The Systemic Theory of Living Systems and Relevance to CAM: The Theory (Part II)

This theory stems from observing the universe's ‘omniscient’ nature, manifested in flows of energy and information of its life plethora. A notorious example is the living cell's intelligent nature, which guides its basic goal: to maximize survival. This last motivated me to address the living system's intelligence, which constitutes a vital and controversial topic, its relationship with ‘incurable’ disease in general, including cancer, and to propose golden rules for therapeutics, as well as a definition of ideal medicine. The scientific confirmation of these findings is embedded in discoveries in cybernetics, biological theory of information and modern thermodynamic concepts, concerning energy and information exchange, within a living system. This approach's practical application, denominated Systemic Medicine, has been substantiated by treatment and results obtained in >300 000 patients suffering from chronic degenerative diseases.

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Introduction: Life and Negentropy
↑Health↔entropy↓. How does life defy entropy? In physics, entropy is defined as the measure of disorder in a system. Disorder, in turn, can be expressed mathematically by probability of random occurrence. All pathologies, by definition, result from a higher than normal organic entropy; thus, to induce health, entropy must first be reduced; this is biconditional. Contemporary thermodynamics defines entropy (or chaos) in an intelligent system as a deficiency in energy and/or information. Therefore, entropy is inversely related to information and energy availability.
According to Shannon, father of the 'Information Theory', and Weaver, 'information is always a measure of the decrease of uncertainty at a receiver or molecular machine' (7). Thus was born the concept of informational entropy, which they concluded was equivalent to a shortage of information content in a message. About the same time, Weiner (1954) established the possibility of interpreting information carried by a message as '… essentially the negative entropy, and the negative logarithm of its probability' (8) since 'the relationship between information (J) and thermodynamic entropy (S) is constant (S ϩ J ϭ const)' (9). Thus, the work of such eminent minds as: Boltzmann (10), Gibbs (11), Szilard (12), Von Neumann (13), Schroedinger (14), Prigogine (15), Shannon and Weaver (7) and Weiner (8,13), brought about the dawn of new emergent fields, including: informational thermodynamics, information theory, biological information theory and cybernetics all dealing with energy, information and entropy in mechanical and living systems.
A basic common premise in the new thinking proposes that information and energy had an inverse, i.e. opposite, correlation with entropy. In other words, evidence suggests that no suitable organization can be attained in living systems that possess reduced levels of information or energy. Disease, therefore, may be defined as a state of disorganization, i.e. higher organic entropy, corresponding with a low energoinformational status of the system.
In consequence, if a reduction in illness is to be achieved, entropy must be reduced. A comprehensive way of accomplishing this is administering negative entropy, or order, through adaptogens and tonic plants which stimulate the production of energy and provide survival information to the immune, neuroendocrine and cellular systems.
To recap, the tendency to reach order depends on the available energy and information within the system, which determines the possible level of stable organization possible. The quantity of true information (conceptual data, not noise) transferred to the system's modulating intelligence allows for chaos and/or confusion management and, enhances the system's ability to attain a higher level of organization.
Moreover by definition, only an intelligent system can process information and energy to reduce entropy. This unequivocal fact then demonstrates the existence of a regulating biological intelligence within the human body. Intelligence is the way in which life affronts entropy.

What is Intelligence?
The importance (and significance) of a system's intelligence is pivotal. How can this controversial and subjective concept be defined accurately? I confronted this dilemma by examining its definition in different fields. Table 1 lists different concepts of the term intelligence.

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Physics
Refers to regulation processes.

Biophysics
Living system's endogenous regulation processes effectively constitute intelligence.

Encyclopedic
Webster's New (a) Ability to learn or understand from experience. (b) Ability to acquire and retain knowledge. (c) Ability to World Dictionary (16) respond quickly and successfully to a new situation.

