected in the lung cancer cells in the present study implies that cellular localization is convenient for potential expression of the physiological role of CLCA2 in the regulation of chloride conductance and cell adhesion.

In conclusion, 30 candidate genes that were specifically expressed depending on the lung cancer histology were selected, and, among these, we identified CLCA2 as a novel immunohistochemical marker useful for differential diagnosis between SCC and ADC of the lung. Furthermore, our results also suggested that loss of CLCA2 expression might be a marker of poor survival outcome in a subset of patients with SCC of the lung.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (21-1), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25460476), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (221S0001), and the Smoking Research Foundation.

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