Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 272749, 36 pagesdoi:10.1155/2012/272749

Research Article

Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants of the Pantanal Region (Mato Grosso, Brazil)

Isanete Geraldini Costa Bieski,¹ Fabrício Rios Santos,¹ Rafael Melo de Oliveira,¹ Mariano Martinez Espinosa,² Miramy Macedo,³ Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque,⁴ and Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins¹

¹Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, No. 2367, University Campus, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil²Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil³Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Avenida Beira Rio, No. 3100, University Campus, 78020-590 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil⁴Department of Biology, Botany Area, Laboratory of Applied Ethnobotany, Federal University of Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil

Received 16 August 2011; Accepted 3 October 2011

Academic Editor: Maria Franco Trindade Medeiros

Copyright © 2012 Isanete Geraldini Costa Bieski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Traditional knowledge is an important source of obtaining new phytotherapeutic agents. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants was conducted in Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District (NSACD), located in Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. 376 species of medicinal plants belonging to 285 genera and 102 families were cited. Fabaceae (10.2%), Asteraceae (7.82%) and Lamaceae (4.89%) families are of greater importance. Species with the greater relative importance were Himatanthus obovatus (1.87), Hibiscus sabdariffa (1.87), Solidago microglossa (1.80), Strychnos pseudoquina (1.73) and Dorstenia brasiliensis, Scoparia dulcis L., and Luehea divaricata (1.50). The informant consensus factor (ICF) ranged from 0.13 to 0.78 encompassing 18 disease categories,of which 15 had ICF greater than 0.50, with a predominance of disease categories related to injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (ICF  =  0.78) having 65 species cited while 20 species were cited for mental and behavioral disorders (ICF  =  0.77). The results show that knowledge about medicinal plants is evenly distributed among the population of NSACD. This population possesses medicinal plants for most disease categories, with the highest concordance for prenatal, mental/behavioral and respiratory problems.

1. Introduction

Despite the fact that modern medicine, on the basis of the complex pharmaceutical industry, is well developed in most part of the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) through it Traditional Medicine Program recommends its Member States to formulate and develop policies for the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in their national health care programmes [1]. Among the components of CAM, phytotherapy practiced by the greater percentage of the world population through the use of plants or their derivatives, occupies a significant and unique position [2].

In this sense, documentation of the indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important in the conservation and utilization of biological resources [3].

Brazil is a country with floral megadiversity, possessing six ecological domains, namely, Amazonian forest, Caatinga, Pampas, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and the Pantanal [4]. Mato Grosso region is noteworthy in this regard, as it occupies a prominent position both in the national and international settings, for it presents three major Brazilian ecosystems (the Pantanal, Cerrado, and Amazonian rainforest). Besides this, it also hosts diverse traditional communities in its territories, namely, the Indians descents (Amerindians), African descents, and the white Europeans. However, due to the mass migration from the rural areas and technological development, coupled with globalization of knowledge by the dominant nations, cultural tradition concerning the use of medicinal plants is in the major phase of declining [5].

The Pantanal is distinguishably the largest wetland ecosystem of the world, according to the classification by UNESCO World Heritage Center (Biosphere Reserve) [4]. The Pantanal vegetation is a mosaic consisting of species of the Amazonian rainforest, Cerrado, Atlantic forest, and Bolivian Chaco, adapted to special conditions, where there is alternations of both high humidity and pronounced dryness during the time of the year [4]. The presence in the Pantanal of the traditional populations that use medicinal plants for basic health care makes this region an important field for the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies [6, 7].

Because of the fact that the Pantanal communities are relatively isolated, they have developed private lives that involved much reliance on profound knowledge of the biological cycles, utilization of natural resources, and traditional technology heritage [8].

As a result of the aforementioned, this study aimed to systematically and quantitatively evaluate the information gathered from these Pantanal communities, highlight the relevance of the ethnobotanical findings, and cite and discuss relevant literatures related to medicinal plants with greater relative importance (RI) and high informant consensus factor (ICF) values obtained in the study.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

For the choice of study area, literature search was conducted to identify the Pantanal region in Mato Grosso, consisting of traditional communities where such studies have not yet been conducted and/or there were no ethnobotanical survey publications. The study design was cross-sectional and was conducted between the period of November, 2009 and February, 2010. The study setting chosen was NSACD located in the Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso State, Central West of Brazil (Figure 1) with coordinates of 16° 02′ 90′′ S and 056° 43′ 49′′ W. Poconé is located within the region of Cuiabá River valley, with an altitude of 142 m, occupies a territorial area of 17,260.86 km², and of tropical climate. The mean annual temperature is 24°C (4–42°C) and the mean annual rainfall is 1,500 mm with rainy season occurring between December and February. The municipality is composed of 2 Districts (NSAC and Cangas), 5 villages, 11 settlements, 14 streets, and 72 communities (countryside) [9]. The population of NSACD is estimated to be 3,652 inhabitants, representing 11.5% of Poconé municipality [10]. The principal economic activities are mainly livestock farming, mining, and agriculture with great tourism potentials, because Poconé municipality is the gateway to the Pantanal region [9].

Figure 1: Location of the study area. Poconé, Mato Grosso, in Midwest of Brazil.

2.2. Consent and Ethical Approval

Authorization and ethical clearance were sought from the relevant government (Health authority of Poconé and the National Council of Genetic Heritage of the Ministry of Environment (CGEN/MMA), Resolution 247 published in the Federal Official Gazette, in October, 2009, on access to the traditional knowledge for scientific research and Federal University of Mato Grosso and Júlio Muller Hospital Research Ethical Committees, Protocol 561/CEP-HUJM/08 authorities. Previsits were made to each community of NSACD to present the research project as well as to seek the consent of each potential informant.

2.3. Data Collection and Analysis

In this present study, sampling was done using probabilistic simple randomization and stratified sampling techniques [10, 11].

The population studied consists of inhabitants of 13 communities of NSACD, Mato Grosso State, considering an informant per family. The criteria for each informant chosen were age of 40 and above, residing in NSACD for more than 5 years (because there is large migration into the area because of the presence of ethanol producing factory).

These criteria are in line with the study objective coupled with the information gathered from the local authority [12].

In order to determine the estimated sample size (), in this case, the number of families to be sampled per communities being considered, the following formula was utilized [11, 13]:

This study considered the population size of 1,179 families (, 179), confidence coefficient of 95% (), sampling error of 0.05 (), a proportion of 0.5 (). It should be noted that the was assigned due to nonexistence of previous information about this value as is usual in practice, to obtain conservative sample size which is representative at the same time.

In determining the sample size for the microarea, 5% error and 10% loss in sample were considered. To determine the sample size in each microarea, the sample size (290) was multiplied by the sampling fraction of each microarea and dividing the total number of families of the same microarea with the total number of families of all the microareas (1,179), thereby arriving at the sample sizes for each area as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Distribution of the 13 communities of Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District.

ID
COMMUNITY
Total number of individuals
Total number of families
Sample fraction
Sample size

1
Chumbo
946
216
0.1832
52

2
Canto do Agostinho, Santa Helena, Os Cagados, Várzea bonita
179
52
0.0441
15

3
Furnas II, Salobra, Zé Alves
165
59
0.0500
15

4
Campina II, Furnas I, Mundo Novo, Rodeio
279
81
0.0687
20

5
Campina de Pedra, Imbé
188
67
0.0568
16

6
Barreirinho, Coetinho, Figueira
253
95
0.0806
23

7
Bahia de Campo
257
74
0.0628
18

8
Agrovila, São Benedito
184
66
0.0560
16

9
Agroana
372
178
0. 1510
44

10
Bandeira, Minadouro
248
82
0.0696
20

11
Carretão, Deus Ajuda, Sangradouro, Pesqueiro, Varzearia
216
77
0.0653
19

12
Chafariz, Ramos, Sete Porcos, Urubamba
208
67
0.0568
16

13
Céu Azul, Capão Verde, Morro Cortado, Passagem de Carro, Varal
157
65
0.0551
16

Total
3,652
1,179
1.0000
290

ID = identification of the microarea.

The interviews were conducted with the help of 12 trained applicators, under the supervision of the respective investigator. Data collected included sociodemographic details, vernacular names of the plant species with their medicinal uses, methods of drug preparation, and other relevant information. The ethnobotanical data were organized using the Microsoft Office Access 2003 program and statistically analyzed using SPSS, version 15 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).

2.4. Plant Collection, Identification, and Herborization

The collection of plant materials were done in collaboration with the local specialists, soon after the interviews. Both indigenous and scientific plant names were compiled. The plant materials collected during the study period were herborized, mounted as herbarium voucher specimens, and deposited for taxonomic identification and inclusion in the collection of Federal University of Mato Grosso and CGMS Herbarium of Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Plant species were identified according to standard taxonomic methods, based on floral morphological characters, analytical keys, and using, where possible, samples for comparison, as well as consultations with experts and literature [6, 7, 14–19]. The plant species obtained were grouped into families according to the classification system of Cronquist [20], with the exception of the Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae. For corrections of scientific names and families, the official website of the Missouri Botanical Garden was consulted [21].

2.5. Quantitative Ethnobotany

The relative importance () of each plant species cited by the informants was calculated according to a previously proposed method [22]. In order to calculate , the maximum obtainable by a species is two was calculated using (2) according to Oliveira et al. [23] where RI: relative importance; NCS: number of body systems. It is given by the number of body systems, treated by a species (NSCS) over the total number of body system treated by the most versatile species (NSCSV): NCS = NSCS/NSCSV; NP: number of properties attributed to a specific species (NPS) over the total number of properties attributed to the most versatile species (NPSV): NP = NPS/NPSV.

We sought to identify the therapeutic indications which were more important in the interviews to determine the informant consensus factor (ICF), which indicates the homogenity of the information [23].

The ICF will be low (close to 0), if the plants are chosen randomly, or if the informants do not exchange information about their uses. The value will be high (close to 1), if there is a well defined criterion of selection in the community and/or if the information is exchanged among the informants [23].

ICF was calculated using the number of use citations in each category of plant disease (), minus the number of species used () divided by the number of use citations in each category minus one on the basis of (3):

The citations for therapeutic purposes were classified using the 20 categories of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition-CID [24]: injuries, certain infectious, and parasitic diseases (I); neoplasms-tumors (II), diseases of blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (III), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (IV) mental and behavioral disorders (V), nervous system (VI), diseases of eye and adnexa (VII), diseases of the ear and mastoid process (VIII), diseases of the circulatory system (IX), respiratory diseases (X), digestive diseases (XI), diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (XII), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (XIII), genitourinary diseases (XIV), pregnancy, childbirth and (XV), certain conditions originating during the perinatal period (XVI), symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (XVIII) and injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (XIX).

We selected for further discussion species that presented ≥ 1.5, and are in a category with high ICF. We conducted literature review using among others, the databases of Web of Science, MEDLINE, SciELO and including nonindexed works. We also searched national data bases for dissertations and theses.

3. Results

A total of 262 informants were interviewed, representing 7.17% of the population of NSACD, 22.22% of the population aged ≥40 years and residing in the District for over five years. Of the respondents, 69% were female and 31% male, aged 40–94 years (median 55). 68% were born in the city of Poconé, and 62% have been residents for over 20 years in the District (Table 2).

Table 2: Distribution of the 13 communities of Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

ID
Comunity
Population
Number of individualsa
Sample fraction
Sample size
N
Plant citations

1
Chumbo
946
216
0.1832
52
50
827

2
Canto do Agostinho, Santa Helena, Os Cagados, Várzea bonita
179
52
0.0441
15
10
131

3
Furnas II, Salobra, Zé Alves
165
59
0.050
15
10
99

4
Campina II, Furnas I, Mundo Novo, Rodeio
279
81
0.0687
20
11
179

5
Campina de Pedra, Imbé
188
67
0.0568
16
12
173

6
Barreirinho, Coetinho, Figueira
253
95
0.0806
23
23
213

7
Bahia de Campo
257
74
0.0628
18
13
461

8
Agrovila, São Benedito
184
66
0.056
16
16
141

9
Agroana
372
178
0.151
44
38
349

10
Bandeira, Minadouro
248
82
0.0696
20
22
171

11
Carretão, Deus Ajuda, Sangradouro, Pesqueiro, Varzearia
216
77
0.0653
19
23
180

12
Chafariz, Ramos, Sete Porcos, Urubamba
208
67
0.0568
16
16
200

13
Céu Azul, Capão Verde, Morro Cortado, Passagem de Carro, Varal
157
65
0.0551
16
18
165

N
3,652
1,179
1.000
290
262
3,289

ID: Identification of the microarea; N: Sample size; aInformants with age ≥ 40 years and period of residing ≥ 5 years.

Of the 262 respondents, 259 (99.0%) reported the use of medicinal plants in self health care, with a minimum of 1 plant and a maximum of 250 plants among the female respondents and a minimum of 2 plants and a maximum of 54 among the male respondents. A total of 3,289 citations were recorded corresponding to 376 different plant species which belong to 285 genera and 102 families. Fabaceae (10.2%), Asteraceae (7.82%), and Lamaceae (4.89%) families were the most representative in this study (Table 3).

