Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 617918, 9 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/617918

Research Article

Use of Chinese Medicine and Subsequent Surgery in Women with Uterine Fibroid: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Shan-Yu Su,1,2 Chih-Hsin Muo,3,4 and Donald E. Morisky⁵

¹Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan

²School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan

³Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan

⁴Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan

⁵Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA

Received 18 June 2012; Revised 1 September 2012; Accepted 3 September 2012

Academic Editor: Tat leang Lee

Copyright © 2012 Shan-Yu Su et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Chinese medicine (CM) has been used to relieve symptoms relevant to uterine fibroids. Objective. This study investigated the association between the use of CM and the incidence of uterine surgery in women with uterine fibroids. Subjects and Methods. This retrospective cohort study extracted records for 16,690 subjects diagnosed with a uterine fibroid between 2000 and 2003 from the National Health Insurance reimbursement database. The risk factors for surgery were examined via Cox proportional hazard analysis, and the difference in incidence of surgery between CM users and nonusers was compared using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) derived from Poisson's models. Results. After an average follow-up period of 4.5 years, the cumulative incidence of uterine surgery was significantly lower in CM users than CM nonusers (). Compared to CM nonusers, CM users were more unlikely to undergo uterine surgery (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.17, 0.19). The incidence of surgery in CM users was dramatically different from that for CM nonusers (IRR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.18). Conclusion. The risk of uterine surgery among fibroid patients who used CM was significantly decreased, implying an effective treatment of fibroid-related symptoms provided by CM.

1. Introduction

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyoma, are the most commonly occurring benign tumors of the female reproductive system, with a cumulative incidence of more than 60% in women over the age of 45 years [1]. They are the leading indication for hysterectomy all over the world and are associated with a substantial economic impact on health care systems, including associated costs of $4–9 billion per year in the United States alone [2]. These tumors grow frequently in women of reproductive age, regressing after menopause [3], and can cause various symptoms including infertility, pregnancy complications [4], pelvic pain [5], and abnormal or heavy bleeding that can lead to anemia [6].

Surgery has traditionally been the gold standard for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Hysterectomy is indicated in women who have completed childbearing, particularly in those who are expected to go into menopause soon, while myomectomy is indicated in women who wish to preserve their fertility [7]. For asymptomatic patients, on the other hand, serial followups (without surgery) to monitor the size of the tumor and check for related symptoms are advisable [8]. Surgery is an invasive treatment that can cause even more severe complications than a fibroid itself. Potential short-term complications of surgery include febrile morbidity, blood loss, and organ injuries [9], while possible long-term complications, such as fistula formation, adhesion, and sexual dysfunctions [10], can last for many years, even beyond menopause, when a uterine leiomyoma is no longer a threat to health [3]. Consequently, alternative treatments to surgery for the management of fibroid-related symptoms have been sought and evaluated for years to minimize surgery in patients [11].

In Asian countries, Chinese medicine (CM) is one of the most commonly used complementary alternative medicines and has been reported to be used more by females than by males around the world [12–16]. In Taiwan, CM has been covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI) system since 1995 [17, 18]. According to the NHI database, diseases of the female reproductive system, including menstruation disorders, abnormal bleeding, and noninflammatory disorders of female genital organs, are on the list of the top twenty most common diseases for which patients utilize CM [19]. The high utilization rate of CM for these symptoms, all of which are potentially related to uterine fibroids, implies the possibility that CM might treat those symptoms and, in turn, reduce surgery among patients with uterine fibroids.

This population-based retrospective cohort study used a national insurance reimbursement database to investigate the association between the use of CM and the incidence of uterine surgery in women with uterine fibroids. The results provide population-based evidence for the benefit of CM in women with uterine fibroids.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Subjects

This study used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 (LHID2000), which is a part of the National Health Insurance Research Database set up by Taiwan’s National Health Research Institutes. This database contains chronological information on one million randomly selected individuals who were beneficiaries from 1996 to 2000. There are no differences in gender and age between the beneficiaries in the LHID2000 and the beneficiaries in the entire NHI database. The beneficiary information includes gender, birth date, income, occupation status, area of registration, all medical claims for inpatient and outpatient care, the dates of visits, and up to three diagnostic codes in the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) of these beneficiaries from 1996 to 2009.

