With China entering the aging society, it is increasingly recognized that wellness and health promotion are important, as well as detecting health status to carry out early diagnosis and early treatment. Based on countries’ progress and current new challenges in the field of traditional medicine, WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023 recently set out the course for TM and CM (T&CM) in the next decade. The key goals of the strategy are supporting Member States in harnessing the potential contribution of T&CM to health, wellness, and people-centered health care and promoting the safe and effective use of T&CM through the regulation of products, practices, and practitioners. One of the Strategic objectives is promoting universal health coverage by integrating T&CM services and self-health care into national health systems [
Chinese medicine theory has its special characteristic; many researchers paid attention to explore deep-seated theories and took it into practice, but more studies were concentrated in clinical treatment and drug development. The notion that prevention is better than cure was quite clear in Huangdi Neijing: Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine, the most important ancient Chinese medicine book. It is more valuable that monitoring and evaluating health status before he was ill. Moreover WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [
Items were generated based on a review of the literature and through counseling with subject matter experts, including clinicians of TCM, mental health researchers, and scholars of TCM theory from provinces of Shandong and Jilin and cities of Tianjin and Shanghai and universities of Chinese Medicine and affiliated hospitals. Further discussions and modification of the items would be done after the pilot study and provided analysis results.
The questionnaire of TCM (the First Edition) included 49 items, which was designed for detecting the physical health status of the participants. 35 items were given indicative guidelines for frequency scores ranging from 0 (absent) to 1 (never), 2 (occasionally), 3 (sometimes), 4 (often), and 5 (always). 14 items included in the second part, scores were stand for 1 (no), 2 (yes).
We took MHP (Manual for Mental Health Pattern, Chinese version) in this study to measure the mental health state of the participants.
MHP, a scale that includes 40 items, classifies state of mental health as it pertains to stress and Quality of Life (QOL); the original version was developed by Japanese psychology professor Hashimoto Kimio in 1999, designed with six subscales to measure stress: Persistence, Lack of Concentration, Antisocial Behavior, Nervous Tension to Others, Fatigue, and Sleep/Wake up Disorder. Two subscales to measure QOL are as follows: Life Satisfaction and Life Passion. Each subscale consists of five items. There were 40 items and scores of each item were from 1 (not matched), 2 (not matched partly), and 3 (basically matched) to 4 (totally matched).
Four mental health patterns, Relaxed (standard stress adaptation), Energetic (stress adaptation), Fatigued (maladjustment) and Exhausted (stress disorder), were classified by using the Stress Check List (SCL) and QOL scores [
The Chinese version of MHP had been translated, revised, and standardized by professor Gaojian before the test that has been performed in more than 3000 people in Tianjin. The result was satisfactory, which was also consistent with psychometrics method [
The figure of score divided method and classification was attached in Appendix
The participants were selected from communities undergoing a regular physical examination in health examination center of Hospital in Tianjin. Participants had to meet the following inclusion criteria.
(1) They had to sign the informed consent before the interview, (2) their age was from 18 through 60 years, and (3) they lived in Tianjin city more than three year.
Participants were asked separately to complete the questionnaire. All participants underwent a standardized examination, including medical history, physical examination, blood hematology and biochemistry analysis, rest electrocardiography, and abdominal ultrasonography. A blinded assessor objectively measured the health status by the physical examination center.
After the questionnaire was completed, each participant was scheduled for physical examination in medical examination center. The completed questionnaire was checked by researchers to make sure all questions had been answered.
Before analysis, all questionnaires were reread and checked for accuracy. All data were double entered with EPI DATA 3.1 (EpiData Association Odense, Denmark). The final dataset was converted into SPSS format. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS, USA). Data were presented as percentages or means ± standard deviations (SD). Comparison between two groups was done with independent sample
Internal consistency is a measure of reliability that assesses the degree to which the items were related to each other, it measures a unified construct [
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the scale of the items mainly due to the TCM theory aspects; principal component exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization was carried out to assess the underlying structure of questionnaire items [
Criterion-related validity of the questionnaire was assessed with Pearson’s rho correlation coefficients between the scores of the questionnaire and somatic stress dimension of the MHP [
294 of 303 participants completed the questionnaire (97.03%). The data of 294 people were collected, female were 129 (43.88%), and male were 165 (56.12%). Mean age of participants was 41.35 (standard deviation 8.57).