Table 3: Relation of the relative importance of the plant species mentioned by informants of Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Family/species
Vernacular name
Application
Preparation (administration)
Uses listed
NCS
NP
RI

1. ACANTHACEAE

    1.1. Justicia pectoralis Jacq.
Anador
pain, fever, laxative, and muscle relaxant
Infusion (I)
36
2
3
0.40

2. ADOXACEAE

    2.1. Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl.
Sabugueiro
Fever and measles
Infusion (I, E)
24
2
2
0.33

3. ALISMATACEAE

    3.1. Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kuntze.) Micheli
Chapéu-de- couro
blood cleanser, stomach, rheumatism, and kidneys

43
4
4
0.67

4. AMARYLLIDACEAE

    4.1. Allium cepa L.
Cebola
wound healing
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    4.2. Allium fistulosum L.
Cebolinha
Flu
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    4.3. Allium sativum L.
Alho
hypertension
Infusion (I)
7
1
1
0.17

5. AMARANTHACEAE

    5.1. Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze
Terramicina
wound healing, itching, diabetes, pain, bone fractures, throat, flu, inflammation uterine, and relaxative muscular
Infusion (I, E)
41
6
9
1.20

    5.2. Alternanthera dentata(Moench) Stuchlik ex R.E. Fr.
Ampicilina
wound healing and kidneys
Infusion (I, E)
7
2
2
0.33

    5.3. Alternanthera ficoide (L.) P. Beauv.
Doril
muscular relaxative
Infusion (I, E)
3
1
1
0.17

    5.4. Amaranthus aff. viridis L.
Caruru-de-porco
wound healing, pain, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
4
3
3
0.50

    5.5. Beta vulgaris L.
Beterraba
anemia
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    5.6. Celosia argentea L.
Crista-de-galo
kidneys

5
3
3
0.50

    5.7. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Erva-de-santa-maria
wound healing, heart, diabetes, bone fractures, flu, kidneys, cough, and worms
Infusion (I, E)
102
7
8
1.23

    5.8. Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen
Ginseng-brasileiro
Obesity
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

6. ANACARDIACEAE

    6.1. Anacardium humile A. St.– Hil.
Cajuzinho-do-campo
diabetes, dysentery, and hepatitis
Infusion (I, E)
5
3
3
0.50

    6.2. Anacardium occidentale L.
Cajueiro
abortive, wound healing, cholesterol, teeth, blood cleanser, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, and pain
Infusion (I, E)
30
6
9
1.20

    6.3. Astronium fraxinifolium Schott ex Spreng
Gonçaleiro
flu, hemorrhoids, and cough
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
8
3
3
0.50

    6.4. Mangifera indica L.
Mangueira
Bronchitis, flu, and cough
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
11
2
3
0.40

    6.5. Myracrodruon urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.
Aroeira
anemia, bladder bronchitis cancer, wound healing, blood cleanser, bone fractures, hernia, uterine inflammation, muscular relaxative, and cough
Infusion, maceration, and decoction (I, E)
84
7
11
1.43

    6.6. Spondias dulcis Parkinson
Caja-manga
scabies
Infusion (I, E)
2
1
1
0.17

    6.7. Spondias purpurea L.
Seriguela
wound healing and hepatitis
Infusion (I, E)
2
2
2
0.33

7. ANNONACEAE

    7.1. Annona cordifolia Poepp. ex Maas & Westra
Araticum-abelha
Diabetes and bone fractures
Infusion and decoction (I, E)
3
2
2
0.33

    7.2. Annona crassiflora Mart.
Graviola
diabetes
Infusion (I, E)
11
1
1
0.17

    7.3. Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.- Hil.) Saff.
Beladona-do-cerrado
pain
Infusion (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

8. APIACEAE

    8.1. Coriandrum sativum L.
Coentro
flu
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    8.2. Eryngium aff. pristis Cham. & Schltdl.
Lingua-de-tucano
Tooth and muscular relaxative
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    8.3. Petroselinum crispum ((Mill) Fuss
Salsinha
flu
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    8.4. Pimpinella anisum L.
Erva-doce
pain soothing, constipation, and kidneys
Infusion (I, E)
12
3
3
0.50

9. APOCYNACEAE

    9.1. Aspidosperma polyneuron (Müll.) Arg.
Péroba
Stomach and laxative
Infusion and decoction (I, E)
5
1
2
0.23

    9.2. Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart.
Guatambu
gastritis
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    9.3. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Boa-noite
mumps fever and kidneys
Infusion (I)
8
3
3
0.50

    9.4. Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers
Pau-tenente
Diabetes and pain
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

    9.5. Hancornia speciosa var. gardneri (A. DC.) Müll. Arg.
Mangava-mansa
itching, diarrhea, and stomach
Decoction and maceration (I, E)
8
3
3
0.50

    9.6. Himatanthus obovatus (Müll. Arg.) Woodson
Angélica
anemia, wound healing, cholesterol, blood cleanser, pain, nose bleeding, hypertension, uterine inflammation, labyrinthitis, pneumonia, relaxative muscular, worms, and vitiligo
Maceration (I)
45
10
13
1.87

    9.7. Macrosiphonia longiflora (Desf.) Müll. Arg.
Velame-do-campo
hearth, blood cleanser, stroke, diuretic, pain, throat, muscular relaxative, and vitiligo
Decoction (I)
5
6
8
1.13

    9.8. Macrosiphonia velame (A. St.-Hil.) Müll. Arg.
Velame-branco
flu
Decoction (I)
73
1
1
0.17

10. ARACEAE

    10.1 Dieffenbachia picta Schott
Comigo-ninguém-pode
pain
Maceration (E)
2
1
1
0.17

    10.2. Dracontium sp.
Jararaquinha
snakebite
Infusion (I)
10
1
1
0.17

11. ARECACEAE

    11.1. Acrocomia aculeata Lodd. ex. Mart.
Bocaiuveira
heart, hepatitis, hypertension, and kidneys
Decoction and syrup (I)
20
4
4
0.67

    11.2. Cocos nucifera L.
Cocô-da-bahia
kidneys
Maceration (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    11.3. Orbignya phalerata Mart.
Babaçu
inflammation
Decoction (I)
8
1
1
0.17

    11.4. Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.
Guariroba
kidneys
Maceration (I)
2
1
1
0.17

12. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

    12.1. Aristolochia cymbifera Mart & Zucc.
Cipó-de-mil-homem
dengue, blood cleanser, stomach, kidneys, and digestive
Infusion (I)
11
4
5
0.73

    12.2. Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze
Papo-de-peru
wound healing
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

13. ASTERACEAE

    13.1. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.). Kuntze
Carrapicho, beijo-de-boi
colic, kidneys, and runny cough
Infusion (I)
31
2
3
0.40

    13.2. Acanthospermum hispidum DC.
Chifre-de-garrotinho
Gonorrhea and kidneys
Infusion (I)
5
2
3
0.40

    13.3. Achillea millefolium L.
Dipirona, Novalgina,
pain, flu, and muscular relaxative
Infusion (I)
13
3
4
0.57

    13.4. Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.
Macela-do-campo
diarrhea, pain, stomach, gastritis, flu, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
13
5
6
0.90

    13.5. Ageratum conyzoides L.
Mentrasto
pain, labor pain, stomach, swelling in pregnant woman, rheumatism, and cough
Infusion (I)
18
5
6
0.90

    13.6. Artemisia vulgaris L.
Artemisia
insomnia
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    13.7. Artemisia absinthium L.
Losna, nor-vômica
pain, stomach, liver, hernia, and muscular relaxative
Infusion (I)
39
4
5
0.73

    13.8. Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC.
Carqueja
cancer, cholesterol, diabetes, diuretic, stomach, flu, and obesity
Infusion (I)
31
5
7
0.97

    13.9. Bidens pilosa L.
Picão-preto
hepatitis, enteric, and kidneys
Infusion (I, E)
20
3
3
0.50

    13.10. Brickellia brasiliensis (Spreng.) B.L. Rob.
Arnica-do-campo
wound healing, uterine inflammation, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
13
2
3
0.40

    13.11. Calendula officinalis L.
Calêndula
anxiety
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

    13.12. Centratherum aff. punctatum Cass.
Perpétua-roxa
muscular relaxative, and hearth
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    13.13. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert.
Camomila
soothing colic, pain, stomach, fever, and flu
Infusion (I)
78
5
6
0.90

    13.14. Chaptalia integerrima (Vell.) Burkart
Lingua-de-vaca
worms
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

    13.15. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob
Cruzeirinho
colic, pain, bone fractures, pain, bone fractures, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
7
3
4
0.57

    13.16. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
Voadeira
cancer itching, blood cleanser, leukemia, and worms
Infusion (I)
15
4
5
0.73

    13.17. Elephantopus mollis Kunth
Sussuaiá
blood cleanser, pain, and uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
11
2
3
0.40

    13.18. Emilia fosbergii Nicolson
Serralha
conjunctivitis
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

    13.19. Eremanthus exsuccus (DC.) Baker
Bácimo-do-campo
wound healing, stomach, bone fractures, and skin
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
11
3
4
0.57

    13.20. Eupatorium odoratum L.
Arnicão
wound healing, muscular relaxative, and kidneys
Infusion (I, E)
10
3
3
0.50

    13.21. Mikania glomerata Spreng.
Guaco
bronchitis cough
Infusion (I)
14
2
2
0.33

    13.22. Mikania hirsutissima DC.
Cipó-cabeludo
diabetes
Infusion (I)
10
1
1
0.17

    13.23. Pectis jangadensis S. Moore
Erva-do-carregador
blood cleanser and diabetes
Infusion (I)
4
2
2
0.33

    13.24. Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.
Picão-branco
Hepatitis and kidneys
Infusion (I)
11
2
2
0.33

    13.25. Solidago microglossa DC.
Arnica-brasileira
wound healing, blood cleanser, pain, bone fractures, hypertension, uterine inflammation, muscular relaxative, kidneys, worms, pain, stomach, hypertension, pneumonia, constipation, and relaxative muscular
Infusion (I, E)
82
8
15
1.80

    13.26. Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray
Jambú
liver
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

    13.27. Tagetes minuta L.
Cravo-de-defunto
Dengue and flu
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    13.28. Taraxacum officinale L.
Dente-de-leão
blood cleanser
Infusion (I)
18
1
1
0.17

    13.29. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray
Flor-da-amazônia
alcoholism, stomach, kidney, and constipation
Infusion (I)
16
3
3
0.50

    13.30.Vernonia condensata Baker
Figatil-caferana
cancer stomach and liver
Infusion (I)
48
2
3
0.40

    13.31. Vernonia scabra Pers.
Assa-peixe
bronchitis blood cleanser, fever, flu, pneumonia, cold, and cough
Infusion and syrup (I)
38
2
7
0.67

    13.32. Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Jacinta
pain
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

14. BERBERIDACEAE

    14.1. Berberis laurina Billb.
Raiz-de-são-joão
blood cleanser and diarrhea
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
6
2
2
0.33

15. BIGNONIACEAE

    15.1. Anemopaegma arvense (Vell.) Stellfeld & J.F. Souza
Verga-teso, Alecrim-do-campo, Catuaba
anxiety soothing kidneys
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
13
2
3
0.40

    15.2. Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl.
Crajirú
wound healing and blood cleanser
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

    15.3. Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart.
Pé-de-anta
fever, flu, relaxative muscular, and worms
Infusion (I)
13
4
4
0.67

    15.4. Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) A. DC.
Caroba
wound healing
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
3
1
1
0.17

    15.5. Jacaranda decurrens Cham.
Carobinha
allergy cancer wound healing, blood cleanser, diabetes, leprosy, hemorragia no nariz, inflammation uterina, and kidneys
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
94
8
9
1.40

    15.6. Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) B. & H. f. ex S. Moore
Ipê-amarelo
worms
Decoction and bottle (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    15.7. Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau
Para-tudo
prostate cancer anemia, bronchitis cancer blood cleanser, diarrhea, pain, stomach, cough, and worms
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
67
6
10
1.27

    15.8. Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl.
Ipê-roxo
prostate cancer cough
Decoction and bottle (I)
8
2
2
0.33

    15.9. Tabebuia serratifolia Nicholson
Piúva
prostate cancer
Decoction and bottle (I, E)
3
1
1
0.17

    15.10. Zeyhera digitalis (Vell.) Hochn.
Bolsa-de-pastor
Stomach
Decoction and bottle (I)
9
1
1
0.17

16. BIXACEAE

    16.1. Bixa orellana L.
Urucum
cholesterol, stroke, bone fractures, and measles
Infusion (I)
11
4
4
0.67

    16.2. Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilg.
Algodãozinho-do-campo
blood cleanser, stomach, bone fractures, inflammation uterina, syphilis, vitiligo, gonorrhea, and ringworm
Infusion (I)
37
6
9
1.20

17. BOMBACACEAE

    17.1. Pseudobombax longiflorum (Mart. Et Zucc.) Rob.
Embiriçu-do-cerrado
pneumonia, cough, and tuberculosis
Infusion (I)
17
3
3
0.50

    17.2. Eriotheca candolleana (K. Schum.)
Catuaba
prostate cancer

1
1
1
0.17

18. BORAGINACEAE

    18.1. Cordia insignis Cham.
Calção-de-velho
cough
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

    18.2. Heliotropium filiforme Lehm.
Sete-sangria
thooth, blood cleanser, hypertension, and tuberculosis
Infusion (I)
43
4
4
0.67

    18.3. Symphytum asperrimum Donn ex Sims
Confrei
wound healing, heart, throat, and obesity
Infusion (I, E)
10
4
4
0.67

19. BRASSICACEAE

    19.1. Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Agrião
bronchitis
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

20. BROMELIACEAE

    20.1. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
Abacaxi
diuretic and cough
Infusion (I)
9
2
2
0.33

    20.2. Bromelia balansae Mez
Gravatá
cough and bronhitis
Infusion (I)
2
2
2
0.33

21. BURSERACEAE

    21.1. Commiphora myrrha (T. Nees) Engl.
Mirra
Menstruation and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    21.2. Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand
Almésica
blood cleanser, stroke, pain, muscular relaxative, rheumatism, and cough

23
3
6
0.70

22. CACTACEAE

    22.1. Cactus alatus Sw.
Cacto
Colic and guard delivery
Infusion (I, E)
10
2
2
0.33

    22.2. Opuntia sp.
Palma
column

2
1
1
0.17

    22.3. Pereskia aculeata Mill.
Oro-pro-nobis
anemia
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

23. CAPPARACEAE

    23.1. Crataeva tapia L.
Cabaça
cough
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    23.2. Cleome affinis DC.
Mussambé
diarrhea

1
1
1
0.17

24. CARICACEAE

    24.1. Carica papaya L.
Mamoeiro
worms, thooth, stomach, hepatitis, muscular relaxative, and cough
Infusion (I)
17
4
6
0.80

25. CARYOCARACEAE

    25.1. Caryocar brasiliense A. St.-Hil.
Pequizeiro
diabetes, hypertension, labyrinthitis, and obesity

11
4
4
0.67

26. CELASTRACEAE

    26.1. Maytenus ilicifolia Mart.ex Reissek
Espinheira-santa
uric acid, bronchitis diarrhea, stomach, gastritis, flu, and cough
Infusion (I)
8
5
7
0.97

27. CECROPIACEAE

    27.1. Cecropia pachystachya Trécul
Embaúba
cholesterol, blood cleanser, diabetes, pain, hypertension, leukemia, pneumonia, kidneys, and cough
Infusion (I)
38
6
9
1.20

28. CLUSIACEAE

    28.1. Kielmeyera aff. grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi
Pau-santo
anemia

1
1
1
0.17

29. COMBRETACEAE

    29.1. Terminalia argentea Mart.
Pau-de-bicho
itching, diabetes, and cough

8
3
3
0.50

    29.2. Terminalia catappa L.
Sete-copa
conjunctivitis
Infusion (I, E)
2
1
1
0.17

30. COMMELINACEAE

    30.1. Commelina benghalensis L.
Capoeraba
hemorrhoids
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    30.2. Commelina nudiflora L.
Erva-de-santa-luzia
wound healing and conjunctivitis
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    30.3. Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl.
Cana-de-macaco
flu, hypertension, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
1
3
3
0.50

31. CONVOLVULACEAE

    31.1. Cuscuta racemosa Mart.
Cipó-de-chumbo
pain
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    31.2. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
Batata-doce
hearth
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    31.3. Ipomoea (Desr.) Roem. & asarifolia Schult
Batatinha-do-brejo
Stomach and worms
Infusion (I)
4
2
2
0.33

32. COSTACEAE

    32.1. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.
Caninha-do-brejo
bladder diuretic, inflammation uterina, muscular relaxative, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
40
3
5
0.63

33. CRASSULACEAE

    33.1. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Folha-da-fortuna
allergy, bronchitis blood cleanser, and flu
Infusion and juice (I)
11
2
4
0.47

34. CUCURBITACEAE

    34.1. Cayaponia tayuya (Cell.) Cogn.
Raiz-de-bugre
blood cleanser, pain, and hepatitis
Infusion (I)
17
2
3
0.40

    34.2. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Melância
bladder colic
Infusion (I)
2
1
2
0.23