A total of 16,848 women were diagnosed with uterine fibroid (ICD-9-CM 218) from 2000 to 2003 in outpatient visits. The diagnosis date was used as the entry date and surgery was defined as the outcome. There were 158 women who were excluded because they had undergone uterine surgery before the entry date. The remaining 16,690 women were selected as research subjects and divided into CM users and CM nonusers according to their use (or nonuse) of orally administered CM between the entry date and endpoint date. The endpoint date was defined as the date of surgery, death, withdrawal from the insurance program, or December 31, 2009.

The examined variables were sociodemographic factors, including age (<20, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, and ≥50 years), income level (<564.3, 564.3–656.5, 656.6–779.6, and ≥779.7 US$ per month based on quartile), occupation status (white collar, blue collar, and others), and registered location (northern, central, southern, eastern, and island), and fibroid-related comorbidities, including excessive menstruation (ICD-9-CM 626.2), iron-deficiency anemia (ICD-9-CM 280), dysmenorrhea (ICD-9-CM 625.3), and infertility (ICD-9-CM 628 and 628.3).

2.2. Statistical Analysis

The chi-square test and -test were used to assess differences for categorical and continuous variables between CM users and CM nonusers, respectively. Cox proportional regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for undergoing surgery. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the cumulative incidence, and the log-rank test was used to test the difference in cumulative rates between CM users and nonusers. Adjusted models were controlled for age, occupation, area, excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea. The incidence rate (IR) for surgery (per 1000 person-years) was also calculated. The association between the use of CM and uterine surgery was estimated by using the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and the corresponding 95% CI by Poissons distribution model. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software, version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Carey, NC), and the significance level was set at a two-tailed value of less than 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of CM Users and CM Nonusers in Fibroid Patients

Among the 16,690 females with a uterine fibroid diagnosis from 2000 to 2003, 12,238 (73.3%) used CM between the diagnosis and endpoint date. The mean age of CM users (41.6 years) was lower than that of CM nonusers (42.9 years). Significantly, the proportion of patients among CM users who were young (under 40), white collar, and registered their insurance in Central Taiwan was higher than that among CM nonusers. In terms of comorbidity, CM users were more likely to have fibroid-related comorbidities, including excessive menstruation, anemia, and dysmenorrhea (Table 1).

Table 1: Comparison of socio-demographic factors and co-morbidities between Chinese medicine (CM) users and nonusers in patients with uterine fibroids.