The mental health state of participants and two genders were shown in Table
MHP scores of participants and two genders in study.
MHP subscales |
Participants ( |
Male ( |
Female ( |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Psychological Stress | ||||||||
Persistence | 7.11 | 2.89 | 7.01 | 2.94 | 7.23 | 2.82 | −0.65 | 0.516 |
Lack of Concentration | 7.28 | 2.81 | 6.88 | 2.22 | 7.77 | 3.35 |
|
0.007 |
|
||||||||
Social Stress | ||||||||
Antisocial Behavior | 6.82 | 2.79 | 6.54 | 2.40 | 7.19 | 3.19 |
|
0.049 |
Nervous Tension to Others | 7.78 | 2.80 | 7.36 | 2.27 | 8.31 | 3.29 |
|
0.004 |
|
||||||||
Somatic Stress | ||||||||
Fatigue | 7.79 | 3.29 | 7.38 | 3.14 | 8.32 | 3.42 |
|
0.015 |
Sleep/Wake up Disorder | 7.89 | 3.71 | 7.56 | 3.65 | 8.29 | 3.76 | −1.66 | 0.098 |
|
||||||||
QOL | ||||||||
Life Satisfaction | 19.28 | 5.75 | 19.36 | 5.84 | 19.18 | 5.65 | 0.26 | 0.796 |
Life Passion | 16.79 | 4.34 | 16.98 | 4.45 | 16.55 | 4.22 | 0.83 | 0.406 |
|
||||||||
Psychological Stress | 14.29 | 5.17 | 13.77 | 4.59 | 14.95 | 5.78 | −1.94 | 0.054 |
Social Stress | 14.49 | 4.99 | 13.76 | 4.21 | 15.43 | 5.72 |
|
0.004 |
Somatic Stress | 15.57 | 6.18 | 14.80 | 6.03 | 16.55 | 6.25 |
|
0.017 |
|
||||||||
SCL | 44.35 | 13.60 | 42.33 | 12.11 | 46.92 | 14.94 |
|
0.004 |
QOL | 35.84 | 9.67 | 36.02 | 9.99 | 35.60 | 9.26 | 0.37 | 0.712 |
Internal consistency results using the Cronbach’s
Cronbach’s
Subscale | Number of items | Cronbach’s |
---|---|---|
Questionnaire | 49 | 0.83 |
I | 11 | 0.77 |
II | 5 | 0.75 |
III | 5 | 0.73 |
IV | 4 | 0.65 |
V | 4 | 0.68 |
VI | 5 | 0.63 |
VII | 4 | 0.40 |
VIII | 4 | 0.52 |
IX | 4 | 0.47 |
X | 3 | 0.44 |
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) was 0.64, and the Bartlett test of sphericity was significant (
Exploratory factor analysis of questionnaire.
Items, subscales, and total | EFA factor loadings | Communalities | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | Factor 7 | Factor 8 | Factor 9 | Factor 10 | ||
|
|||||||||||
Palpitation |
|
0.18 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.66 |
Shortness of breath |
|
0.25 | 0.10 | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.00 | −0.16 | −0.11 | −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.53 |
Chest distress |
|
0.12 | 0.11 | −0.14 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.11 | −0.18 | 0.49 |
Vexation |
|
0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.14 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.54 |
Dizziness |
|
0.05 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.44 |
Memory deterioration |
|
−0.11 | −0.03 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.40 |
Edema |
|
−0.07 | −0.11 | 0.19 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.39 |
Lassitude in the knees |
|
0.01 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.17 | −0.23 | 0.35 | −0.13 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.50 |
Fatigue |
|
0.10 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 0.38 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.10 | −0.07 | 0.16 | 0.38 |
Soreness of the waist |
|
−0.01 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.19 | −0.12 | 0.34 | −0.14 | 0.39 |
Skin swelling |
|
−0.12 | −0.12 | 0.14 | −0.11 | −0.15 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Vomit | −0.02 |
|
0.01 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.69 |
Belching | 0.14 |
|
0.00 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.59 |
Nausea | −0.02 |
|
−0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.63 |
Abdominal distension | 0.22 |
|
0.06 | −0.02 | −0.06 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.04 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.51 |
Acid regurgitation | 0.07 |
|
0.07 | 0.20 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.39 | −0.07 | −0.23 | 0.07 | 0.58 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Nasal obstruction | −0.01 | −0.11 |
|
−0.02 | −0.10 | 0.04 | −0.12 | 0.04 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.58 |
Cough | 0.11 | 0.10 |
|
−0.05 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.23 | −0.01 | 0.21 | −0.02 | 0.61 |
Running nose | 0.01 | −0.04 |
|
−0.01 | −0.06 | 0.16 | −0.07 | 0.22 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.58 |
Expectoration | 0.04 | 0.12 |
|
−0.03 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.57 |
Throat itching | 0.02 | 0.10 |
|