    34.3. Cucumis anguria L.
Máxixe
anemia
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    34.4. Cucumis sativus L.
Pepino
hypertension
Maceration (I)
1

    34.5. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lam.
Abóbora
Pain and worms
Infusion (I)
4
2
2
0.33

    34.6. Luffa sp
Bucha
Anemia and kidneys
Infusion (I)
7
2
2
0.33

    34.7. Momordica charantia L.
Melão-de-são-caetano
bronchitis dengue, stomach, fever, flu, hepatitis, swelling in pregnant woman, malaria, muscular relaxative, and worms
Infusion (I)
50
6
10
1.27

    34.8. Siolmatra brasiliensis (Cogn.) Baill.
Taiuá
Ulcer
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

35. CYPERACEAE

    35.1. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C.B. Clarke
Barba-de-bode
diuretic, stomach, kidneys, and worms
Infusion (I)
12
3
4
0.57

    35.2. Cyperus rotundus L.
Tiririca
Pain
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

36. DILLENIACEAE

    36.1. Curatella americana L.
Lixeira
wound healing, colic, diarrhea, flu, kidneys, and cough
Infusion (I, E)
24
5
6
0.90

    36.2. Davilla elliptica A. St.-Hil.
Lixeira-de-cipó
kidneys

3
1
1
0.17

    36.3. Davilla nitida (Vahl.) Kubitzki
Lixeirinha
delivery help, liver, hernia, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
10
3
4
0.57

37. DIOSCOREACEAE

    37.1. Dioscorea sp.
Cará-do-cerrado
boil
Infusion (I)
25
1
1
0.17

    37.2. Dioscorea trifida L
Cará
blood cleanser
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

38. EBENACEAE

    38.1. Diospyros hispida A. DC.
Olho-de-boi
Pain and leprosy
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

39. EQUISETACAE

    39.1. Equisetum arvense L.
Cavalinha
gastritis and kidneys
Infusion (I)
8
2
2
0.33

40. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

    40.1 Erythroxylum aff. Daphnites Mart.
Vasoura-de-bruxa
syphilis
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

41. EUPHORBIACEAE

    41.1. Croton antisyphiliticus Mart.
Curraleira
Hypertension and uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

    41.2. Croton sp.
Curraleira-branca
uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    41.3. Croton urucurana Baill.
Sangra-d’água
cancer prostate cancer healing, diabetes, stomach, gastritis, uterine inflammation, kidneys, and ulcer
Maceration (I)
37
5
9
1.10

    41.4. Euphorbia aff. Thymifolia L.
Trinca-pedra
kidneys
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    41.5. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton
Fura-pedra
kidneys
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    41.6. Euphorbia tirucalli L
Aveloz
cancer uterine inflammation
Maceration (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    41.7. Jatropha sp.
Capa-rosa
diabetes
Infusion (I)
10
1
1
0.17

    41.8. Jatropha elliptica (Poh) Oken
Purga-de-lagarto
allergy
Infusion (I)
38
1
1
0.17

    41.9. Jatropha aff. Gossypiifolia L.
Pinhão-roxo
wound healing, prostrate cancer, itching, blood cleanser, stroke, snakebite, syphilis, worms, and vitiligo
Maceration(I, E)
7
6
10
1.27

    41.10. Jatropha urens L.
Cansansão
diabetes
Maceration (I, E)
6
1
1
0.17

    41.11. Manihot esculenta Crantz
Mandioca-braba
itching
Maceration (I, E)
2
1
1
0.17

    41.12. Manihot utilissima Pohl.
Mandioca
itching
Maceration (I, E)
7
1
1
0.17

    41.13. Ricinus communis L.
Mamona
wound healing and blood cleanser
Maceration (I, E)
8
2
2
0.33

    41.14. Synadenium grantii Hook. f.
Cancerosa
gastritis, prostate cancer stomach, and pneumonia
Maceration (I, E)
12
3
4
0.57

42. FABACEAE

    42.1. Acosmium dasycarpum (Volgel) Yakovlev
Cinco-folha
column, blood cleanser, pain, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
19
2
4
0.47

    42.2. Acosmium subelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev
Quina-gensiana
wound healing, blood cleanser, pain, liver, uterine inflammation, delivery relapse, and kidneys
Decoction (I)
16
5
7
0.97

    42.3. Albizia niopoides (Spr. ex Benth.) Burkart.
Angico-branco
bronhitis
Decoction (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    42.4. Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A. C. Sm.
Imburana
cough
Decoction (I)
13
1
1
0.17

    42.5. Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
Angico
asthma, wound healing, expectorant, uterine inflammation, pneumonia, and cough
Decoction (I)
12
5
6
0.90

    42.6. Andira anthelminthica Benth.
Angelim
diabetes
Decoction (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    42.7. Bauhinia variegata L.
Unha-de-boi
kidneys
Decoction (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    42.8. Bauhinia ungulata L.
Pata-de-vaca
diabetes
Infusion (I)
11
1
1
0.17

    42.9. Bauhinia glabra Jacq.
Cipó-tripa-de-galinha
diarrhea, dysentery, and pain
Infusion (I)
7
3
3
0.50

    42.10. Bauhinia rubiginosa Bong.
Tripa-de-galinha
kidneys
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    42.11. Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud.
Pata-de-boi
diabetes
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    42.12. Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth
Sucupira
blood cleanser, paom, stomach, nose bleeding, cough, and worms
Bottle (I)
20
4
6
0.80

    42.13. Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.
Jucá
wound healing, stomach, bone fractures, and inflammation of uterine
Maceration (I, E)
15
3
4
0.57

    42.14. Cajanus bicolor DC.
Feijão-andu
diarrhea, stomach and worms
Infusion (I)
8
2
3
0.40

    42.15. Cassia desvauxii Collad.
Sene
constipation, pain, fever, uterine inflammation, and labyrinthitis
Infusion (I)
18
4
5
0.73

    42.16. Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip
Sene-do-campo
constipation, blood cleanser, pain, and fever
Infusion (I)
10
2
4
0.47

    42.17. Copaifera sp.
Pau-d’óleo
wound healing, kidneys, ulcer
Infusion (I)
8
3
3
0.50

    42.18. Copaifera langsdorffii var. glabra (Vogel) Benth.
Copaiba
bronchitis prostate cancer stroke, pain, throat, and tuberculosis
Maceration and syrup (I)
13
5
6
0.90

    42.19. Copaifera marginata Benth.
Guaranazinho
ulcer
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    42.20. Desmodium incanum DC.
Carrapicho
bladder itching, diarrhea, pain, hepatitis, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
18
5
6
0.90

    42.21. Dimorphandra mollis Benth.
Fava-de-santo-inácio
bronchitis wound healing, pain, flu, hypertension, pneumonia, rheumatism, cough, and worms
Infusion (I)
21
6
9
1.20

    42.22. Dioclea latifolia Benth.
Fruta-olho-de-boi
stroke
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    42.23. Dioclea violacea Mart. Zucc.
Coronha-de-boi
osteoporosis
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

stroke

    42.24. Dipteryx alata Vogel
Cumbarú
bronchitis cicartrizante, diarrhea, dysentery, pain, throat, flu, snakebite, and cough
Infusion (I)
43
4
9
1.00

    42.25. Galactia glaucescens Kunth
Três-folhas
column, pain, bone fractures, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
8
4
4
0.67

    42.26. Hymenaea courbaril L.
Jatobá-mirim
bladder bronchitis flu, pneumonia, and cough
Syrup and decoction (I)
36
3
5
0.63

    42.27. Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne
Jatoba-do-cerrado
bronchitis prostate cancer pain, fertilizer, flu, and cough
Syrup and decoction (I)
31
5
6
0.90

    42.28. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Anil
ulcer
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    42.29. Inga vera Willd.
Ingá
Laxative and kidneys
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

    42.30. Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld
Espinheira-santa-nativa
ulcer
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    42.31. Melilotus officinalis (L) Pall.
Trevo-cheiroso
bone fractures and thyroid
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

    42.32. Mimosa debilis var. vestita (Benth.) Barneby
Dorme-dorme
soothing
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    42.33. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Macuna
stroke
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    42.34. Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.
Cana-fistula
gastritis
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

    42.35. Platycyamus regnellii Benth.
Pau-porrete
anemia
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    42.36. Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth.
Sucupira-branca
worms, pain, and stomach
SYRope, decoction and maceration (I)
2
3
3
0.50

    42.37. Senna alata (L.) Roxb.
Mata-pasto
throat, worms, and vitiligo
Infusion (I)
6
3
3
0.50

    42.38. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link
Fedegoso
blood cleanser, pain, flu, cough, and worms
Infusion (I)
42
3
5
0.63

    42.39. Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth.
Barbatimão 1
wound healing
Syrup and decoction (I, E)
57
1
1
0.17

    42.40. Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville
Barbatimão 2
bladder bronchitis, colic, stomach, bone fractures, uterine inflammation, relaxative muscular, and ulcer
Syrup and decoction (I, E)
15
4
9
1.00

    42.41. Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarindo
anxiety pain, thooth, laxative, osteoporosis, syphilis, and worms
Maceration and juice (I)
30
6
7
1.07

43. FLACOURTIACEAE

    43.1. Casearia silvestris Sw.
Guaçatonga
Epilepsy and kidneys
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

44. GINKGOACEAE

    44.1. Ginkgo biloba L.
Ginco-biloba
vertebral
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

45. HERRERIACEAE

    45.1. Herreria salsaparilha Mart.
Salsaparilha
column, blood cleanser, muscular relaxative, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
12
3
4
0.57

46. HIPPOCRATEACEAE

    46.1. Salacia aff. elliptica (Mart. ex Schult.) G. Don
Saputa-do-brejo
pain
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

47. IRIDACEAE

    47.1. Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.
Palmeirinha
pain, hemorrhoids, cough, and blood cleanser
Infusion (I)
11
2
4
0.47

48. LAMIACEAE

    48.1. Hyptis cf. hirsuta Kunth
Hortelã-do-campo
diabetes, stomach, flu, cough, and worms
Infusion (I)
23
5
5
0.83

    48.2. Hyptis paludosa St.-Hil.ex Benht.
Alevante
cold
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    48.3. Hyptis sp.
Hortelã-bravo
Diabetes and cough
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

    48.4. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Tapera-velha
pain, stomach, flu, constipation, kidneys, and worms
Infusion (I)
42
5
6
0.90

    48.5. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.
Cordão-de-são-francisco
column, hearth, blood cleanser, stomach, fever, gastritis, flu, hypertension, labyrinthitis, muscular relaxative, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
38
7
11
1.43

    48.6. Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze
Alfavaca/Hortelã-do-mato
flu, hypertension, and cough
Infusion (I)
8
3
3
0.50

    48.7. Melissa officinalis L
Melissa
soothing
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    48.8. Mentha crispa L.
Hortelã-folha-miuda
anemia, liver, cough, and worms
Infusion (I)
16
4
4
0.67

    48.9. Mentha pulegium L.
Poejo
bronchitis soothing fever, flu, cold, and cough
Infusion (I)
59
3
6
0.70

    48.10. Mentha spicata L.
Hortelã-vicki
bronchitis flu, wound healing, stomach, and worms
Infusion (I)
24
4
5
0.73

    48.11. Mentha x piperita L.
Hortelã-pimenta
bronchitis flu, cough and worms
Infusion (I)
42
3
4
0.57

    48.12. Mentha x villosa Huds.
Hortelã-rasteira
stomach, flu, cold, and worms
Infusion (I)
86
3
4
0.57

    48.13. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Baker ex Gürke
Alfavacaquinha
flu
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    48.14. Ocimum minimum L.
Manjericão
kidneys, sinusitis, and worms
Infusion (I)
7
3
3
0.50

    48.15. Origanum majorana L.
Manjerona
heart
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    48.16. Origanum vulgare L.
Orégano
cough
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    48.17. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.
Hortelã-da-folha-gorda
bronchitis flu, uterine inflammation, and cough
Infusion and syrup (I)
7
3
4
0.57

    48.18. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews
Boldo-brasileiro
pain, stomach, liver, and malaise
Maceration (I)
99
2
4
0.47

    48.19. Plectranthus neochilus Schltr.
Boldinho
stomach
Maceration (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    48.20. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Alecrim
anxiety soothing hearth, pain, hypertension, insomnia, labyrinthitis, sluggishness memory, tachycardia, and vitiligo
Infusion and maceration (I)
31
6
10
1.27

49. LAURACEAE

    49.1. Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm.
Cânfora
pain
Infusion and maceration (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    49.2. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyne
Canela-da-india
aphrodisiac, tonic, obesity, and cough
Infusion (I)
11
3
4
0.57

    49.3. Persea americana Mill.
Abacateiro
diuretic, hypertension, and kidneys
Infusion and maceration (I)
31
3
3
0.50

50. LECYTHIDACEAE

    50.1. Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers
Jequitibá
bladder wound healing, colic, pain, uterine inflammation, rheumatism, cough, and ulcer
Infusion and maceration (I)
49
5
8
1.03

51. LOGANIACEAE

    51.1. Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.
Quina
anemia, wound healing, cholesterol, blood cleanser, pain, stomach, bone fractures, flu, uterine inflammation, pneumonia, muscle relaxant, cough, ulcer, and worms
Decoction and maceration (I, E)
107
8
14
1.73

52. LORANTHACEAE

    52.1. Psittacanthus calyculatus (D.C.) G. Don
Erva-de-passarinho
stroke, pain, flu, and pneumonia
Infusion and maceration (I)
14
3
4
0.57

53. LYTHRACEAE

    53.1. Adenaria floribunda Kunth
Veludo-vermelho
kidneys

3
1
1
0.17

    53.2. Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.
Mangava-braba
wound healing, diarrhea, pain, stomach, gastritis, kidneys, and ulcer
Decoction and maceration (I, E)
73
5
7
0.97

54. MALPIGHIACEAE

    54.1. Byrsonima orbignyana A. Juss.
Angiquinho
wound healing
Decoction and maceration (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    54.2. Byrsonima sp.
Semaneira
pain
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    54.3. Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC.
Murici-do-cerrado
column
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

uterine inflammation

    54.4. Camarea ericoides A. St.-Hil.
Arniquinha
wound healing
Infusion (I)
11
1
1
0.17

    54.5. Galphimia brasiliensis (L.) A. Juss.
Mercúrio-do-campo
wound healing, itching, thooth, and bone fractures
Infusion (I)
7
3
4
0.57

    54.6. Heteropterys aphrodisiaca O. Mach.
Nó-de-cachorro
brain, wound healing, blood cleanser, impotence, muscular relaxative, and rheumatism
Decoction (I)
23
5
6
0.90

    54.7. Malpighia emarginata DC.
Cereja
wound healing
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

    54.8. Malpighia glabra L.
Aceroleira
bronchitis dengue, stomach, fever, and flu
Infusion (I)
24
4
5
0.73

55. MALVACEAE

    55.1. Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul
Mama-cadela
stomach
Infusion (I)
13
1
1
0.17