Intelligence ‫؍‬ informational entity
By analyzing common traits within the definitions given in Table 1, intelligence may be defined as that emergent informational entity, capable of learning, exerting control, emitting and receiving communication, handling energy flows, establishing feedback mechanisms and creating organization for survival. Emergent implies a higher level of intelligence of the whole, stemming from the intelligence of its parts. According to Laszlo, living systems are special third-stage systems, self-creating and self-replicating, that engender order out of chaos (17). According to Wiener 'It is my thesis that the physical functioning of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communications machines are precisely parallel in their analogous attempts to control entropy through feedback' (8). Thus, the notion of intelligence that I will adopt throughout this article is that of an informational entity, i.e. one which is emergent, can generate, process and exchange informational flows in order to control entropy. The concept of intelligence becomes more objective, and functional, when treated as an informational entity, one dependent on information exchange, which as we know has a thermodynamic interpretation. A change of entropy (⌬S) will produce a change or variation in information availability, and therefore a change in intelligence and order in the biological system. Any entity that can exchange informational flows can also generate changes of entropy. Thus, informational flow↔change of entropy↔change in intelligence.
According to Stonier's (18) proposed theory 'Pure energy can perform no 'useful' work (entropy reducing) without a concomitant input of information. Conversely, all expenditures of energy lead to a reorganization of the universe, hence a change in its information status. Energy and information are interconvertible'. This theory could provide additional support for the indispensable existence of an intelligent entity to handle information, since information without intelligence is without value.
There may be a corollary: intelligence is that entity which can causatively alter entropy; and vice versa, entropy changes will also affect intelligence. Figure 2 shows an intelligent cell, an example of an informational entity capable of modifying entropy.

Synergy and Informational Systems
Synergy is a quality of informational systems. It may be understood as emergence, i.e. the informational participation of each fractal member of the system in order to achieve a higher plateau of self-organization and survival (5). It can also be understood as the resulting effect that is greater than the algebraic sum of the parts. Synergy is an important characteristic of third-stage systems. The increase of energy availability within a third-stage, living, system also decreases its entropy, potentially generating an endogenous tendency for informational flow and a heightened intelligence; this in turn generates organization. By analogy, an increase of information will, on its own, raise intelligence which will positively influence energy and organization. In synergic terms, each of the three elements shown above has the capacity to affect (increase or decrease) the other two. Thus we derive the following synergic biconditionals, inherent to any third-stage system: survival potential ϭ health ϭ ↑I↔↑E↔↑O↔S↓ and also demise ϭ sickness ϭ ↓I↔↓ E↔ ↓O↔S↑.

Informational Substantiation of Biological Intelligence
If there is communication, intelligence exists. Communication is a manifestation of intelligence. The existence of biochemical and biophotonic communication in cells has been corroborated: biochemical communication, for example, between the neurological and immune systems, has been examined, among others, by Blalock, Cavagnaro and more recently Takeda and Okomura and Cooper (19)(20)(21)(22).
The biophotonic communication concept was discovered by Alexander Gurwitsch in 1923, as an 'ultraweak' photon emission from living systems (onions, yeast…) (23). About the same time, Frolich, father of the 'coherent' notion of living systems, discovered that nucleated cells are capable of picking up, storing and broadcasting information about the environment. The term biophotons '…denotes a permanent spontaneous photon emission from all living systems…' and explains '… biological phenomena like intracellular and intercellular communication, cell growth and differentiation, interactions among biological systems and microbial infections…' (24). Different scientific groups have confirmed the existence of (and suggested some uses for) this subtle photon emission in: Australia (25,26), Japan (27,28), Poland (29) and Germany. (24). Prominent scientists in the study of biophotons are Professor Voeikov (30) and Dr. Albrecht-Buehler. This last supports the thesis that cells are intelligent: 'capable of deriving abstract data and emitting near infrared signals' (31,32).

Biological Intelligence (BI)
Intelligence is best measured by its manifestations. In structural terms, the BI is 'omnipresent' in the organism due to the intelligent nature of all cells (23); however, in functional terms, the BI's common denominator is comprised of the immune intelligence (I I ), cellular intelligence (C I ) and biochemical (or neuroendocrine) intelligence (B I ) (19)(20)(21)(22).
The BI functions as an emergent informational entity, oriented towards survival, capable of autoregulation, bidirectional communication, generating, processing and manipulating energy flows within the body. It is in charge of establishing, maintaining and restituting the organization. Figure 3 shows the interaction between neuroendocrine, immune and cellular intelligence. C I is the most important of BI's constituents since it regulates genetics and metabolism of each and every organic cell and gives birth to the autonomous I I and B I . These three elements also constitute a synergistic trio, since none of them can exist in the absence of another, due to essential feedback and information exchange amongst them (19)(20)(21)(22).
BI could also be represented schematically as a triangle, since alterations to one side of a triangle always affect the other two. Its healing potential may be defined as the mathematical product of its immune, cellular and neuroendocrine state, i.e. BI (HEALING POTENTIAL) ϭ I I ϫ C I ϫ B I . In consequence, it is possible to enhance BI by increasing any of its three essential components, for example with immune modulators (33)(34)(35)(36)(37). The opposite also holds true, a collapse of any component will affect the other two.
Any decline (chronic disease) is due to 'life impacts': aggressors of a mental, physical, chemical or biological nature that increase entropy, suppress BI and generate illness and eventual death. For clarification spiritual intelligence is separate from BI, though they obviously have a strong interaction. Suppression of the spirit acts as the trigger that can negatively affect BI; for example, a heavy loss that ends in cancer (38)(39)(40). Thus all all mental oppression or losses increase confusion (disorder) in the individual and thus entropy. The result is a decline in BI. This explains psychosomatic illness.
To heal the organism, one must first reactivate the BI with any method that supplies negative entropy, as with spiritual aid when the origin of the sickness is emotional. The origin of some cancers has been traced back to stress, mental duress or heavy emotional losses (38)(39)(40) that cause a breakdown in the neuroendocrine system and consequent immune suppression (38,41). In fact, in all pathologies of mental origin, spiritual aid should be the first line of treatment accompanied by effective therapy to rehabilitate the BI (42).