0.22 | 0.14 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.48 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Dysuria | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
|
0.07 | 0.13 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.69 |
Urgency of urination | 0.27 | −0.14 | −0.04 |
|
0.08 | −0.07 | 0.16 | −0.05 | 0.16 | −0.05 | 0.61 |
Frequency of micturition | 0.15 | −0.13 | 0.33 |
|
0.14 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.58 |
Diarrheas | −0.02 | 0.19 | −0.05 |
|
−0.08 | 0.12 | −0.09 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.47 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Overdrinking | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.02 |
|
−0.05 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.14 | 0.53 |
Dryness of mouth | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.21 |
|
0.07 | 0.02 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.60 |
Polydipsia | 0.07 | 0.19 | −0.02 | 0.19 |
|
0.11 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.09 | −0.14 | 0.60 |
Polyuria | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.10 |
|
0.00 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 0.45 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Insomnia, dream disturbed sleep | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
|
0.06 | −0.08 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.66 |
Pruritus | 0.29 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.21 | 0.12 |
|
0.11 | −0.06 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.72 |
Neck symptoms | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.13 |
|
−0.08 | −0.01 | −0.17 | 0.08 | 0.35 |
Pain | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.11 | −0.03 | −0.04 |
|
0.19 | −0.04 | 0.19 | −0.17 | 0.42 |
Symptoms of bleeding | −0.02 | −0.06 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
|
0.20 | −0.08 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.24 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Five sense organs | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
|
−0.01 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.45 |
Throat | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.10 |
|
0.03 | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.37 |
Mouth (bad breath) | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
|
0.01 | 0.17 | −0.21 | 0.35 |
Teeth and gums | 0.11 | 0.03 | −0.15 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
|
0.13 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.25 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Waist and back | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.01 |
|
0.09 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Chest and abdomen | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.09 | −0.09 |
|
0.12 | 0.10 | 0.56 |
Hoarse voice or aphonia | 0.06 | 0.20 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.27 |
|
−0.05 | −0.11 | 0.34 |
Renal percussive pain | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.09 | 0.15 | 0.21 |
|
−0.21 | −0.08 | 0.36 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Hypoacusis | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.10 | −0.05 | 0.29 | 0.04 |
|
0.02 | 0.50 |
Arms and legs | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.34 |
|
0.03 | 0.42 |
Tinnitus | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
|
0.15 | 0.24 |
Simultaneous sweat and night sweat | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.12 | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.30 | −0.19 | −0.05 |
|
−0.09 | 0.54 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Complexion | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.05 |
|
0.64 |
Skin color and luster | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
|
0.59 |
Skin diseases | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.15 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.24 | −0.13 |
|
0.34 |
|
|||||||||||
Eigen values | 3.72 | 3.16 | 2.64 | 2.45 | 2.40 | 2.15 | 2.12 | 2.09 | 1.95 | 1.88 | |
% of variance | 7.60 | 6.45 | 5.39 | 5.00 | 4.91 | 4.38 | 4.33 | 4.27 | 3.98 | 3.85 | |
Cumulative % | 7.60 | 14.05 | 19.44 | 24.45 | 29.35 | 33.73 | 38.06 | 42.33 | 46.31 | 50.15 |
Extraction method: principal component analysis. Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization, sorted by size.
Bold font for the EFA factor loadings indicates the scale on which the items load.