    55.2. Gossypium barbadense L.
Algodão-de-quintal
blood cleanser, stomach, vitiligo, inflammation, and gonorrhea
Infusion (I)
47
5
5
0.83

    55.3. Guazuma ulmifolia var. tomentosa (Kunth) K. Schum.
Chico-magro
diarrhea, kidneys, bronchitis wound healing
Infusion and decoction (I)
10
4
4
0.67

    55.4. Hibiscus pernambucensis Bertol.
Algodão-do-brejo
wound healing, colic, flu, and uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
2
3
4
0.57

    55.5. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Primavera
pain
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    55.6. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Quiabo-de-angola, Hibisco
anxiety hearth, flu, tachycardia, kidneys, colic, runny, diarrhea, pain, uterine inflammation, labyrinthitis, snakebite, and pneumonia
Infusion (I)
18
10
13
1.87

    55.7. Helicteres sacarolha A. St.-Hil.
Semente-de-macaco
Hypertension and ulcer
Infusion (I)
2
2
2
0.33

    55.8. Malva sylvestris L.
Malva-branca
wound healing, conjunctivitis, runny, blood cleanser, diuretic, boil, uterine inflammation, and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
31
7
8
1.23

    55.9. Malvastrum corchorifolium (Desr.) Britton ex Small
Malva
tonsillitis wound healing, pain, and uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
13
4
4
0.67

    55.10. Sida rhombifolia L.
Guaxuma
obesity
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

56. MELASTOMATACEAE

    56.1. Leandra purpurascens (DC.) Cogn.
Pixirica
rheumatism
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    56.2. Tibouchina clavata (Pers.) Wurdack
Cibalena
pain
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    56.3. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn.
Buscopam-de-casa
stomach
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

57. MELIACEAE

    57.1. Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Neem
diabetes
Infusion and decoction (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

    57.2. Cedrela odorata L.
Cedro
wound healing
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

58. MENISPERMACEAE

    58.1. Cissampelos sp.
Orelha-de-onça
Column and kidneys
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

59. MORACEAE

    59.1. Artocarpus integrifolia L.f.
Jaca
diuretic
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    59.2. Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich. ex Benth.
Taiúva
osteoporosis and muscular relaxative
Infusion (I)
2
2
2
0.33

    59.3. Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam.
Carapiá
wound healing, colic, thooth, blood cleanser, dysentery, pain, flu, laxative, menstruation, pneumonia, relapse delivery, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
41
7
12
0.50

    59.4. Ficus brasiliensis Link.
Figo
gastritis
Infusion (I)
4
1
1
0.17

    59.5. Ficus pertusa L. f.
Figueirinha
stomach
Infusion (I)
5
1
1
0.17

60. MUSACEAE

    60.1. Musa x paradisiaca L.
Bananeira-de-umbigo
bronchitis anemia and pain
Infusion and syrup (I)
9
3
3
0.50

61. MYRTACEAE

    61.1. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.
Eucálipto
bronchitis diabetes, fever, flu, sinusitis, and cough
Infusion and syrup (I)
22
3
6
0.70

    61.2. Eugenia pitanga (O. Berg) Kiaersk.
Pitanga
pain, throat, flu, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
10
3
4
0.57

    61.3. Psidium guajava L.
Goiabeira
diarrhea
Infusion (I)
19
1
1
0.17

    61.4. Psidium guineense Sw.
Goiaba-áraça
pain, diarrhea, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
11
3
3
0.50

    61.5. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
Cravo-da-india
Throat and cough
Infusion (I)
5
1
2
0.23

    61.6. Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC.
Azeitona-preta
cholesterol
Decoction (I, E)
4
1
1
0.17

62. NYCTAGINACEAE

    62.1. Boerhavia coccinea L.
Amarra-pinto
bladder icterus, inflammation uterina, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
22
2
4
0.47

    62.2. Mirabilis jalapa L.
Maravilha
heart, pain, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
8
2
3
0.40

63. OLACACEAE

    63.1. Ximenia americana L.
Limão-bravo
Trush and diuretic
Infusion (I)
4
2
2
0.33

64. OPILIACEAE

    64.1. Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook f.
Pau-marfim
uterine inflammation
Decoction (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

65. ORCHIDACEAE

    65.1. Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl.
Baunilha
hypertension
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    65.2. Oncidium cebolleta (Jacq.) Sw.
Orquidea
pain
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

66. OXALIDACEAE

    66.1. Averrhoa carambola L.
Carambola
hypertension
Infusion (I)
8
1
1
0.17

    66.2. Oxalis aff. hirsutissima Mart. ex Zucc.
Azedinha
obesity
Infusion (I)
9
1
1
0.17

67. PAPAVERACEAE

    67.1. Argemone mexicana L.
Cardo-santo
hypertension
Infusion (I)
8
1
1
0.17

68. PASSIFLORACEAE

    68.1. Passiflora alata Curtis
Maracujá

Infusion (I)
9
1
1
0.17

    68.2. Passiflora cincinnata Mast.
Maracujá-do-mato
soothing hypertension
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

69. PEDALIACEAE

    69.1 Sesamum indicum L.
Gergelim
stomach, liver, gastritis, ulcer, and worms
Infusion and maceration (I)
12
2
5
0.53

70. PHYLLANTHACEAE

    70.1. Phyllanthus niruri L.
Quebra-pedra
kidneys
Infusion (I)
32
1
1
0.17

71. PHYTOLACCACEAE

    71.1. Petiveria alliacea L.
Guiné
rheumatism
Infusion (I, E)
4
1
1
0.17

72. PIPERACEAE

    72.1. Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav
Ventre-livre/elixir paregórico
kidneys
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    72.2. Piper cuyabanum C. DC.
Jaborandi
pain, stomach, and loss of hair
Infusion (I, E)
10
3
3
0.50

    72.3. Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.
Pariparoba
blood cleanser, stomach, liver, and pneumonia
Infusion (I)
11
3
3
0.50

73. PLANTAGINACEAE

    73.1. Plantago major L.
Tanchagem
heart, pain, and laxative
Infusion (I)
16
3
3
0.50

74. POACEAE

    74.1. Andropogon bicornis L.
Capim-rabo-de-lobo
uterine inflammation
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    74.2. Coix lacryma-jobi L.
Lácrimas-de-nossa-senhora
kidneys
Infusion (I, E)
4
1
1
0.17

    74.3. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapfc
Capim-cidreira
soothing blood cleanser, pain, stomach, expectorant, fever, flu, hypertension, muscular relaxative, kidneys, tachycardia, and cough
Infusion and juice (I)
49
5
12
1.30

    74.4. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle.
Capim-citronela
flu, cough, and tuberculosis
Infusion (E)
11
2
2
0.33

    74.5. Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman
Capim-amargoso
wound healing, stomach, bone fractures, and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
14
3
4
0.57

    74.6. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Capim-pé-de-galinha
Hypertension and swelling in pregnant woman
Infusion (I)
6
2
2
0.33

    74.7. Imperata brasiliensis Trin.
Capim-sapé
diabetes, pain, hepatitis, kidneys, and vitiligo
Infusion (I)
12
5
5
0.83

    74.8. Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.
Capim-gordura
dengue, blood cleanser, stroke, flu, kidneys, sinusitis, cough, and tumors
Infusion (I)
31
7
8
1.23

    74.9. Oryza sativa L.
Arroz
bladder
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    74.10. Saccharum officinarum L.
Cana-de-açúcar
kidneys, anemia, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
2
3
3
0.50

    74.11. Zea mays L.
Milho
bladder kidneys
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

75. POLYGALACEAE

    75.1. Polygala paniculata L.
Bengué
rheumatism
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

76. POLYGONACEAE

    76.1. Coccoloba cujabensis Wedd.
Uveira
diuretic
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    76.2. Polygonum cf. punctatum Elliott
Erva-de-bicho
wound healing, dengue, stomach, fever, flu, and hemorrhoids
Infusion (I)
41
5
6
0.90

    76.3. Rheum palmatum L.
Ruibarbo
blood cleanser, dysentery, pain, and snakebite
Infusion (I)
6
4
4
0.67

    76.4. Triplaris brasiliana Cham.
Novatero
diabetes
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

77. POLYPODIACEAE

    77.1. Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm.
Rabo-de-macaco
diuretic, hepatitis, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
9
2
3
0.40

    77.2. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Samambaia
colic, blood cleanser, and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
8
3
3
0.50

    77.3. Pteridium sp.
Samambaia-de-cipo
rheumatism
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

78. PONTEDERIACEAE

    78.1. Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth
Aguapé
ulcer
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

79. PORTULACACEAE

    79.1. Portulaca oleracea L.
Onze-horas
hypertension
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

80. PROTEACEAE

    80.1. Roupala montana Aubl.
Carne-de-vaca
muscular relaxative
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

81. PUNICACEAE

    81.1. Punica granatum L.
Romã
colic, diarrhea, pain, throat, inflammation uterina, and kidneys
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
41
3
6
0.70

82. RHAMNACEAE

    82.1. Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek
Cabriteiro
anemia, diarrhea, diuretic, pain, stomach, and worms
Infusion (I)
37
5
6
0.90

83. ROSACEAE

    83.1. Rosa alba L.
Rosa-branca
wound healing, pain, and uterine inflammation
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
6
3
3
0.50

    83.2. Rosa graciliflora Rehder & E. H. Wilson
Rosa-amarela
pain
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

    83.3. Rubus brasiliensis Mart.
Amoreira
cholesterol, hypertension, labyrinthitis, menopause, obesity, osteoporosis, and kidneys
Infusion and tintura (I)
38
6
7
1.07

84. RUBIACEAE

    84.1. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.
Cainca
pain, flu, and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
8
3
3
0.50

    84.2. Cordiera edulis (Rich.) Kuntze
Marmelada
worms
Maceration and syrup (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    84.3. Cordiera macrophylla (K. Schum.) Kuntze
Marmelada-espinho
worms
Maceration and syrup (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    84.4. Cordiera sessilis (Vell.) Kuntze
Marmelada-bola
Flu and worms
Maceration and syrup (I)
4
2
2
0.33

    84.5. Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum.
Murtinha
diarrhea
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    84.6. Genipa americana L.
Jenipapo
appendicitis bronchitis diabetes and kidneys
Infusion and syrup (I)
8
4
4
0.67

    84.7. Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl.
Veludo-branco
blood cleanser and ulcer
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

    84.8. Palicourea coriacea (Cham.) K. Schum.
Douradinha-do-campo
prostate cancer hearth, blood cleanser, diuretic, flu, hypertension, insomnia, relaxative muscular, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
62
7
9
1.30

    84.9. Palicourea rigida Kunth
Doradão
Kidneys and cough
Infusion and decoction (I)
5
2
2
0.33

    84.10. Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth.
Erva-molar
column, thooth, blood cleanser, dysentery, rheumatism, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
44
5
6
0.90

    84.11. Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum.
Jenipapo-bravo
kidneys
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    84.12. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC.
Unha-de-gato
intoxication, rheumatism, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
10
3
3
0.50

85. RUTACEAE

    85.1. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle
Lima
soothing hearth, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
8
2
3
0.40

    85.2. Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
Limão
colic, diabetes, pain, liver, flu, hypertension, and cough
Infusion (I)
17
5
7
0.97

    85.3. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Laranja
soothing wound healing, fever, flu, pneumonia, and thyroid
Infusion (I)
30
4
6
0.80

    85.4. Ruta graveolens L.
Arruda
colic, conjunctivitis, pain, stomach, fever, gastritis, nausea, and laxative muscular
Infusion (I)
57
4
8
0.93

    85.5. Spiranthera odoratissima A.St.-Hil.
Manacá
rheumatism
Infusion (I)
6
1
1
0.17

    85.6. Zanthoxylum cf. rhoifolium Lam.
Mamica-de-porca
diabetes, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and muscular relaxative
Decoction (I, E)
12
4
4
0.67

86. SALICACEAE

    86.1. Casearia silvestris Sw.
Chá-de-frade
blood cleanser, pain, and fever
Infusion (I)
10
1
3
0.30

87. SAPINDACEAE

    87.1. Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk.
Mulher-pobre
bone fractures
Infusion (I)
5
2
2
0.33

uterine inflammation

    87.2. Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.
Timbó
wound healing, pain, and cough
Maceration (I, E)
7
2
3
0.40

    87.3. Serjania erecta Radk.
Cinco-pontas
column, muscular relaxative, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
9
2
3
0.40

    87.4. Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hil.) Radlk.
Pitomba
column, pain, and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
6
2
3
0.40

88. SAPOTACEAE

    88.1. Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk.
Laranjinha-do-mato
fever
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    88.2. Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.
Fruta-de-viado
Ulcer and kidneys
Infusion (I)
1
2
2
0.33

89. SCROPHULARIACEAE

    89.1. Bacopa sp.
Vicki-de-batata
kidneys
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    89.2. Scoparia dulcis L.
Vassorinha
bladder wound healing, hearth, blood cleanser, diabetes, pain, bone fractures, swelling in pregnant woman, pneumonia, kidneys, syphilis, and cough
Infusion (I)
81
7
12
1.50

90. SIMAROUBACEAE

    90.1. Simaba ferruginea A. St.-Hil.
Calunga
anemia, wound healing, diabetes, digestive, pain, stomach, obesity, ulcer, and worms
Maceration (I)
31
7
9
1.30

    90.2. Simarouba versicolor A. St.-Hil.
Pé-de-perdiz
wound healing and uterine inflammation
Decoction (I, E)
4
2
2
0.33

91. SIPARUNACEAE

    91.1. Siparuna guianensis Aubl.
Negramina
pain, fever, and flu
Infusion (I)
20
2
3
0.40

92. SMILACACEAE

    92.1. Smilax aff. brasiliensis Spreng.
Japecanga
Column and rheumatism
Infusion (I)
5
1
2
0.23

93. SOLANACEAE

    93.1. Capsicum sp.
Pimenta
Pain and hemorrhoids
Infusion (I, E)
14
2
2
0.33

    93.2. Nicotiana tabacum L.
Fumo
thyroid
Infusion (I, E)
2
1
1
0.17

    93.3. Physalis sp.
Tomate-de-capote
hepatitis
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    93.4. Solanum americanum Mill.
Maria-pretinha
worms
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    93.5. Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil.
Fruta-de-lobo
Gastritis and ulcer
Infusion and maceration (I)
6
1
2
0.23

    93.6. Solanum sp.
Jurubeba
column, stomach, and liver
Infusion (I)
8
2
3
0.40

    93.7. Solanum sp.
Urtiga
boi
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    93.8. Solanum melongena L.
Berinjela
cholesterol
Infusion and maceration (I)
2
1
1
0.17

    93.9. Solanum tuberosum L.
Batata-inglesa
Pain and gastritis
Infusion and maceration (I, E)
13
2
2
0.33

    93.10. Solanum viarum Dunal.
Joá-manso
Hemorrhoids
Infusion (I)
7
1
1
0.17

94. TILIACEAE

    94.1. Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.
Jangadeira
liver
Decoction (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

    94.2. Luehea divaricata Mart.
Açoita-cavalo
uric acid, column, blood cleanser, throat, flu, hemorrhoids, intestine, pneumonia, muscular relaxative, kidneys, cough, and tumors
Decoction and syrup (I)
58
7
12
1.50