CM Nonusers

CM Users

Total

valuea

%

%

%

Age, years

<0.0001

    <20
18
0.40
110
0.90
128
0.77

    20–29
268
6.02
1151
9.41
1419
8.50

    30–39
1120
25.2
3603
29.4
4723
28.3

    40–49
2394
53.8
5643
46.1
8037
48.2

    ≥50
652
14.7
1731
14.1
2383
14.3

    Mean ± SD
42.9 ± 8.20
41.6 ± 8.84
41.9 ± 8.69
<0.0001

Income, US$ per month

0.86

    <564.3
1178
26.5
3276
26.8
4454
26.7

    564.3–656.5
868
19.5
2438
19.9
3306
19.8

    656.6–779.6
1293
29.0
3514
28.7
4807
28.8

    ≥779.7
1113
25.0
3010
24.6
4123
24.7

Occupational status

0.009

    White collar
2454
55.1
7015
57.3
9469
56.8

    Blue collar
1500
33.7
4016
32.8
5516
33.1

    Others
498
11.2
1202
9.83
1700
10.2

Area

<0.0001

    Northern Taiwan
2288
51.4
5505
45.0
7793
46.7

    Central Taiwan
604
13.6
2353
19.2
2957
17.7

    Southern Taiwan
1364
30.6
3852
31.5
5216
31.3

    Eastern Taiwan and offshore islands
196
4.40
523
4.28
719
4.31

Comorbidity

    Excessive menstruation
782
17.6
2718
22.2
3500
21.0
<0.0001

    Iron-deficiency anemia
473
10.6
1549
12.7
2022
12.1
0.0004

    Dysmenorrhea
555
12.5
2571
21.0
3126
18.7
<0.0001

    Infertility
9
0.20
94
0.77
103
0.62
<0.0001

aChi-square test and -test.

3.2. Risk Factors for Uterine Surgery among Fibroid Patients

At the end of the observation, 22% of the patients () received surgery of the uterus, including myomectomy and hysterectomy. Compared to nonusers, CM users were significantly more unlikely to undergo surgery after adjustment for socio-demographic factors (age, occupation, and area) and comorbid covariates (excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea), with an HR of 0.18 (Table 2). The adjusted HRs for surgery were more than double among patients between 30 and 50 years of age compared to those who were under 30 years old. Adjusted HRs were also higher among patients who were blue collar, registered in Central and Southern Taiwan, and whose diseases were comorbid with excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea. The mean observation time in this cohort was 4.5 years.

Table 2: Crude/adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for undergoing surgery.

Crude
Adjusteda

HR
(95% CI)
HR
(95% CI)

CM

    No
1.00
(Reference)
1.00
(Reference)

    Yes
0.20
(0.18–0.21)***
0.18
(0.17–0.19)***

Age, years

    <30
1.00
(Reference)
1.00
(Reference)

    30–39
2.65
(2.24–3.14)***
2.36
(1.99–2.80)***

    40–49
3.00
(2.54–3.54)***
2.54
(2.15–3.00)***

    ≥50
1.35
(1.11–1.64)**
1.24
(1.02–1.51)*

Occupational status

    White collar
1.00
(Reference)
1.00
(Reference)

    Blue collar
1.18
(1.11–1.27)***
1.15
(1.07–1.23)***

    Others
0.99
(0.89–1.11)
0.90
(0.81–1.01)

Area

    Northern Taiwan
1.00
(Reference)
1.00
(Reference)

    Central Taiwan
1.25
(1.15–1.37)***
1.51
(1.38–1.65)***

    Southern Taiwan
1.20
(1.12–1.30)***
1.26
(1.17–1.36)***

    Eastern Taiwan and offshore islands
1.09
(0.93–1.29)
1.03
(0.87–1.22)

Co-morbidity (versus no)

    Excessive menstruation
1.34
(1.25–1.44)***
1.26
(1.17–1.36)***

    Iron-deficiency anemia
1.61
(1.48–1.75)***
1.56
(1.43–1.70)***

    Dysmenorrhea
1.23
(1.14–1.32)***
1.35
(1.25–1.47)***

    Infertility
0.68
(0.12–1.09)
—

aAdjusted for age, occupation, area, excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea.

** and ***.

3.3. Incidence of Surgery among CM Users and CM Nonusers

At the end of observation, 8.7% of CM users and 46.6% of CM nonusers have undergone surgery. Kaplan-Meier’s analysis showed a significant difference in cumulative incidence of surgery between CM users and nonusers (, Figure 1). This difference developed rapidly in the first several months after the diagnosis of a uterine fibroid.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier analysis for cumulative incidence of uterine surgery between CM users and CM nonusers.

The overall IR for surgery among CM users was 17.7 per 1,000 fibroid patients, while that among CM nonusers was 103.7 per 1,000. Poisson’s regression modeling revealed that the IRs for surgery were lower among CM users in all demographic subgroups except for those younger than 20 years of age. In terms of fibroid-related comorbidity, the IRs were also lower for CM users than for CM nonusers whether patients had excessive menstruation, anemia, and dysmenorrhea or not, while the IRs were similar between CM users and nonusers among patients with infertility (Table 3).

