The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM

The Systemic Theory of Living Systems is being published in several parts in eCAM. The theory is axiomatic. It originates from the phenomenological idea that physiological health is based on three factors: integrity of its structure or organization, O, functional organic energy reserve, E, and level of active biological intelligence, I. From the theory is derived a treatment strategy called Systemic Medicine (SM). This is based on identifying and prescribing phytomedicines and/or other medications that strengthen each factor. Energy-stimulating phytomedicines increase available energy and decrease total entropy of an open biological system by providing negative entropy. The same occurs with phytomedicines that act as biological intelligence modulators. They should be used as the first line of treatment in all ailments, since all pathologies, by definition, imply a higher than normal organic entropy. SM postulates that the state of health, H, of an individual, is effectively equal to the product of the strength of each factor H = O × E × I. SM observes that when all three factors are brought back to ideal levels, patients' conditions begin the recovery to normal health.

The Systemic Theory of Living Systems is being published in several parts in eCAM. The theory is axiomatic. It originates from the phenomenological idea that physiological health is based on three factors: integrity of its structure or organization, O, functional organic energy reserve, E, and level of active biological intelligence, I. From the theory is derived a treatment strategy called Systemic Medicine (SM). This is based on identifying and prescribing phytomedicines and/or other medications that strengthen each factor. Energy-stimulating phytomedicines increase available energy and decrease total entropy of an open biological system by providing negative entropy. The same occurs with phytomedicines that act as biological intelligence modulators. They should be used as the first line of treatment in all ailments, since all pathologies, by definition, imply a higher than normal organic entropy. SM postulates that the state of health, H, of an individual, is effectively equal to the product of the strength of each factor H ϭ O ϫ E ϫ I. SM observes that when all three factors are brought back to ideal levels, patients' conditions begin the recovery to normal health.
The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oupjournals.org 32 books. He formulated the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (5), which classified effects on animals and humans affected by threats (exhaustion, disease, fear, extreme cold …) as: alarm (body's recognition of danger and its preparation to deal with threats); resistance (also defined as adaptation, in which the body adapts to resist stress); and exhaustion (condition in which the body's energy supply is depleted). The next step was taken by Soviet scientists led by Lazarev and Brekhman, who investigated properties of substances, with the ability to increase adaptability and resistance to stress. They named these 'adaptogens'. By 1960 more than 1000 studies had been published by Soviet scientists concerning the use of adaptogens.
In 1962, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhaponticum carthamoides and Rhodiola rosea, all adaptogens, were included in the Soviet Union's Pharmacopoeia. Since then many other plants and sources have been found to have the same properties (6-9). The new phytomedicines increased resistance to stressors as depicted by Selye (3), enhancing energy, and regulating immune, neuroendocrine and cellular function. Some researchers question the validity of the adaptogen definition in science; however, most concur on their health enhancing properties (10). Figure 1 is my interpretation of E↓ (drop in Energy) in relation to Selye's description of biochemical collapse I↓ and organic dysfunction O↓. The latter also paved the way to the E, I and O triangle, explained further on, and the Systemic Theory.

Life and Entropy: Justification for the Use of Phytomedicines
The second law of thermodynamics states that a system naturally tends to go from a state of higher energy and order to one of lower energy and disorder. The same occurs in living systems whose internal entropy tends to increase in its journey through life, going from health, energy and physiological order towards sickness, asthenia (the loss or lack of bodily strength; weakness) and physiological disorder. Illness, however, can be countered based on the quantum physicist Erwin Schroedinger's notion that the general change of entropy in an open system, such as a living system, consists of (i) internal entropy variations and (ii) entropy exchange of the system with the environment; i.e. ⌬S ϭ ⌬S internal ϩ ⌬S exchange. Internal entropy in a biological organism, by definition, tends to be greater than zero due to inner irreversible processes. Therefore, the increase in entropy of an open biological system, and thus illness, may be reduced (11) by providing negative entropy from the environment. '… The decrease of entropy in living systems is provided by free energy, released when nutrients consumed from the outside dissociate, i.e. at the expense of the sun's energy. Thus, the flow of negative entropy is important to compensate for inner destructive processes and the decrease of available free energy dissipated by spontaneous metabolic reactions. This is the key point, circulation and transformation of free energy, which drives the functions of living systems …' (12).

Key Definitions
The theory is based on the following essential definitions. Logic is defined as a correct reasoning that forms the basis of any science. Living System is a unit comprised of elements that work in a coordinated manner, each in service to the other, to achieve the common goal of survival. This definition applies to bacteria, viruses, ant colonies, persons, groups, institutions or countries. Intelligence (I) is the regulating entity that controls and integrates parts of a living system, in a functional unit, directed and geared towards survival. Energy (E) is any fuel that causes action or movement, also defined as that which makes things occur. Organization (O) is a group of elements ordered as a functional unit, directed towards goals established by the intelligence that rules them. In a living system, the functions performed by I, E and O are similar to those functions carried out in a moving vehicle, by driver, fuel and the vehicle itself.