95. ULMACEAE

    95.1. Trema micrantha (L.) Blume
Piriquiteira
wound healing
Decoction (I, E)
1
1
1
0.17

96. VERBENACEAE

    96.1. Casselia mansoi Schau
Saúde-da-mulher
thooth, blood cleanser, uterine inflammation, and menstruation
Infusion (I)
9
3
4
0.57

    96.2. Duranta repens L.
Pingo-de-ouro
diabetes
Infusion (I, E)
3
1
1
0.17

    96.3. Lantana camara L.
Cambará
cold and cough
Decoction (I)
22
2
2
0.33

    96.4. Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson
Erva-cidreira
soothing hearth, thooth, blood cleanser, pain, flu, hypertension, tachycardia, and cough
Infusion (I)
75
5
9
1.10

    96.5. Phyla sp.
Chá-mineiro
conjunctivitis, blood cleanser, pain, fever, muscular relaxative, rheumatism, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
19
4
7
0.87

    96.6. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.
Pega-pega
Stomach and sinusitis
Infusion (I)
2
2
2
0.33

    96.7. Stachytarpheta aff. cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl
Gervão
bronchitis blood cleanser, stomach, liver, bone fractures, gastritis, flu, constipation, relaxative muscular, cough, and worms
Infusion (I)
80
6
11
1.33

    96.8. Stachytarpheta sp.
Rabo-de-pavão
relaxative muscular
Infusion (I)
3
1
1
0.17

    96.9. Vitex cymosa Bert.ex Spregn.
Tarumeiro
blood cleanser, diarrhea, pain, and stomach
Infusion (I)
8
3
4
0.57

97. VIOLACEAE

    97.1. Anchietea salutaris A. St.-Hil.
Cipó-suma
column, blood cleanser, fever, intoxication, and vitiligo
Infusion (I)
18
4
5
0.73

    97.2. Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Schulze-Menz.
Poaia-branca
cough
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

98. VITACEAE

    98.1. Cissus cissyoides L.
Insulina-de-ramo
diabetes
Infusion (I)
10
1
1
0.17

    98.2. Cissus gongylodes Burch. ex Baker
Cipó-de-arráia
relaxative muscular
Infusion (I)
1
1
1
0.17

    98.3. Cissus sp.
Rabo-de-arráia
hypertension
Infusion (I)
3
2
2
0.33

    98.4. Cissus sp.
Sofre-do-rim-quem-quer
inflammation uterina, relaxative muscular, and kidneys
Infusion (I)
5
3
3
0.50

99. VOCHYSIACEAE

    99.1. Callisthene fasciculata Mart.
Carvão-branco
Hepatitis and icterus
Decoction (I, E)
10
2
2
0.33

    99.2. Qualea grandiflora Mart.
Pau-terra
Diarrhea and pain
Decoction (I, E)
5
2
2
0.33

    99.3. Qualea parviflora Mart.
Pau-terrinha
diarrhea

1
1
1
0.17

    99.4. Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil.
Capotão
diarrhea, diuretic, hemorrhoids, and relaxative muscular
Decoction (I, E)
4
4
4
0.67

    99.5. Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl
Quina-doce
flu

3
1
1
0.17

    99.6. Vochysia rufa Mart.
Pau-doce
blood cleanser, diabetes, diarrhea, laxative, obesity, kidneys, cough, and worms
Decoction, Infusion (I, E)
25
6
8
1.13

100. LILIACEAE

    100.1. Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Babosa
Cancer, prostate cancer, wound healing, diabetes, stomach, bone fractures, gastritis, hepatitis, laxative, and rheumatism
Syrup and maceration (I, E)
87
5
9
1.10

101. ZAMIACEAE

    101.1. Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A. DC.
Maquiné
stomach
Infusion (I)
2
1
1
0.17

102. ZINGIBERACEAE

    102.1. Alpinia speciosa (J. C. Wendl.) K. Schum.
Colônia
soothing hearth, fever, flu, and hypertension
Infusion (I)
36
4
5
0.73

    102.2. Curcuma longa L.
Açafrão
column, diuretic, pain, stomach, and hepatitis
Infusion and maceration (I)
18
4
5
0.73

    102.3. Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Gengibre
pain, flu, sinusitis, and cough
Infusion and maceration (I)
26
2
4
0.47

I: Internal, E: External; NSC: Number of body systems treated by species; NCS: number of body systems. NP: Number of properties of the species; RI: Relative importance of the species.

3.1. Relative Importance (RI)

The of the species cited by 262 respondents from NSACD ranged from 0.17 to 1.87. A total of 261 species had ≤ 0.5; 80 species, from 0.51 to 1.0; 30 species, from 1.1 to 1.5, and 4 species with from 1.51 to 2.0, among the latter, three species were native to Brazil. The species with ≥ 1.5, were Himatanthus obovatus (Müll. Arg.) Woodson (1.87), Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (1.87), Solidago microglossa DC. (1.80), Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. (1.73), Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam., Scoparia dulcis L., and Luehea divaricata Mart. (1.50 each), as shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Species with the highest values of relative importance.

Family
Species
Application/citation
RF
RI

Apocynaceae
Himatanthus obovatus (Müll. Arg.) Woodson
anemia (1), wound healing (7), cholesterol (3), blood cleanser (9), pain (4), nose bleeding (1), hypertension (4), uterine inflammation (5), labyrinthitis (6), muscle relaxant (2), worms (1), vitiligo (1), and pneumonia (1)
45
1.87

Malvaceae
Hibiscus sabdariffa L
anxiety/heart (1), flu (1), tachycardia (1), kidneys (1), cramps (3), discharge (1), diarrhea (1), pain (1), inflammation uterine (2), labyrinthitis (3), snakebite (1), and pneumonia (2)
18
1.87

Asteraceae
Solidago microglossa DC.
wound healing (53), blood cleanser (11), pain (2), bone fractures (1), hypertension (1), uterine inflammation (3), muscle relaxant (6), kidneys (3), and worms (2)
82
1.8

Loganiaceae
Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.
anemia (46), wound healing (3), cholesterol (1), blood cleanser (16), pain (13), stomach (3), bone fractures (1), flu (2), uterine inflammation (1), pneumonia (1), muscle relaxant (1), cough (10), ulcer (1), and worms (8)
107
1.73

Moraceae
Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam.
wound healing (1), colic (1), tooth ache (1), blood cleanser (4), dysentery (1), pain (7), flu (2), laxative (3), menstruation (1), pneumonia (6), relapse delivery (13), and kidneys (1)
41
1.5

Plantaginaceae
Scoparia dulcis L.
heart (6), blood cleanser (1), diabetes (1), pain (16), bone fractures (47), swelling in pregnant woman (4), pneumonia (1), kidneys, ( 1) syphilis (3), and cough (1)
55
1.5

Malvaceae
Luehea divaricata Mart.
uric acid (18), vertebral column (2), blood cleanser (1), throat (1), flu (1), hemorrhoids (7), intestine (1), pneumonia (8), muscle relaxant (2), kidneys (3), cough (10), and tumors (4)
58
1.5

RF: Relative frequency; RI: Relative importance of the species.

3.2. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)

In the disease categories according to CID, 10th ed., we observed that ICF values ranged from 0.43 to 0.77, with the exception of disease category included in CID VI (diseases of the nervous system), which was 0.13. The ICF for CID VI ranged between 0.13 and 0.78 (mean = 0.62, SD = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.53–0.70). The highest consensus value obtained was for the category related to injuries, poisoning, and some other consequences of external causes (ICF = 0.78), with 65 species and 286 citations. Three species were more common, namely, S. dulcis and S. microglossa (“Brazilian arnica”), with 49 citations each and L. pacari (manga-brava) with 42 citations. The main ailments addressed in this category were inflammation, pain, and gastric disorders.

Out of 20 disease categories, there were citations for 18 therapeutic indications, as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Categories of diseases, indications, form of use, preparation and the informant consensus factor of the main medicinal plants from Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo District, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Disease category/CID, 10th ed.
Medicinal plants
Main indications
Main forms of use
Part utilized/ State of the plant
Species/citations
ICF

Injuries, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes— XIX
Scoparia dulcis L. Solidago microglossa D. C Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.
inflammation and pain
Inf, Dec, Mac, and Tin
L, Wp, Rt (Fr, Dr)
65/286
0.78

Mental and behavioural disorders —V
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert.
soothing
Dec and Inf
L (In, Sc)
20/85
0.77

Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified—XVIII
Macrosiphonia longiflora (Desf.) Müll. Arg.
blood depurative
Inf, Dec, and Mac
Rz (Fr, Dr)
176/713
0.75

Diseases of the genitourinary system —XIV
Palicourea coriacea (Cham.) K. Schum.
Kidneys and diuretic
Inf, Dec, and Syr
L (Fr, Dr)
132/533
0.75

Diseases of the digestive system—XI
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews
stomach, pain, liver, and malaise
Dec, Inf, Mac, and Juc
L (Fr, Dr)
113/428
0.74

Other infectious and parasitic diseases—I
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
verminose
Inf, Mac, and Juc
L (Fr,Dr)
82/300
0.73

Diseases of the respiratory system—X
Mentha pulegium L.
flu, bronchitis, colds, and cough
Dec, Inf, Mac, and Syr
L (Fr, Dr)
88/303
0.71

Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium—XV
Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam.
childbirth
Dec, Inf, and Syr
Rz (Fr, Dr)
9/28
0.70

Diseases of the circulatory system—IX
Alpinia speciosa (J. C. Wendl.) K. Schum.
Hypertension and heart
Inf and Mac
L (Fr, Dr)
56/180
0.69

Some disorders originating in the perinatal period—XVI
Bidens pilosa L.
Hepatitis and enteric
Dec and Inf
L (In, Sc)
3/7
0.67

Diseases of blood and blood forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune system—III
Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.
anemia
Inf, Mac, and Syr
B (Fr, Dr)
15/38
0.62

Diseases of the eye and the surrounding structures—VII
Malva sylvestris L.
Discharge and conjuctivitis
Inf and Tin
L (Fr, Dr)
6/14
0.61

Diseases of endocrine of nutritional and metabolic origins—IV
Cissus cissyoides L.
diabetes
Inf
L (Fr, Dr)
47/109
0.57

Diseases of the ear and mastoid process—VIII
Himatanthus obovatus (Müll. Arg.) Woodson
labyrinthitis
Inf
L (Fr, Dr)
7/15
0.57

Diseases of musculoskeletal and connective tissue—XIII
Solidago microglossa DC.
bone fractures
Dec, Inf, Mac, and Tin
L (Fr, Dr)
70/146
0.52

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue—XII
Dioscorea brasiliensis Willd.
furuncules
Dec, Inf, Mac, Tin, and Out
Rz (Fr, Dr)
29/51
0.44

Neoplasia (tumors)—II
Aloe barbadensis Mill.
wound healing
Dec, Inf, Mac, Tin, and Out
L (Fr, Dr)
22/38
0.43

Diseases of the nervous system—VI
Macrosiphonia longiflora (Desf.) Müll. Arg.
leakage
Inf

14/16
0.13

CID, 10th ed. categories of diseases in chapters according to International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th. edition [25]; ICF: informant consesus factor; Inf: infusion, Dec: decoction, Syr: syrup, Mac: maceration, Sal: salad, Tin: tinture, Juc: juice, Out: others (compression and bath). L: leave; Wp: whole plant; Rt: root; Rz: rhizome; B: bark. State of the plant: Fr: fresh; Dr: dried.

4. Discussion

In the present study, almost all the respondents (99%) claimed to know and use medicinal plants. Surveys conducted in other countries had reported values ranging from 42% to 98% depending on the region and country of the study [25–27]. Due to the low level of knowledge of traditional medicine in national capitals, ethnobotanical surveys in many developing countries including Brazil, primarily prefer to evaluate small communities or rural hometowns, whose population having knowledge and practical experience with traditional medicine are proportionately higher (between 80 and 100%) [28–30].

The high percentage of folk knowledge of medicinal plants identified in Brazil may be due to factors such as lower influence of the contemporary urban lifestyle and the strength of cultural traditions in the rural communities [31]. In fact, with the process of industrialization and migration to the cities, a significant part of traditional culture is maintained more in the communities farther from the metropolis via oral transmission of the knowledge of CAM and family traditions. Transmission and conservation of CAM knowledge is more pronounced in Brazil due to high degree of biodiversity.

One of the most important aspects of this research is the documentation of high number of taxa (285 genera and 102 families) and species (376) mentioned by the informants as medicinal. These findings confirmed the existence of the great diversity of plants used for therapeutic purpose and preserved traditional culture, as stated by Simbo [32]. It is worth mentioning here the presence of 8 (eight) local medicinal plant expert informants/healers among the 262 respondents in this study. These local expert informants/healers account for a significant number of citations (43 to 250) in this study. In Brazil, as in other countries, rural communities have developed knowledge about the medicinal and therapeutic properties of natural resources and have contributed to the maintenance and transmission of the ethnopharmacological knowledge within the communities.

The most representative plant families are Fabaceae (10.2%), Asteraceae (7.82%), and Lamiaceae (4.89%). These results are in accordance with other ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the tropical regions [33, 34] including Brazil [7, 35]. Furthermore, the results from our study are also in conformity with the findings of the most comprehensive ethnobotanical survey conducted by V. J. Pott and A. Pott in the Brazilian Pantanal region [19].

Featuring greater potential for bioprospecting are 231 (61.6%) species indicated for the treatment of at least two diseases, and RI between 0.17 and 1.87 (mean = 0.46, SD = 0.357, 95% CI: 0.4250–0.4973). The seven species with the highest were H. obovatus (Müll. Arg.) Woodson (13 therapeutic indications and = 1.87, H. sabdariffa L. (12 therapeutic indications and = 1.87); S. microglossa DC. (9 therapeutic indications and RI = 1.80) S. pseudoquina A. St. - Hil. (14 therapeutic indications and = 1.73) and D. brasiliensis Lam., S. dulcis L., and L. divaricata Mart. (12, 10, and 12 therapeutic indications respectively with = 1.50) (Table 4). For the sake of brevity, we will focus most of our discussion on these seven most cited medicinal plants highlighting the most important available literature on them and including L. pacari. It should be noted that although 146 (39%) species presented RI below 0.17, with just a single indication, they cannot be considered as of lower pharmacological potential or importance, because as Albuquerque et al. [36] have noted elsewhere, these may be species of recent introduction in the culture of the community under study but might have been validated by the customary use in other social groups.

A total of 105 different folkways, including 18 disease categories, according to Brasil [24], were codified as shown in Table 5. The highest frequencies in decreasing magnitude were indications for the treatment of pain and inflammation (10.8%), kidney disease (7.6%), and wound healing (6.8%). In part, these data can be explained by the characteristics of the informants (elderly, rural activity, low level of education, and poor sanitation at home) with higher frequency of chronic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In addition, the search for natural treatments for infected wounds is very common in populations of agrarian labor or menial worker as stated by Akerreta et al. [37]. As ICF values were generally close to 1.0, it may be presumed that there is certain homogeneity in knowledge of medicinal plants among the population of NSACD.