The Law of Action and Intent of Greater Reaction with Reference to Cancer
My findings (43) led me to formulate that 'when intelligent aggressors attack a living system, the targeted I intends an opposing but greater pro survival reaction' (44). The defendent's strategy consists of endogenous ↑IEO that causes ↑entropy in the aggressor. Its success determines survival. This success is also dependent on the reaction velocity at which the system increases IEO to overcome aggressors. The onset of 'incurable' disease then occurs when BI becomes overwhelmed either by force or by velocity. This law constitutes a basis of immunology, homeopathy and hormesis. It also gives an insight into the reaction of a tumorous cell in cancer.
Based on the former, a neoplasm could then be understood as a cellular survival reaction when the organism's protective mechanisms have failed (45). Why? Because cells have a higher probability of reacting with neoplasia-to achieve genetic survival-when menaced by anarchy and chaos in a high entropy system (45,46) that is disintegrating (47) under the strain caused by stressor agents-not excluding the second law of thermodynamics as a stressor (48). Oncogenesis is more probable in critical entropy states. In other words, cancer could be induced by increasing entropy to a critical level.
It has been confirmed that the probability of neoplasia (cell anarchy) increases when tumor suppressor or differentiating genes suffer maximum information degradation (49,50). Thus, high biological entropy, i.e. critical organic disorder (↓↓O), induces low functional energy reserves (↓↓E) and malfunction of the system's intelligence (↓↓BI), resulting in greater probability of cancer. Therefore, cancer's common denominator is: S↑, ↓↓BI and cell anarchy (51).
Synthesis: Disease when aggravated has a higher probability of converting into cancer if BI is taken to a point of collapse. Evidence to support this is the number of pathologies which if uncontrolled develop into cancer. It is my thesis that in an environment of anarchy the intelligent cell 'rebels' in search of survival.

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The systemic theory of living systems part II mitochondria and reparative energy processes (56,57,61). Nature provides life's survival tools!

What about Cancer?
In the case of cancer, it may be convenient to carry out noniatrogenic tumor destruction (63) such as electrotherapy (64) and/or localized non-iatrogenic surgery, if possible, to substitute highly entropic chemo-and radiotherapies. This last may sound controversial; however, besides personal experience in this field, important data endorse this argument. The American Cancer Society has documented that in 1950, 193 people in every 100 000 died from cancer (65). This is exactly the same mortality rate as in 2002 (65). In other words, mortality remains the same despite the advent of chemotherapy in the 1950s. If chemotherapy destroys many types of tumors, why is there no change in the mortality rate?
The answer is simple: many cancer patients now die from chemotherapy, not cancer. This is ignored by society at large, possibly due to financial pressure by the pharmaceutical industry and clinics. For moral, ethical and humanitarian reasons, a cancer patient is entitled to a non-iatrogenic (non-entropic) medicine. Another source of statistical data on chemotherapy, and sequelae, is Moss (66).