Table 3: Incidence and relative incidence of surgery for CM users and nonusers.

CM nonusers
CM users
IRRb
(95% CI)

Patients with surgery
Person-years
IRa
Patients with surgery
Person-years
IR

Overall
2074
19994
103.73
1607
90744
17.71
0.17
(0.16–0.18)***

Age, years

    <20
0
144
0.00
0
843
0.00
—

    20–29
66
1578
41.83
84
8849
9.49
0.23
(0.16–0.31)***

    30–39
509
5390
94.43
636
26484
24.01
0.25
(0.23–0.29)***

    40–49
1281
9488
135.01
807
41316
19.53
0.14
(0.13–0.16)***

    ≥50
218
3394
64.23
80
13252
6.04
0.09
(0.07–0.12)***

Income, US$ per month

    <564.3
516
5401
95.54
406
24169
16.80
0.18
(0.15–0.20)***

    564.3–656.5
415
3854
107.68
334
18075
18.48
0.17
(0.15–0.20)***

    656.6–779.6
671
5268
127.37
469
26095
17.97
0.14
(0.13–0.16)***

    ≥779.7
472
5470
86.29
398
22406
17.76
0.21
(0.18–0.24)***

Occupational status

    White collar
1094
11524
94.93
899
52095
17.26
0.18
(0.17–0.20)***

    Blue collar
779
6078
128.17
559
29825
18.74
0.15
(0.13–0.16)***

    Others
201
2392
84.03
149
8824
16.89
0.20
(0.16–0.25)***

Area

    Northern Taiwan
946
11161
84.76
618
41349
14.95
0.18
(0.16–0.20)***

    Central Taiwan
361
2137
168.93
368
17166
21.44
0.13
(0.11–0.15)***

    Southern Taiwan
682
5759
118.42
549
28345
19.37
0.16
(0.15–0.18)***

    Eastern Taiwan and offshore islands
85
935
90.91
72
3884
18.54
0.20
(0.15–0.28)***

Comorbidity

    Excessive menstruation

        No
1653
16616
99.48
1056
71005
14.87
0.15
(0.14–0.16)***

        Yes
421
3378
124.63
551
19739
27.91
0.22
(0.20–0.25)***

    Iron-deficiency anemia

        No
1800
18054
99.70
1225
79864
15.34
0.15
(0.14–0.17)***

        Yes
274
1940
141.24
382
10880
35.11
0.25
(0.21–0.29)***

    Dysmenorrhea

        No
1776
17481
101.60
1072
72183
14.85
0.15
(0.14–0.16)***

        Yes
298
2512
118.63
535
18562
28.82
0.24
(0.21–0.28)***

    Infertility

        No
2072
19929
103.97
1592
90011
17.69
0.17
(0.16–0.18)***

        Yes
2
65
30.77
15
733
20.46
0.67
(0.15–2.91)

aIR: incidence rate per 1,000 people.

bIRR: incidence rate ratio, compared to CM nonusers.

*** .

In light of the rapid development of the difference in the cumulative incidence of surgery between the two groups, time lag stratification was performed to rule out the possibility that rapid decisions in favor of surgery biased the results (Table 4). Adjusted HRs for surgery remained lower in CM users than in CM nonusers even after the deletion of subjects with a diagnosis-to-surgery period of less than three months to five years, but the adjusted HR for surgery in CM users increased from 0.33 to 0.79 compared to nonusers.

Table 4: Incidence for women who received myomectomy among time lag.