4.1. Literature Survey and Discussions on the Selected Species with Higher Relative Importance

Himatanthus obovatus, var. obovatus had the highest relative importance, being cited for 13 different ailments that fall into 11 categories of CID, 10th ed. with a total of 29 citations. The most commonly mentioned of these indications for this plant were its traditional use as a blood cleansing, wound healing, and other conditions associated with infections, which seems to point to its possible antibiotic activity. Indeed, some studies have demonstrated the in vitro activity of its different extracts against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani [38]. A few others also showed experimentally its antiviral, antitumor activities, cellular proliferation activities, and inflammatory and immune response [39, 40]. On the basis of these aforementioned, it is possible that its use in the folk medicine may be related to its ability to modulate the immune system, which may enhance physiological mechanisms involved in resolving inflammation, pain, and wound healing. We did not encounter any literature pertaining to its use in anemia, nosebleeding, muscle relaxant, deworming, or vitiligo treatment. Its indications as a blood cleansing and as antihypercholesterolemic are important targets for future biomedical research.

Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces are used in many parts of the world to make cold and hot drinks as well as in folk medicine [41]. Due to its many health-enhancing benefits, extensive works have been carried to validate its traditional therapeutic claims. In fact, its medicinal importance is widely acknowledged in many traditional herbal systems [42].

The benefits associated with the use of H. sabdariffa may in part be due to its high content of beneficial phytochemical constituents. These include alkaloids, L-ascorbic acid, anisaldehyde, anthocyanin, β-carotene, β-sitosterol, citric acid, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin, galactose, gossypetin, hibiscetin, mucopolysaccharide, pectin, protocatechuic acid, polysaccharide, quercetin, stearic acid, and flavonoids [42, 43]. Studies have highlighted the role of polyphenol acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that may act as antioxidants or through other mechanisms that may contribute to its cardioprotective activity [44, 45].

In additions to folkloric use of H. sabdariffa noted in this study, other previous reports have indicated its use in the treatment of liver disease, hypocholesterolemic, antispasmodic, intestinal antiseptic, sedative, and as mild laxative [42, 46]. The most extensively studied is its antihypertensive activity. This effect was confirmed in several in vitro and animal studies [47–49]. The hypotensive effect of H. sabdariffa and its constituents may be mediated, at least partially, by a cholinergic and/or histaminergic mechanism and it has been confirmed to act via inhibitiory action on angiotensin I converting enzyme, vasorelaxation [50], and diuretic action [51]. For detailed review on this aspect, see [41]. In addition to literature reports on the medicinal uses of this plant, we also report here its indications in the treatment of anxiety and labyrinthitis and as anti-snake venom. To the best of our knowledge, these indications remained to be proven experimentally.

In concordance with the traditional use of H. sabdariffa in the treatment of uterine inflammation and pain, its aqueous ethanol extract was shown experimentally to presents anti-inflammatory, uterine antispasmodic activities, and attenuation of intestinal spasm [52–54]. In addition to its confirmed pharmacological activities, its antiobese/weight-reducing [50, 55], hepatoprotective [56–58], anticancer [46, 59, 60], free-radical scavenging [61], antioxidant [42], immunomodulatory [62], lipid-lowering [43, 63] effects and attenuation of oxidants-mediated complications in diabetes [64] have been well documented. Besides, the plant extract is characterized by a very low degree of toxicity [41]. Moreover, apart from its medicinal uses, the plant seed oil was also shown to be a good source of lipidsoluble antioxidants, particularly γ-tocopherol, thus it could have important industrial applications [65].

Solidago microglossa is popularly known in Brazil as “arnica,” “arnica-do-mato,” “arnica-silvestre,” “erva-federal,” “arnica-vulgar,” “erva-lanceta,” and “rabo-de-rojão” [66]. It is usually confused with Arnica montana L., a native of the mountainous regions of Europe, due to the similarity in their medicinal flowers and having the same color (yellow), S. microglossa is not cultivated in Brazil due to it low adaptation to the tropical conditions [66]. In our study, S. microglossa was indicated for treatment of 15 different diseases corresponding to 8 classes of CID, 10th ed. and had a total of 49 citations. The key citations for this plant were its use in wound healing and blood cleansing. Other popular indications found in this study were similar to those previously reported, especially its use in the treatment of wounds, acne, bruises, and stomach-related ailments [67].

Several classes of compounds and metabolites have been isolated from S. microglossa, especially phenols, acetophenones, carotenoids, lactones (helenalin and dihydro-helenalin) [68, 69], flavonoids [70, 71] saponins [72], and polyacetylenes [70]. The cicatrizant activity of the plant’s extract has been confirmed experimentally [73]. Although not mentioned directly by respondents in this study, some lines of evidence suggest important antibiotic activity with the use of S. microglossa, which can justify its indication for uterine inflammation. Morel et al. [74] showed that the essential oil of S. microglossa and three of its components (quercetrin, α-espinasterol, and solidagenone) are capable of significantly inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella setubal, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans [74]. In addition, cicatrizant activity was observed with the administration of the plant’s extract [73]. Its use in ameliorating renal ailments, blood cleansing, and hypotensive and antiparasitic activities may be associated with the presence in high concentrations of tannins [75, 76] and flavonoids in this species [76–79]. Its indication for muscle relaxation may also derive from its antispasmodic effect [80]. Further studies are warranted in these regards.

Other pharmacological properties not mentioned here, but have been established in preclinical studies, include hypoglycemic effect [81] and antitumor activity. In fact, the latter effect has attracted intense interest in the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents. The extract of S. microglossa demonstrated antiproliferative effect (but not mutagenic) against young shoot cells of onion (Allium cepa) strain [82]. Some of these activities may be related to the presence of secondary metabolites such as helenalin [83].

Although Strychnos pseudoquina is referred to locally as “quinas”, similar to the local name used for species such as Cinchona sp. (source of quinine), it has been shown to be inactive against Plasmodium berghei [84] contrary to its popular use in folk medicine elsewhere [84]. Theoretically, some of the indications may result from the classification bias in the community due to an erroneous popular cultural belief that plants referred to as “quinas” are useful for “anemic” patients infected with malaria parasite. This perhaps helps to explain why the highest indication for this plant in our study was to treat anemia.

Among the components isolated from S. pseudoquina metabolites are isoramnetin, strychnobiflavone, and 11-diaboline metoxidiaboline [85]. Silva et al. [86] demonstrated the gastroprotective effect of S. pseudoquina in models of gastric lesions induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and some necrotizing agents, thus confirming its indication for gastric ulcer and stomach disorders as noted in this present study. On the other hand, its indication in wound healing has not been experimentally confirmed at least in the diabetic wound model in rats [87] or in local hemorrhage induced by Bothrops jararaca venom [88]. Other medicinal uses indicated like “blood depurative” and analgesic effect may be subject of future investigation as a potential agent with antinociceptive and metabolic disorders ameliorating effects. Regarding its toxicity, Santos et al. [81] showed that only the methanol extract (but not dichloromethane) from the leaves of S. pseudoquina have mutagenic effect in Salmonella strains TA98 (−S9) and TA100 (+ S9, −S9) and that it induces formation of micronuclei after acute treatment [81].

Dorstenia brasiliensis, known as “Carapiá” is a perennial herb of the early geological point of view, typical of the fields in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina [89, 90]. Phytochemical analysis of roots of D. brasiliensis indicated the presence of dorstenic acid A and B (triterpenoids), isopimarane-type diterpenoid, and six different types of coumarins. The two triterpenoids showed moderate cytotoxicity against leukemia cells (L-1210 and HL-60) [91]. Furthermore, some authors have suggested that its use in cutaneow disease (such as psoriases and vitiligo) may be associated with the presence of furanocoumarins in the species of Dorstenia [92]. Bartericin A and B, stigmasterol, isobavachalcone, 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, dorsmanin F, 6,8-diprenyleridictyol, quercetin, quercitrin, amentoflavone [93], psoralen, bergapten (from rhizome), and umbelliferone [94] are some of the compounds isolated this medicinal plant.

Some few pharmacological studies have demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of D. brasiliensis in animal models [95]. These data corroborated the popular use of D. brasiliensis as an analgesic. There is dearth of information confirming its use in the popular medicine use as an anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, D. brasiliensis may possesses some biologically active compounds similar to other Dorstenia species from the same genus and may thus share similar pharmacological profile. The following compounds and pharmacological activities have been reported in other Dorstenia species: chalcones (D. prorepens and D. zenkeri) [96], furocoumarins (D. bahiensis and D. bryoniifolia), triterpenes (D. bahiensis, D. bryoniifolia, D. carauntae, D. cayapiaa, and D. heringerii) [97]. This is a point to be noted for future research. Some authors have investigated its potential use as antivenom, antiinfective, anti-rheumatic [96, 97] while others established its antitrichomonal [93], antitussive [98], antioxidant [93, 99] and antileishmanial [100] activities.

Scoparia dulcis, popularly known as “vassourinha”, grows wild in backyards, gardens, and fields in Brazil. Phytochemical studies have identified the presence of more than 12 interesting pharmacologically active compounds in this species, namely, scoparic acid A [101], iso-dulcinol, 4-epi-scopadulcic acid B, dulcidiol, scopanolal, dulcinol/scopadulciol, scopadiol [102], scoparinol [103], scopadulcic acid B [104–106], glutinol [107] and scopadulin [105]. Scopadulcic acid B inhibited the effects of tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in vitro and in vivo, and also suppressed the promoting effect of TPA on skin tumor formation, demonstrating stronger effect than antitumor-promoting terpenoids, such as glycyrrhetinic acid [104]. In fact, its cytotoxicity has been investigated against antitumor activity [102] and nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth and neurodegenerative disorders [103, 108].

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts of S. dulcis and glutinol have been demonstrated in writhing induced by acetic acid and carrageenan-induced paw edema, respectively [107]. However, S. dulcis extracts were ineffective in the central pain models (tail flick) and paw edema induced by dextran. Another secondary metabolite, scoparinol, also showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity [109]. In regard to its toxicological effects, it is worthwhile to mention that glutinol and scoparinol markedly potentiated pentobarbital-induced sedation and duration of sleeping time in these two studies mentioned above.

In contrast to its toxicity, S. dulcis seems to possess potential hepatoprotective activity in different models, which have been attributed to its free-radical scavenging potential activities [110–113]. Corroborating with antibiotic use for some infections (like gonorrhea), some authors have investigated inhibition of multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria, fungi [114, 115], leishmanial parasite [116], and herpes simplex virus type 1 growths [96].

Paradoxically, despite the low citation in gastric ulcer and diabetes treatments in this study, the antiulcer and antihyperglycemic activities of this species are well documented. Inhibitory activities of S. dulcis extracts was demonstrated in pylorus ligature model, histamine- or bethanechol-stimulated gastric secretion, and acute gastric lesions induced by indomethacin [117, 118]. S. dulcis was also demonstrated to inhibit both proton pump (H⁺, K⁺-ATPase) and proton transport into gastric vesicles [105]. In regard to its antihyperglycemic effect, experimental evidences demonstrated that S. dulcis extracts reduced blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, prevented decrease in the body weight, and improved glucose tolerance similarly with glibenclamide [119]. Even in the insulin resistance stage, S. dulcis-treated L6 myotubes were found to be more capable of stimulating glucose transport than insulin treatment [120]. In addition, scoparic acid D was able to stimulate insulin secretion and receptor binding in streptozotoci- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats [121].

Luehea divaricata is a native tree of the Brazilian Cerrado popularly known as “açoita-cavalo”. Just as popularly indicated, some studies have reported the following pharmacological activities of L. divaricata: the leaves as used as diuretic, the stems as anti-inflammatory, the bark and aerial parts are used for healing skin wounds, pimples, and for vaginal washes [122, 123].

Phytochemical screening of L. divaricata reported the presence of flavonoids, tannins and saponins and afforded the presence of 3b-p-hydroxybenzoyl-tormentic acid [124], maslinic acid [122], vitexin and glucopyranosylsitosterol, and (−)-epicatechin [123].

The presence of flavonoids and metabolites such as the vitexin [125, 126] and maslinic acid [127, 128] may be associated with the popular indication of its anti-inflammatory properties formation of urate (18) and antitumor (4). Extracts of L. divaricata has been shown to have antioxidant activity and analgesic property [129], lack toxicity in vivo [130], or mutagenicity [131]. Its extract also showed cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines [123]. Due to the high level of citation for the treatment of urate aleviation (18), we believe that its antigout or uricosuric activity may be an important target of pharmacological interest. Another indication prominently cited by the respondents is the use of L. divaricata in the treatment of lung diseases and upper airway. However, there is no scientific evidence on its regulatory activity on cough, while its antibiotic properties also vary. Some authors have demonstrated its inhibitory effect on the growth of dermatophytes [132] but not in other fungi species [123, 129]. In addition, the extract of L. divaricata was shown to strongly inhibit the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermitis, K. pneumonia, and E. coli in a study [129] but showed only moderately in another study elsewhere [123].

It is worth mentioning that although Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil. had low relative importance value, all the same, it is among the three plants with the highest informant consesus factor in addition to being a native plant in the region. The other two (S. dulcis and S. microglossa) have been discussed previously.

L. pacari popularly called “mangava-brava”, belongs to the family Lythraceae, is a tree native to the Brazilian Cerrado [133]. It is commonly used for gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, diarrhea, and kidney problems. In our study, it was referenced for the treatment of seven disorders distributed into five classes of CID, 10th ed. Preliminary phytochemical studies of methanol extract of the stem bark of L. pacari revealed the presence of free steroids, saponins, tannins catechins, pyrogalic tannins (in particular, ellagic acid), triterpenoids, simple phenols, strong and weak fixed acids, alkali, and quaternary amino acids [134–136]. Acute toxicity studies or subchronic oral administration of extracts of L. pacari did not indicate any harmful effects [137]. However, it is also indicated for its adverse reactions and used as an abortifacient, diarrheic, weight loss, and tachycardia. Among the 42 citations for L. pacari, 29 were for the treatment of ulcer, and four and two for gastritis and stomach, respectively. These indications have been confirmed with the use of methanol crude extract of L. pacari and its major active components, ellagic acid, in different experimental ulcer models [138–143]. In addition, the antiulcer activity of the methanol extract (capsules) of L. pacari was confirmed in the clinical trial with 55 patients with dyspepsia [144].

We did not encounter any studies concerning its activities in wound healing, antidiarrheal or alleviation of kidney disorders. This phenomenon of plant selection by local people for certain indications may be, for instance, to consolidate best practice of the medicinal properties of the plants at the expense of using other plants substitute for these indications. In fact, the broad community access to Amazon or Pantanal biome, and the close relationship with the indigenous native populations, promotes a variety of possibilities of ethnobotanical indications. Examples of other popular uses of L. pacari that have been experimentally confirmed includes weight loss [145], anorectic effect [142], antipyretic activity [146], anti-inflammatory [147], antiallergic [148], and analgesic property [149].