Intercorrelation of subscales (Pearson’s
Subscale | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | Factor 6 | Factor 7 | Factor 8 | Factor 9 | Factor 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 1 | |||||||||
II |
|
1 | ||||||||
III |
|
|
1 | |||||||
IV |
|
0.05 |
|
1 | ||||||
V |
|
|
0.08 |
|
1 | |||||
VI |
|
|
|
|
|
1 | ||||
VII |
|
|
0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
|
1 | |||
VIII |
|
|
|
−0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
|
1 | ||
IX |
|
|
|
0.06 | 0.12 |
|
|
0.10 | 1 | |
X | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.11 |
|
0.03 | 0.10 | 1 |
Scores of questionnaire in different physical exam results and genders.
Physical exam result | Gender | Total |
|
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | ||||||
|
Scores mean ± SD |
|
Scores mean ± SD | ||||
Healthy | 26 | 56.31 ± 5.20 | 21 | 58.38 ± 6.83 | 47 | 1.18 | 0.24 |
Unhealthy | 68 | 63.60 ± 10.22 | 69 | 61.71 ± 11.78 | 137 | −1.00 | 0.32 |
Total | 94 | 61.59 ± 9.66 | 90 | 60.93 ± 10.89 |
|
−0.43 | 0.67 |
The correlation between the score of questionnaire (60.63 ± 9.55) and that for SCL of MHP (44.35 ± 13.60, Cronbach’s
294 of 303 participants completed the questionnaire (97.3%), indicating that it is user-friendly and easily understand for participants, and they responded to the questions carefully. In this pilot study, Cronbach’s alpha is 0.83, which shows a good level of internal consistency for the questionnaire, as reliability coefficients were evaluated according to Nunnally and Bernstein [
The traditional Chinese medicine considers that various factors can affect health, from physical, psychological, nature, and society, and these factors influence each other [
Because healthy state should be of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, the study utilized the MHP Scale to measure the mental health state of the participants. The results showed that the questionnaire was able to discriminate between groups. As expected, the correlation between the score of questionnaire scores of the questionnaire and SCL of MHP and somatic stress subscale scores were statistically significant differences. The higher scores represent a less healthy mental, social, and physical state of human body. They have a good consistency.
When individual internal consistency was analyzed further within each domain, Cronbach’s
In health care, many of the variables are abstract concepts known as theoretical constructs. Using tests or instruments is valid and reliable to measure such constructs [
Some symptoms may appear in different dimensions, taking the symptom of edema as example, which may occur both in heart and kidney system. As a result, it leads to collinearity, which has influence on stability of the dimension. That may cause factor analysis of the overall result that is not ideal, though it can still reflect the basic structure of the questionnaire in accordance with the theory of TCM. In other examples, the morbidity of the organs can be revealed by the human facial complexion [
The participants were selected from communities that attended the physical examination in health examination center of Hospital, by convenience sampling which is widely used in health-related scales [
The questionnaire of TCM (first version) was established for detecting physical health status; it is easy to complete, for applying in community health care. The 49-item questionnaire encompasses the domains of heart, spleen and stomach, lung, endocrine and metabolic syndrome, liver, kidney system, head, body, skin, urine, and stool feces.
Although more work is needed in further refinement of the structure, it will be useful in moving towards developing the integrating T&CM services and self-health care into national health systems.