Diagnosis-to-surgery period (year)
CM nonusers
CM users
cHRa
(95% CI)
aHRb
(95% CI)

Patients with surgery
Person-years
IR
Patients with surgery
Person-years
IR

Overall
2074
19994
103.73
1607
90744
17.71
0.20
(0.18–0.21)***
0.18
(0.17–0.19)***

    >0.25
882
19922
44.27
1483
90732
16.34
0.38
(0.35–0.41)***
0.33
(0.30–0.36)***

    >0.5
731
19863
36.80
1416
90705
15.61
0.43
(0.39–0.47)***
0.37
(0.34–0.41)***

    >1
562
19730
28.48
1285
90601
14.18
0.50
(0.45–0.55)***
0.42
(0.38–0.47)***

    >3
253
19060
13.27
871
89670
9.71
0.72
(0.63–0.83)***
0.59
(0.51–0.68)***

    ≥5
91
18346
4.96
455
87840
5.18
1.01
(0.80–1.26)
0.79
(0.63–0.99)*

acHR: crude HR.

baHR: HR adjusted for age, occupation, area, excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea.

* and ***.

4. Discussion

This retrospective cohort study investigated the relationship between the use of CM and the incidence of uterine surgery in women with uterine fibroids using an NHI database documenting medical claims from 1996 to 2009. After an average follow-up time of 4.5 years, the data shows that patients who received CM had a significantly lower risk of uterine surgery compared to patients who did not receive CM treatment. Moreover, the incidence of surgery in CM nonusers was more than five times higher than in CM users. The low surgery incidence in CM users was not affected by age, income, occupational status, area of insurance registration, or comorbidities including excessive menstruation, iron-deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea.

The strength of the present study is that the database we used was from the NHI, which is a government-run, single-payer national health insurance program that insures over 97% of citizens and over 99% of health-care institutes [20, 21]; this rendered the present study representative of the general population, thereby offering a comprehensive picture of the risks of surgery in fibroid patients. The data revealed a lower surgery incidence in fibroid patients who used CM compared to those who did not use CM, implying that Taiwanese women with uterine fibroids benefited sufficiently from CM to avoid surgery. This study further suggested that CM might provide an effective alternative therapy to surgery for uterine fibroids.

Several studies have reported sociodemographic trends regarding the use of CM in women. CM users have been reported to be younger than CM nonusers when it comes to women with constipation [22], insomnia [23], and breast cancer [24], although the primary age group varies from disease to disease. The present study supported such findings by showing that patients under 40 with uterine fibroids were more likely to use CM. In terms of income, education, and occupational status, studies that have investigated female-specific diseases, including breast cancer and gynecological malignancies, have reported that users of CM and complementary medicines tend to be highly educated, have high incomes, and are more likely to be employed by the government, schools, enterprises, and institutions [24, 25]. The data of the present study, meanwhile, showed that while CM users tended to be white collar instead of blue collar workers, there were no differences in income between CM users and nonusers. The present study also found that there was a higher proportion of patients who registered their insurance in Central Taiwan among CM users than among CM nonusers, a finding being attributed to the high density of Chinese medical institutes per person in Central Taiwan [12, 24]. When taking into account comorbidities, it appeared that fibroid patients with relevant comorbidities tended to use CM. Since suffering from disease is one of the factors that has been reported to positively and directly influence the purchasing behavior of CM outpatients [26], the existence of symptoms related to uterine fibroids might be one of the factors that drove patients to utilize CM.

Analysis of the risk factors for surgery revealed that patients who are more than 30 years of age, blue collar, and registered in the Central and Southern regions were more likely to undergo surgery. Moreover, fibroid-related symptoms, including excessive menstruation, anemia, and dysmenorrhea, were also risk factors for surgery (although infertility was not related to surgery). These risk factors had HRs ranging from 1.24 to 2.54. On the other hand, the adjusted HR for surgery in CM users was 0.18 compared to nonusers, indicating that CM nonusers were 5.5 times more at risk of surgery than CM users. Moreover, the overall IR of surgery for CM users was 0.17 times that of CM nonusers. Both results imply that the use of CM was a protective factor against surgery in fibroid patients. In the stratified analysis, the IRRs of surgery in CM users for all the subgroups of sociodemographic status and for almost all the subgroups of comorbidities were lower than 0.25, implying that the protective effect of CM was strong enough to protect almost all the subgroups for sociodemographic and comorbid status. Only in patients with infertility did the difference in IR between CM users and nonusers not exist. The reason was speculated to be that hysterectomy is contraindicated for women who want to preserve their fertility, and therefore patients with infertility did not tend to receive surgery regardless of whether they utilized CM or not.