It is also worth mentioning other studies focused on the medicinal uses of L. pacari, including its potent antifungal activity [150], have demonstrated that the main compound responsible is found in the methanol extract of this plant. A patent application of lotion with the infusion prepared from the leaves of L. pacari, as a component of the formulation was also solicited [151]. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no available literature concerning its claims as wound healing, antidiarrheal, or in kidney disorders.

5. Conclusions

The present study identified the several plant species and their medicinal uses in NSACD highlighting significant cultural diversity in the Pantanal region. In fact, one of the important components of this community is the contribution of Amerindian culture, which highlights its importance in the identification of indigenous popular knowledge relevance in the identification of native popular knowledge.

Analytically, the data were categorized according to the highest values of relative importance and consensus among informants, ensuring the best evidence for ethnobotanical bioprospecting of medicinal plants. Thus, we identified seven native species with the highest relative importance, which are H. obovatus, H. sabdariffa, S. microglossa, S. pseudoquina and D.brasiliensis, S. dulcis, and L. divaricata including L. pacari. The three plants with the highest value of consensus among informants were S. dulcis, S. microglossa, and L. pacari.

The preservation of local culture, the practice of traditional medicinal plant species themselves represent important strategies for sustenance of popular knowledge of CAM in the local systems of health care and environmental education. Moreover, ethnobotanical and pharmacological studies provide information essential for guidance in bioprospecting for new drugs of plant origin in the consolidation of therapeutic practices of the community.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all the informants and staffs of Family Health Programme of NSACD, for the assistance and contributions made throughout ethnobotanical fieldwork, FAPEMAT and CNPq for granting scholarships, researcher, Dr. Rosilene Rodrigues Silva, UFMT Herbarium and Vali Joana Pott (MSc.) of CGMS Herbarium of Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, for technical assistance in identification of plant species, National Institute for Science and Technology in Wetlands (INAU), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq/MCT, and Pantanal Research Center (CPP) for funding the research work.

References

OMS, Organización Mundial DE La Salud. Estrategia de la OMS sobre medicina tradicional 2002–2005, OMS, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.

Brasil, “Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 971. Aprova a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares no SUS,” Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, Brasília, DF, 2006

U. Cakilcioglu and I. Turkoglu, “An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 165–175, 2010.

Brasil, “Flora, vegetação, etnobotânica-conservação de recursos vegetais no pantanal,” Cuiabá, 2006

Mato Grosso, “Plano plurianual 2004–2007 do Governo do Estado,” Projeto de lei. Seplan, MT. 2005

M. C. M. Amorozo, “Uso e diversidade de plantas medicinais em Santo Antônio do Leverger, MT,” Acta Botanica Brasílica, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 189–203, 2002.

G. Guarim Neto, “O saber tradicional pantaneiro: as plantas medicinais e a Educação Ambiental,” REMEA. Julho a dezembro, FURG/PPGEA. 2006

A. C. D. Diegues, O Mito Moderno da Natureza Intocada, Hucitec, São Paulo, Brazil, 1998.

Poconé, “Plano Municipal de Saúde de Poconé. Prefeitura Muncipal de Poconé. Secretaria municipal de Saúde,” Poconé – MT, 2010

R. L. Scheaffer, W. Mendnhall, and L. Ott, Elementos de Muestreo, Editora Iberoamericana, México, 1987.

H. Bolfarine and W. O. Bussab, Elementos de amostragem, Edgar Blucher, São Paulo, Brazil, 2005.

Brasil, “Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio,” Sistema Aliceweb: informações sobre o comércio exterior brasileiro. Brasília, 2007

P. S. Levy and S. Lemeshow, Sampling of populations. Methods and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2008.

M. Pio Correa, “Dicionário das plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas,” Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal, IBDF, Rio de Janeiro, 6 v.il. 1926–1969

A. C. Diegues, “Etnoconservação na natureza: enfoques alternativos,” in Etnoconservação, novos rumos para a conservação da natureza nos trópicos, A. C. Diegues, Ed., pp. 1–46, Hucitec Nupaub-USP, São Paulo, Brazil, 2000.

A. M. Borba and M. Macedo, “Medicinal plants used for oral health in the Santa Cruz neighborhood, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, Brazil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 771–782, 2006.

M. C. Pasa, J. J. Soares, and G. Guarim Neto, “Estudo etnobotânico na comunidade de Conceição-Açu (alto da bacia do rio Aricá Açu, MT, Brasil),” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 195–207, 2004.

M. G. De La Cruz, Plantas Medicinais de Mato Grosso-A Farmacopéia Popular dos Raizeiros, Ed. Carlini e Caniato Editorial, 2008.

V. J. Pott and A. Pott, Plantas do Pantanal, EMBRAPA-CPAP, Brasília, Brazil, 1994.

A. Cronquist, The evolution classification of flowering plants, The New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1988.

Missouri Botanical Garden - MOBOT, April 2010, http://www.tropicos.org/

B. C. Bennett and G. T. Prance, “Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of northern South America,” Economic Botany, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 90–102, 2000.

G. L. de Oliveira, A. F. M. de Oliveira, and L. H. C. Andrade, “Medicinal plants used in the urban community of Muribeca, Northeast Brazil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 571–577, 2010.

Brasil, “Classificação Internacional de Doenças e de Problemas Relacionados a Saúde,” Décima Revisão – CID-10, DATASUS. 2008

D. M. Eisenberg, R. B. Davis, S. L. Ettner et al., “Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 280, no. 18, pp. 1569–1575, 1998.

G. A. Taddei-Bringas, M. A. Santillana-Macedo, J. A. Romero-Cancio, and M. B. Romero-Téllez, “Acceptance and use of therapeutic medical plants in family medical care,” Salud Publica de Mexico, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 216–220, 1999.

T. H. Bekalo, S. D. Woodmatas, and Z. A. Woldemariam, “An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people in the lowlands of Konta Special Woreda, southern nations, nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 5, article no. 26, 2009.

I. G. C. Bieski, Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde da Região Sul de Cuiabá-MT, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cuiabá-MT, Lavras Minas Gerais – Brazil, 2005.

G. S. Vendruscolo and L. A. Mentz, “Study of use citations agreement and importance of medicinal used species and families to the community of Ponta Grossa neighborhood, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 367–382, 2006.

E. B. Santos, G. S. Dantas, H. B. Santos, M. F. F. Melo Diniz, and F. C. Sampaio, “Etnobotanical studies of medicinal plants for oral conditions in the municipality of João Pessoa, Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 19, no. 1B, pp. 321–324, 2009.

B. Upadhyay, Parveen, A. K. Dhaker, and A. Kumar, “Ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmaco-statistical studies of Eastern Rajasthan, India,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 64–86, 2010.

D. J. Simbo, “An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 6, article no. 8, 2010.

R. M. Polhill, “Papilionoideae,” in Advances in Legume Systematics I, R. M. Polhill and P. H. Raven, Eds., pp. 191–208, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1981.

G. Lewis, B. Schrire, B. MacKinder, and M. Lock, Eds., Legumes of the World, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK, 2005.

M. A. C. Pilla, M. C. D. M. Amorozo, and A. Furlan, “Acquisition and use of medicinal plants in Martim Francisco district, Mogi Mirim Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 789–802, 2006.

U. P. Albuquerque, et al., “Evaluating two quantitative ethnobotanical Techniques,” Ethnobotany Research and Applications, vol. 4, pp. 051–060, 2006.

S. Akerreta, R. Y. Cavero, V. López, and M. I. Calvo, “Analyzing factors that influence the folk use and phytonomy of 18 medicinal plants in Navarra,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 3, article no. 16, 2007.

M. L. De Mesquita, J. Desrivot, C. Bories et al., “Antileishmanial and trypanocidal activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 783–787, 2005.

G. T. Tan, S. Lee, I. S. Lee et al., “Natural-product inhibitors of human DNA ligase I,” Biochemical Journal, vol. 314, no. 3, pp. 993–1000, 1996.

A. J. Vlietinck, T. De Bruyne, S. Apers, and L. A. Pieters, “Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection,” Planta Medica, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 97–109, 1998.

B. H. Ali, N. Al Wabel, and G. Blunden, “Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: a review,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 369–375, 2005.

V. Hirunpanich, A. Utaipat, N. P. Morales et al., “Antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from dried calyx of hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (roselle) in vitro using rat low-density lipoprotein (LDL),” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 481–484, 2005.

O. Carvajal-Zarrabal, S. M. Waliszewski, D. M. Barradas-Dermitz et al., “The consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa dried calyx ethanolic extract reduced lipid profile in rats,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 153–159, 2005.

R. S. Crawford, E. A. Kirk, M. E. Rosenfeld, R. C. LeBoeuf, and A. Chait, “Dietary antioxidants inhibit development of fatty streak lesions in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1506–1513, 1998.

E. B. Rimm and M. J. Stampfer, “Antioxidants for vascular disease,” Medical Clinics of North America, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 239–249, 2000.

D. X. Hou, X. Tong, N. Terahara, D. Luo, and M. Fujii, “Delphinidin 3-sambubioside, a Hibiscus anthocyanin, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway,” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 440, no. 1, pp. 101–109, 2005.

F. B. O. Mojiminiyi, M. Dikko, B. Y. Muhammad et al., “Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa,” Fitoterapia, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 292–297, 2007.

M. Haji Faraji and A. H. Haji Tarkhani, “The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 231–236, 1999.

A. Herrera-Arellano, S. Flores-Romero, M. A. Chávez-Soto, and J. Tortoriello, “Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial,” Phytomedicine, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 375–382, 2004.

M. Sarr, S. Ngom, M. O. Kane et al., “In vitro vasorelaxation mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa on rat thoracic aorta,” Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 6, article no. 45, 2009.

V. Prasongwatana, S. Woottisin, P. Sriboonlue, and V. Kukongviriyapan, “Uricosuric effect of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in normal and renal-stone former subjects,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 491–495, 2008.

A. A. Dafallah and Z. Al-Mustafa, “Investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of acacia nilotica and hibiscus sabdariffa,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 24, no. 3-4, pp. 263–269, 1996.

Beltran-Debon, et al., “The aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calices modulates the production of monocytechemo attractant protein-1 in humans,” Phytomedicine, vol. 17, pp. 186–191, 2010.

E.-S. Kao, J.-D. Hsu, C.-J. Wang, S.-H. Yang, S.-Y. Cheng, and H.-J. Lee, “Polyphenols extracted from hibiscus sabdariffa L. inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by improving antioxidative conditions and regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression,” Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 385–390, 2009.

O. Carvajal-Zarrabal, P. M. Hayward-Jones, Z. Orta-Flores et al., “Effect of hibiscus sabdariffa L. dried calyx ethanol extract on fat absorption-excretion, and body weight implication in rats,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2009, Article ID 394592, 5 pages, 2009.

B. H. Ali, H. M. Mousa, and S. El-Mougy, “The effect of a water extract and anthocyanins of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity in rats,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 56–59, 2003.

T. H. Tseng, E. S. Kao, C. Y. Chu, F. P. Chou, H. W. Lin Wu, and C. J. Wang, “Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. against oxidative stress in rat primary hepatocytes,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1159–1164, 1997.

J. Y. Liu, C. C. Chen, W. H. Wang, J. D. Hsu, M. Y. Yang, and C. J. Wang, “The protective effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 336–343, 2006.

Y. C. Chang, H. P. Huang, J. D. Hsu, S. F. Yang, and C. J. Wang, “Hibiscus anthocyanins rich extract-induced apoptotic cell death in human promyelocytic leukemia cells,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 205, no. 3, pp. 201–212, 2005.

H. H. Lin, J. H. Chen, W. H. Kuo, and C. J. Wang, “Chemopreventive properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on human gastric carcinoma cells through apoptosis induction and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling activation,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 59–75, 2007.

E. O. Farombi and A. Fakoya, “Free radical scavenging and antigenotoxic activities of natural phenolic compounds in dried flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa L,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 1120–1128, 2005.

T. O. Fakeye, A. Pal, D. U. Bawankule, and S. P. S. Khanuja, “Immunomodulatory effect of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (family malvaceae) in a mouse model,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 664–668, 2008.

M. Y. Yang, C. H. Peng, K. C. Chan, Y. I. S. Yang, C. N. Huang, and C. J. Wang, “The hypolipidemic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenols via inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting hepatic lipid clearance,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 850–859, 2010.

C. N. Huang, K. C. Chan, W. T. Lin, S. L. Su, C. J. Wang, and C. H. Peng, “Hibiscus sabdariffa inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration induced by high glucoses-A mechanism involves connective tissue growth factor signals,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 3073–3079, 2009.

R. Mohamed, J. Fernández, M. Pineda, and M. Aguilar, “Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed oil is a rich source of γ-tocopherol,” Journal of Food Science, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. S207–S211, 2007.

H. F. Lorenzi and F. J. A. Matos, Plantas Medicinais do Brasil, nativas e exóticas, Plantarum, São Paulo, Brazil, 1st edition, 2008.

H. Lorenzi, Plantas medicinais no Brasil: nativas e exóticas cultivadas, Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, Brazil, 2000.

A. D. Corrêa, R. Siqueira-Batista, and L. E. M. Quintas, Plantas Medicinais – do Cultivo à Terapêutica-Rio de Janeiro, Editora Vozes, 1998.

F. J. A. Matos, Plantas da medicina popular do Nordeste. Fortaleza, Edições UFC, 1999.

L. Tiansheng, M. A. Menelaou, D. Vargas, F. R. Fronczek, and N. H. Fischer, “Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis Phytochemistry,” The International Journal of Plant Biochemistry, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1483–1488, 1993.

G. Reznicek, J. Jurenitsch, M. Plasun et al., “Four major saponins from Solidago canadensis,” Phytochemistry, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1629–1633, 1991.

G. Reznicek, J. Jurenitsch, G. Michl, and E. Haslinger, “The first structurally confirmed saponin from solidago gigantea: structure elucidation by modern NMR techniques,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 30, no. 31, pp. 4097–4100, 1989.

M. A. F. Neto, D. J. Fagundes, M. E. Beletti, N. F. Novo, Y. Juliano, and N. Penha-Silva, “Systemic use of Solidago microglossa DC in the cicatrization of open cutaneous wounds in rats,” Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, vol. 21, pp. 204–210, 2004.

A. F. Morel, G. O. Dias, C. Porto, E. Simionatto, C. Z. Stuker, and I. I. Dalcol, “Antimicrobial activity of extractives of Solidago microglossa,” Fitoterapia, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 453–455, 2006.

H. Hoste, F. Jackson, S. Athanasiadou, S. M. Thamsborg, and S. O. Hoskin, “The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants,” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 253–261, 2006.

T. Yokozawa, T. Nakagawa, K. I. Lee, E. J. Cho, K. Terasawa, and S. Takeuchi, “Effects of green tea tannin on cisplatin-induced nephropathy in LLC-PK1 cells and rats,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1325–1331, 1999.

D. Grassi, G. Desideri, G. Croce, S. Tiberti, A. Aggio, and C. Ferri, “Flavonoids, vascular function and cardiovascular protection,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1072–1084, 2009.

Y. Huang, X. Q. Yao, S. Y. Tsang, C. W. Lau, and Z. Y. Chen, “Role of endothelium/nitric oxide in vascular response, to flavonoids and epicatechin,” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1119–1124, 2000.