What then is an Ideal Medicine?
An ideal medicine, natural or synthetic, must have the capacity to increase I, E and O in the oppressed human body, i.e. all ideal medicines should provide negative entropy (67), therefore providing or increasing informational flow and promoting organization. Non-optimal medicine, whether natural or synthetic, may enhance one or two sides of the health triangle (1), but it will simultaneously suppress the remaining side(s). These phenomena are referred to as secondary and/or adverse side effects. Non-optimal medicine provides positive entropy, i.e. an increase in disorder, a decrease in energy availability and creation of a shortage of information flow within the body. Some notorious cases of non-optimal medicine are thalidomide, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, celecoxib, naproxen, ibuprofen, meloxicam, lodine and nimesulide.
Adverse events caused by such remedies could be avoided by techniques designed to measure entropy changes. This would constitute a truly progressive scientific methodology, essential to determine the global health benefits or harm of each drug, rather than just their particular effect on a specific symptom. Furthermore, most harmful synthetic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can effectively be replaced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory tonic herbs, of equal efficacy, that, additionally, supply negative entropy to the living system. Ideal medicines exist! Why risk it with cyclooxygenase-2-inhibiting drugs that may affect the cardiovascular system and others? There are NSAID alternatives: natural, effective, non-iatrogenic, such as: Harpagophytum procumbens (68), Morinda citrifolia (69), Tribulus terrestris (70), Hydrastis canadensis (71,72) and Uncaria tomentosa (73).

Golden Rule of Etiology
Most pathology originates from a collapse of spiritual or biological intelligence. One can affect the other due to the mind-body connection.

Golden Rule of Therapeutics
All therapeutic formulae should provide negentropy in the following manner. (i) Via positive information exchange with the patient, that serves as spiritual healing or support, since this reduces mental entropy, and, as consequence, physiological disorder. There is a mind-body connection! (53)(54)(55). (ii) E↑ stimulators of ATP life fuel. Adaptogens stimulate the mitochondria to produce energy (56), thus setting in motion a cascade of synergetic reactions, such as increasing non-specific resistance, activating the pituitary-suprarenal axis and immune system. (iii) I↑, informational carriers that promote higher phagocytic activity in immune cells and enhance neuroendocrine and cellular activity (57). (vi) O↑, pathologically targeted enhancers (33,34,(58)(59)(60)(61)(62).

Spiritual Healing and the Placebo Effect
Effective spiritual healing is a vital tool. The process consists of entropy reducing information exchange, in the direction of a patient's peace of mind, i.e. mental order. Similarly, mental entropy reduction also explains the placebo effect. A person that receives information in the direction of healing tends to get better, probably due to mental syntropy. This reflects positively on his physiology; even if the person is not cured. The placebo effect may then be harnessed and utilized as a healing instrument, rather than be seen just as a mere curiosity; if we are actually seeing improvement with placebos, then an endogenous healing tendency must precede this.

Physical Conditioning
Physical exercise increases a system's capacity for work, which in absolute terms generates entropy reduction. This explains its therapeutic benefits.

Active Principle and Action Mechanism
Summing up, under thermodynamic criteria, the active principle for healing is comprised of energy and information, whereas the action mechanism consists of negative entropy-from adaptogens, tonics and effective spiritual guidance-that induce an endogenous tendency towards healing and reorganization. This more inclusive scientific point of view encompasses the specific pharmacological one, whereby biochemical substrates enhance organization, O↑, by providing active principles that modulate or enhance cell metabolism, hormones and neurotransmitters.

Example of a Negative Entropy Adaptogen
Rhodiola rosea, part of the Russian Pharmacopoeia, has the capacity to activate synthesis and resynthesis of ATP in

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The Superior Remedy
A superior plant may be defined as any herb that provides vital information to increase E, I and O in the living system (3) via entropy reduction, that results in an increase of survival potential; it is implicit that there can be no after effects. This definition may be extended to include many non-herbal nutraceuticals.

Potential Value: Results of Application
The potential value of SM has been confirmed by its positive clinical influence and results of 17 clinical studies. The outcomes were presented at the First International Congress of Systemic Medicine, GDV and Electrotherapy, held in Caracas in January 2005 (74). The studies were performed, between 2002 and 2004, in Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Overall results were: 79% clinical improvement by pathology (Fig. 4); 86% QoL enhancement by pathology (Fig. 5); and 99% tolerance to treatment (Fig. 6). Clinical studies, methodology etc; are in the congress proceedings and are available upon request.

Next Topic
In the next article I shall expand on the following: (a) Herbal synergetics and bi-directionality; (b) Disease of hypo-energetic etiology; (c) Description of major energy adaptogens; (d) Multiple bi-directionality of complex tonic-adaptogenic formulations; and (e) Need for an Ideal Medicine based on a solid philosophy. 'The remedies and nutritional supplements that are thought canonical as CAM in the West often do not seem to have a solid systematic foundation in disease cognition or a healing philosophy' (6). In subsequent articles I shall outline application and results, as well as 'ideal remedies' utilized according to this new approach. I also hope to clarify the main differences between Systemic and other holistic systems such as South Asian systems of medicine -if time and space allow it.