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The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM

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The Logic All living systems are, by definition, functional units that seek maximum survival (13). The cell is the simplest form of a living system that functions as a basic building block of the living universe, just as the atom does in matter (Fig. 2). Conversely, a virus is the simplest living unit, which in some situations acts as destroyer of living systems. I is the backbone of every living system in equilibrium. I controls, regulates, adapts and develops the living system. Chaos occurs in its absence. The proof of this is that no living system can exist without intelligence. The intelligence of the system creates and utilizes E with the prime role of achieving O and evolving into a higher system (14). I also creates/builds O with the primary end of producing E. There may be a corollary: as a consequence, I cannot act optimally when subjected to a severe deficiency of E. The concept of a functional biological Intelligence, as differentiated from the structural, is not fully described in this section since it will be explained in more detail in the next articles. The author is aware that this is an essential concept that should be fully covered. I ask the reader to bear with me until the publication of the next article. Similarly, its relationship with energy is further developed.

Life's Common Denominator
The common denominator in all living systems is the trio: I, E, and O. This is a self-evident truth and an essential condition to all living systems in the known universe. I, E and O constitute a triad, because none of the constituent elements can exist without the other two. The trio I, E, O has, in fact, a triangular anatomy, since when any member of the trio decreases, the other two decrease as well (a synthetic drug such as methylphenidate diminishes the immune intelligence, thereby decreasing the other two members). When any member I, E or O increases [for example, Panax ginseng raises immune intelligence (15)] then the other two also increase as well (16). However, this increase is synergic, for a boost in any of the I, E and O results in a greater triangular anatomy of the new trio. Finally, if any one member of the trio disappears, the system dies. The triangle I, E, O reflects the survival status of a living system, corresponding to an organism's health. Health (H) is herein defined as the survival potential.

I, E and O as a Health Triangle
In every living system the trio I, E, O constitute the three essential sides of a triangle (Fig 3) (17-19). This triangle corresponds to the survival phenomenon, where each side constitutes a different aspect of survival. Together they represent a measure of the survival potential, which by definition is the H of the system. The survival potential or amount of H in any living system can be defined as the mathematical product of its amount of E, I and O. Thus, survival potential ϭ H ϭ E ϫ I ϫ O. It is possible to increase the survival potential H of a living system by increasing any of its three essential elements. Similarly, H can be reduced by a cutback in any of its fundamental components. The E, I, O triangle is not equilateral, because the system's intelligence acts as a generating entity. It is not necessarily a two-dimensional triangle either. It may be spherical, elliptical or hyperbolic. However, the determination of this was not essential to develop the systemic technology. Finally, I is the most important side of the triangle, since it concurrently generates both energy and organization (20).

Panax ginseng
Panax active principles are bonded to beta-adrenoceptors in the cellular membrane (Fig 4). This triggrers a secondary transmitting message system (cyclic AMP), the signal travels through a transducer pathway to the mitochondria to increase activity of MDH, SDH and CTS, enzymes of the glycolysis or tricarboxylic acid cycle. ATP generation is thus increased, raising energy levels using glucose as fuel, as shown in Figure 5. Moreover ginsenosides, such as the sulfonylureas, are insulin secretagogues (I stimulators) since they help regulate blood glucose levels by directly stimulating first-phase insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cells (O). These cells are responsible for sensing and secreting appropriate amounts of insulin in response to a glucose stimulus. Mitochondrial glucose metabolism leads to ATP generation and increases intracellular ratios of ATP/ADP, which result in closure of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K ATP ; a 140 kDa membrane protein) on the plasma membrane. Closure of this channel depolarizes the membrane and triggers opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels, leading to the rapid influx of calcium. Increased intracellular calcium causes an alteration in the cytoskeleton and stimulates translocation of insulin-containing secretor granules to the plasma membrane and the exocytotic release of insulin. Either an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio or binding of ginsenosides to cell membrane receptors results in the closure of the K ATP channel and insulin secretion (21). This is depicted in Figure 6. As a corollary, with increasing energy we obtain a significantly larger health triangle because the system's intelligence has acquired more capacity to organize. Panax ginseng provides an example of a phytomedicine capable of enhancing I, E and O simultaneously in the living system.

Closing Comment
In the next articles I will expand on the Systemic Theory to the human body, demonstrate its application in medicine and provide results of 17

Acknowledgements
The author would like to make special recognition of the invaluable assistance provided by Professor Edwin Cooper and an anonymous referee in guiding the author to improve the clarity of the presentation. Figure 5. Ginsenoside energizing mechanism. Intracellular action mechanism of Panax ginseng that results in stimulation of ATP synthesis whose hydrolysis produces energy. many cases, made possible its evolution. If medical science is to advance beyond its present frontier, 'old truths' have to be challenged. Independently of the formal agreement or disagreement that readers may have with this article, systemic technology has achieved important breakthroughs in pathologies heretofore unresolved.