C. O. Van Den Broucke and J. A. Lemli, “Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris,” Pharmaceutisch Weekblad - Scientific Edition, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 1983.

K. G. Kissmam and D. Groth, Plantas infestantes e nocivas, vol. 2, BASF, São Paulo, Brazil, 2nd edition, 1999.

F. V. Santos, I. M. S. Colus, M. A. Silva, W. Vilegas, and E. A. Varanda, “Assessment of DNA damage by extracts and fractions of Strychnos pseudoquina, a Brazilian medicinal plant with antiulcerogenic activity,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 1585–1589, 2006.

M. D. Bagatini, J. M. Fachinetto, A. C. F. Da Silva, and S. B. Tedesco, “Cytotoxic effects of infusions (tea) of Solidago microglossa DC. (Asteraceae) on the cell cycle of Allium cepa,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 19, no. 2B, pp. 632–636, 2009.

D. Boulanger, E. Brouillette, F. Jaspar et al., “Helenalin reduces Staphylococcus aureus infection in vitro and in vivo,” Veterinary Microbiology, vol. 119, no. 2–4, pp. 330–338, 2007.

V. F. Andrade-Neto, M. G. L. Brandão, J. R. Stehmann, L. A. Oliveira, and A. U. Krettli, “Antimalarial activity of Cinchona-like plants used to treat fever and malaria in Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 87, no. 2-3, pp. 253–256, 2003.

M. Nicoletti, M. O. F. Goulart, R. A. De Lima, A. E. Goulart, F. Delle Monache, and G. B. M. Bettolo, “Flavonoids and alkaloids from Strychnos pseudoquina,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 953–957, 1984.

M. Aparecido Da Silva, B. P. Murino Rafacho, C. A. Hiruma-Lima et al., “Evaluation of Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. leaves extract on gastrointestinal activity in mice,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 881–885, 2005.

A. C. Honorio-Franca, C. M. Marins, F. Boldrini, and E. L. Franca, “Evaluation of hypoglicemic activity and healing of extract from amongst bark of "Quina do Cerrado" (Strychnos pseudoquina ST. HILL),” Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, vol. 23, pp. 504–510, 2008.

C. M. Nishijima, C. M. Rodrigues, M. A. Silva, M. Lopes-Ferreira, W. Vilegas, and C. A. Hiruma-Lima, “Anti-hemorrhagic activity of four brazilian vegetable species against Bothrops jararaca venom,” Molecules, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1072–1080, 2009.

I. B. Noll, Isolamento, identificação e doseamento de furanocumarinas, M.S. thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 1984.

C. M. O. Simões, et al., Plantas da medicina popular do Rio Grande do Sul, Editora da Universidade, Porto Alegre, 1996.

T. Uchiyama, S. Hara, M. Makino, and Y. Fujimoto, “seco-adianane-type triterpenoids from Dorstenia brasiliensis (moraceae),” Phytochemistry, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 761–764, 2002.

C. A. L. Cardoso, W. Vilegas, A. Barison, and N. K. Honda, “Simultaneous determination of furanocoumarins in infusions and decoctions from "Carapiá" (Dorstenia species) by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1465–1469, 2002.

N. O. A. Omisore, C. O. Adewunmi, E. O. Iwalewa et al., “Antitrichomonal and antioxidant activities of Dorstenia barteri and Dorstenia convexa,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1087–1094, 2005.

C. M. Garcia, Estudo fitoquímico e atividade biológica de Pavonia distinguenda A.ST.- HILL. et NAUDIN E Dorstenia brasiliensis LAM, Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - RS, 2007.

B. M. Ruppelt, E. F. Pereira, L. C. Gonçalves, and N. A. Pereira, “Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom—I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities,” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 86, pp. 203–205, 1991.

B. M. Abegaz, B. T. Ngadjui, E. Dongo, B. Ngameni, M. N. Nindi, and M. Bezabih, “Chalcones and other constituents of Dorstenia prorepens and Dorstenia zenkeri,” Phytochemistry, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 877–883, 2002.

J. H. Y. Vilegas, F. M. Lanças, W. Vilegas, and G. L. Pozetti, “Further triterpenes, steroids and furocoumarins from Brazilian medicinal plants of Dorstenia genus (Moraceae),” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 529–535, 1997.

M. De Fátima Agra, P. F. De Freitas, and J. M. Barbosa-Filho, “Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 114–140, 2007.

L. Balestrin, J. F. Gaspari Dias, O. G. Miguel, D. S. G. Dall'Stella, and M. D. Miguel, “Contribution to the phytochemical study of Dorstenia multiformis Miquel (Moraceae) with approach in antioxidant activity,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 230–235, 2008.

M. M. Iwu, J. E. Jackson, J. D. Tally, and D. L. Klayman, “Evaluation of plant extracts for antileishmanial activity using a mechanism-based radiorespirometric microtechnique (RAM),” Planta Medica, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 436–441, 1992.

M. Kawasaki, T. Hayashi, M. Arisawa et al., “Structure of scoparic acid A, a new labdane-type diterpenoid from A Paraguayan crude drug 'Typycha Kuratu' (Scoparia Dulcis L.),” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3963–3966, 1987.

M. Ahsan, S. K. N. Islam, A. I. Gray, and W. H. Stimson, “Cytotoxic diterpenes from Scoparia dulcis,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 958–961, 2003.

Y. Li, X. Chen, M. Satake, Y. Oshima, and Y. Ohizumi, “Acetylated flavonoid glycosides potentiating NGF action from Scoparia dulcis,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 725–727, 2004.

H. Nishino, T. Hayashi, M. Arisawa, Y. Satomi, and A. Iwashima, “Antitumor-promoting activity of scopadulcic acid B, isolated from the medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L,” Oncology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 100–103, 1993.

T. Hayashi, K. Okamura, M. Kakemi et al., “Scopadulcic acid B, a new tetracyclic diterpenoid from Scoparia dulcis L. Its structure, H+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2740–2745, 1990.

K. Hayashi, S. Niwayama, T. Hayashi, R. Nago, H. Ochiai, and N. Morita, “In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1,” Antiviral Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 345–354, 1988.

S. M. Freire, L. M. Torres, N. F. Roque, C. Souccar, and A. J. Lapa, “Analgesic activity of a triterpene isolated from Scoparia dulcis L. (Vassourinha),” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 86, pp. 149–151, 1991.

Y. Li and Y. Ohizumi, “Search for constituents with neurotrophic factor-potentiating activity from the medicinal plants of Paraguay and Thailand,” Yakugaku Zasshi, vol. 124, no. 7, pp. 417–424, 2004.

M. Ahmed, H. A. Shikha, S. K. Sadhu, M. T. Rahman, and B. K. Datta, “Analgesic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory principle from Scoparia dulcis,” Pharmazie, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 657–660, 2001.

M. Babincová and P. Sourivong, “Free radical scavenging activity of Scoparia dulcis extract,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 179–181, 2001.

T. K. Praveen, S. Dharmaraj, J. Bajaj et al., “Hepatoprotective activity of petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and methanol extract of Scoparia dulcis L. against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 110–114, 2009.

W. D. Ratnasooriya, J. R. A. C. Jayakody, G. A. S. Premakumara, and E. R. H. S. S. Ediriweera, “Antioxidant activity of water extract of Scoparia dulcis,” Fitoterapia, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 220–222, 2005.

J. C. Tsai, W. H. Peng, T. H. Chiu et al., “Hepatoprotective effect of scoparia dulcis on carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in mice,” American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 761–775, 2010.

M. Latha, K. M. Ramkumar, L. Pari, P. N. Damodaran, V. Rajeshkannan, and T. Suresh, “Phytochemical and antimicrobial study of an antidiabetic plant: Scoparia dulcis L,” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 391–394, 2006.

M. G. Phan, T. S. Phan, K. Matsunami, and H. Otsuka, “Chemical and biological evaluation on scopadulane-type diterpenoids from Scoparia dulcis of Vietnamese origin,” Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 546–549, 2006.

M. S. Gachet, J. S. Lecaro, M. Kaiser et al., “Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 184–197, 2010.

M. Babincová, K. Schronerová, and P. Sourivong, “Antiulcer activity of water extract of Scoparia dulcis,” Fitoterapia, vol. 79, no. 7-8, pp. 587–588, 2008.

S. Mesía-Vela, M. Bielavsky, L. M. B. Torres et al., “In vivo inhibition of gastric acid secretion by the aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis L. in rodents,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 403–408, 2007.

L. Pari and S. Venkateswaran, “Hypoglycaemic activity of Scopariadulcis L. extract in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 16, pp. 662–664, 2002.

J. E. Beh, J. Latip, M. P. Abdullah, A. Ismail, and M. Hamid, “Scoparia dulcis (SDF7) endowed with glucose uptake properties on L6 myotubes compared insulin,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 23–33, 2010.

L. Pari, M. Latha, and C. A. Rao, “Effect of Scoparia dulcis extract on insulin receptors in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: Studies on insulin binding to erythrocytes,” Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 223–240, 2004.

H. Lorenzi, Árvores brasileiras: Manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil, vol. 1, Plantarum, Nova Odessa, Brazil, 2nd edition, 1998.

J. C. A. Tanaka, C. C. Da Silva, B. P. Dias Filho, C. V. Nakamura, J. E. De Carvalho, and M. A. Foglio, “Chemical constituents of Luehea divaricata Mart. (Tiliaceae),” Quimica Nova, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 834–837, 2005.

G. M. Barroso, Sistemática de angiospermas do Brasil, vol. 1, EDUSP, São Paulo, Brazil, 1978.

H. J. Choi, J. S. Eun, B. G. Kim, S. Y. Kim, H. Jeon, and Y. Soh, “Vitexin, an HIF-1α inhibitor, has anti-metastatic potential in PC12 cells,” Molecules and Cells, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 291–299, 2006.

J. H. Kim, B. C. Lee, J. H. Kim et al., “The isolation and antioxidative effects of vitexin from Acer palmatum,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 195–202, 2005.

Y. W. Hsum, W. T. Yew, P. L. V. Hong et al., “Cancer chemopreventive activity of maslinic acid: suppression of COX-2 expression and inhibition of NF-KB and AP-1 activation in raji cells,” Planta Medica, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 152–157, 2011.

C. Li, Z. Yang, C. Zhai et al., “Maslinic acid potentiates the anti-tumor activity of tumor necrosis factor α by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway,” Molecular Cancer, vol. 9, article no. 73, 2010.

J. B. Müller, C. S. Ceron, V. T. Kuntz, and P. Pozzatti, “Avaliação da Suscetibilidade Antifúngica e Antibacteriana do Extrato Bruto e Frações das Folhas de Luehea divaricata Martius,” in Anais da 58ª Reunião Anual da SBPC, Florianópolis, Brazil, 2006.

A. E. Bighetti, M. A. Antônio, A. Possent, M. A. Foglio, M. G. Siqueira, and J. E. Carvalho, “Efeitos da administração aguda e subcrônica da Luehea divaricata Martus et Zuccarini,” Lecta, vol. 22, no. 1/2, pp. 53–58, 2004.

L. P. Felício, E. M. Silva, V. Ribeiro et al., “Mutagenic potential and modulatory effects of the medicinal plant Luehea divaricata (Malvaceae) in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster: SMART/wing,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 16–24, 2011.

S. Zacchino, C. Santecchia, S. Lopez, et al., “In vitro antifungal evaluation and studies on mode of action of eight selected species from the Argentina flora,” Phytomedicine, vol. 5, pp. 389–395, 1998.

R. C. Mendonça, J. M. Felfili, B. M. T. Walter, et al., “Flora vascular do cerrado,” in Cerrado: ambiente e flora, S. M. Sano and S. P. Almeida, Eds., pp. 289–556, Planaltina, 1998.

S. Solon, L. Lopes, P. T. Sousa-Júnior, and G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, “Free radical scavening activity of Lafoensia pacari,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 72, pp. 173–178, 2000.

A. P. Rogerio, C. Fontanari, M. C. C. Melo et al., “Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-oedematous effects of Lafoensia pacari extract and ellagic acid,” Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1265–1273, 2006.

A. P. Rogerio, C. Fontanari, É. Borducchi et al., “Anti-inflammatory effects of Lafoensia pacari and ellagic acid in a murine model of asthma,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 580, no. 1-2, pp. 262–270, 2008.

M. P. Porto, et al., “Avaliação tóxico-genética do extrato de Lafoensia pacari em células somáticas de Drosophila melanogaste,” in Resumos do 54 Congresso Brasileiro de Genética,, 2008.

S. Murakami, Y. Isobe, H. Higima, H. Nagai, M. Muramatu, and S. Otomo, “Inibition of gastric H+K+ ATPase and acid secretion by ellagic acid,” Planta Medica, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 305–308, 1991.

P. I. Akubue and S. J. Stohs, “Endrin-induced production of nitric oxide by rat peritoneal macrophages,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 62, no. 2-3, pp. 311–316, 1992.

L. Ramanathan and N. P. Das, “Inhibitory effects of some natural products on metal-induced lipid oxidation in cooked fish,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 1992.

N. T. Sartori and D. T. O. Martins, “Screening’ farmacológico de plantas popularmente utilizadas como antiúlceras em Mato Gross,” in Simpósio de plantas medicinais do Brasil, p. 105, Florianópolis, bRAZIL, 1996.

P. Tamashiro Filho, Avaliação da atividade antiúlcera do extrato bruto metanólico de Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. (mangava brava), M.S. thesis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil, 1999.

A. M. S. S. Beserra, Avaliação da atividade gastroprotetora do ácido elágico em modelos animais, M.S. thesis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil, 2008.

V. Da Mota Menezes, A. N. Atallah, A. J. Lapa, and W. R. Catapani, “Assessing the therapeutic use of Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. extract (Mangava-Brava) in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: double-blind randomized clinical trial,” Helicobacter, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 188–195, 2006.

V. M. Tonello, Estrutura de populações de Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. e dados etnobotânicos e fenológicos em Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso, M.S. thesis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil, 1997.

D. A. Albuquerque and L. Lopes, “Modulation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity by Lafoensia pacari St. Hil.,” Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico, vol. 2, no. 138, p. 120, 1999.

A. P. Rogério, Estudo da atividade antiinflamatória do extrato etanólico de Lafoensia pacari Jaume St. Hilaire (Lythraceae), M.S. thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2002.

A. P. Rogerio, A. Sá-Nunes, and L. H. Faccioli, “The activity of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites on eosinophilic inflammation,” Pharmacological Research, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 298–307, 2010.

M. V. M. Nascimento, P. M. Galdino, I. F. Florentino et al., “Antinociceptive effect of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. independent of anti-inflammatory activity of ellagic acid,” Journal of Natural Medicines, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 448–454, 2011.

I. F. Silva Junior, et al., “Avaliação da atividade antifúngica e modo de ação dos extratos da entrecasca, frações e ácido elágico de Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Lythraceae,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 422–428, 2010.

S.-C. F. A. Silva, “Loção para tratamento capilar e respectivo processo de preparação,” Nº do Pedido: PI9903518-9 A2. Classiicação A61K 7/06. Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, 1996