Although there was a big difference in the cumulative incidence of surgery between CM users and nonusers, Kaplan-Meier’s analysis indicated that the difference increased rapidly in the first few months after diagnosis. Results for a time lag stratification revealed that even after the deletion of subjects with a diagnosis-to-surgery period of less than three months to five years, the differences in IR between the two groups still existed, indicating that there were still protective effects from CM in patients who had been diagnosed for five years. However, the adjusted HR for surgery increased from 0.33 to 0.79 with time lag periods from three months to five years, indicating that the protective effects were weakened in patients who had a long diagnosis-to-surgery duration. We speculate that the increased proportion of asymptomatic patients in groups of long diagnosis-to-surgery duration caused the weakening of CM protection. Surgery is not indicated in asymptomatic patients; therefore, those who were asymptomatic would not undergo surgery whether they took CM treatment or not.

Clinical trials regarding the effects of CM on the outcome of uterine fibroids are very limited. A small randomized controlled trial with 25 women in total, using strict randomization methods and data management, showed that fibroids shrank after treatment with a medicinal formulation of Nona Roguy for six months; the shrinkage of fibroids for the CM group was comparable to that in a mifepristone group [27]. Another trial with 25 subjects published in Japan showed that one CM formula, Toki-shakuyaku-san, improved symptoms of hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and anemia [28]. The same group of researchers has also reported that CM elevates hemoglobin levels in patients with iron-deficiency anemia [29]. Other studies that show the effectiveness of CM on uterine fibroids are either of low quality or contain methodological flaws, such as a lack of randomization, not being blind, or using improper data management [30]. The present study provided epidemiological evidence showing different outcomes between CM users and nonusers among fibroid patients. This study elucidated the possible effect of CM on uterine fibroids from the point of view of public health, expressing the same idea with the above-mentioned clinical studies.

As the database used by this study was produced primarily for administrative and insurance claim purposes and not for research, the first limitation of this study included the possibility of errors in register information. Secondly, it is also possible that there might have been slight differences in the principle of treatment between hospitals. This might account for the difference in the risk of surgery and CM usage among different areas. Thirdly, the NHI does not cover infertility, meaning that most infertility patients were not registered in the NHI database, leading to possible bias in our data related to infertility. Lastly, the most important disadvantage of studies which extract data from the NHI database is that the causal relationship cannot be clarified. The negative correlation between surgery and the use of CM could come from the effect of CM or the original rejection of surgery by CM users. Therefore, further rigorous, randomized, multicentered, and double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial should be carried out to study the efficacy of CM.

5. Conclusion

The present study revealed that the risk and the incidence of uterine surgery were lower in CM users than CM nonusers among patients with uterine fibroids, implying an effective treatment of fibroid-related symptoms provided by CM. The low incidence of surgery in CM users existed in almost all investigated sociodemographic and comorbid subgroups. Further large clinical trials are obviously required to evaluate the dimension of benefits that CM could provide. If the protective effect described herein is confirmed, CM is worthy of adoption by women with uterine fibroids not only in Asian but also in Western countries.

Abbreviations

CI: | Confidence interval
CM: | Chinese medicine
ICD-9-CM: | International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification
HR: | Hazard ratio
IR: | Incidence rate
IRR: | Incidence rate ratio
LHID: | Longitudinal Health Insurance Database
NHI: | National Health Insurance.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported in part by the National Science Council (Grant no. NSC 99-2621-M-039-001), the Department of Health (Grants nos. DOH101-TD-B-111-004 and DOH101-TD-C-111-005), and the China Medical University Hospital (Grant no. 1MS1 and DMR-101-016). The authors thank the National Health Research Institutes for providing them with the insurance data.

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