The questions in Table never or almost never occasionally often very often always
Do you have the symptoms of the following? How often? | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
1 | Nasal obstruction | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
2 | Running nose | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
3 | Throat itching | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
4 | Cough | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
5 | Expectoration | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
6 | Chest distress | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
7 | Palpitation | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
8 | Vexation | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
9 | Dryness of mouth | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
10 | Polydipsia | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
11 | Acid regurgitation | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
12 | Belching | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
13 | Nausea | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
14 | Vomit | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
15 | Abdominal distension | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
16 | Diarrhea | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
17 | Soreness of the waist | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
18 | Lassitude in the knees | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
19 | Frequency of micturition | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
20 | Urgency of urination | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
21 | Dysuria | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
22 | Polyuria | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
23 | Edema | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
24 | Fatigue | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
25 | Shortness of breath | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
26 | Simultaneous sweat and night sweat | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
27 | Overdrinking | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
28 | Dizziness | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
29 | Memory deterioration | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
30 | Insomnia, dream disturbed sleep | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
31 | Hypoacusis | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
32 | Tinnitus | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
33 | Pain | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
34 | Symptoms of bleeding | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
35 | Pruritus | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
|
||||||
Physical examination: Is there something wrong with the part of body as following? | ||||||
YES | NO | Comments | ||||
|
||||||
36 | Complexion | □ | □ |
|
|
|
37 | Skin color and luster | □ | □ |
|
|
|
38 | Skin diseases | □ | □ |
|
|
|
39 | Skin swelling | □ | □ |
|
|
|
40 | Five sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, and lips | □ | □ |
|
|
|
41 | Teeth and gums | □ | □ |
|
|
|
42 | Mouth (bad breath) | □ | □ |
|
|
|
43 | Hoarse voice or aphonia | □ | □ |
|
|
|
44 | Throat | □ | □ |
|
|
|
45 | Neck | □ | □ |
|
|
|
46 | Chest and abdomen | □ | □ |
|
|
|
47 | Waist and back | □ | □ |
|
|
|
48 | Arms and legs | □ | □ |
|
|
|
49 | Renal percussive pain | □ | □ |
|
|
|
See Table
Items | Correlation | Cronbach’s |
Low score group ( |
High score group ( |
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Pearson’s |
|
|
|
|
|||||
Nasal obstruction | 0.13 |
|
0.83 | 1.12 | 0.46 | 1.38 | 0.78 |
|
|
Running nose | 0.24 |
|
0.83 | 1.04 | 0.19 | 1.46 | 0.85 |
|
|
Throat itching | 0.33 |
|
0.83 | 1.12 | 0.43 | 1.69 | 1.11 |
|
|
Cough | 0.44 |
|
0.82 | 1.12 | 0.48 | 1.85 | 1.07 |
|
|
Expectoration | 0.44 |
|
0.82 | 1.04 | 0.25 | 1.81 | 1.04 |
|
|
Chest distress | 0.49 |
|
0.82 | 1.05 | 0.27 | 1.78 | 0.95 |
|
|
Palpitation | 0.61 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.89 | 0.96 |
|
|
Vexation | 0.55 |
|
0.82 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 1.91 | 0.90 |
|
|
Dryness of mouth | 0.46 |
|
0.82 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 1.93 | 1.01 |
|
|
Polydipsia | 0.40 |
|
0.82 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.63 | 0.94 |
|
|
Acid regurgitation | 0.34 |
|
0.82 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 1.00 |
|
|
Belching | 0.31 |
|
0.82 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 0.67 |
|
|
Nausea | 0.31 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.23 | 0.64 |
|
|
Vomit | 0.30 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 0.58 |
|
|
Abdominal distension | 0.38 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.42 | 0.92 |
|
|
Diarrhea | 0.17 |
|
0.83 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.16 | 0.56 |
|
|
Soreness of the waist | 0.47 |
|
0.82 | 1.12 | 0.46 | 2.12 | 1.18 |
|
|
Lassitude in the knees | 0.44 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.48 | 0.96 |
|
|
Frequency of micturition | 0.31 |
|
0.82 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.76 |
|
|
Urgency of urination | 0.33 |
|
0.82 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 1.26 | 0.72 |
|
|
Dysuria | 0.19 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.37 |
|
|
Polyuria | 0.20 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.75 |
|
|
Edema | 0.35 |
|
0.82 | 1.04 | 0.25 | 1.73 | 1.05 |
|
|
Fatigue | 0.42 |
|
0.82 | 1.06 | 0.36 | 1.73 | 0.98 |
|
|
Shortness of breath | 0.42 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.53 | 0.82 |
|
|
Simultaneous sweat and night sweat | 0.41 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.57 | 0.94 |
|
|
Overdrinking | 0.15 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 0.67 |
|
|
Dizziness | 0.48 |
|
0.82 | 1.07 | 0.31 | 1.85 | 0.96 |
|
|
Memory deterioration | 0.43 |
|
0.82 | 1.09 | 0.32 | 1.73 | 0.94 |
|
|
Insomnia, dream disturbed sleep | 0.44 |
|
0.82 | 1.05 | 0.22 | 2.32 | 1.29 |
|
|
Hypoacusis | 0.34 |
|
0.82 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.28 | 0.66 |
|
|
Tinnitus | 0.25 |
|
0.83 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.37 | 0.87 |
|
|
Pain | 0.53 |
|
0.82 | 1.40 | 0.72 | 3.05 | 1.07 |
|
|
Symptoms of bleeding | 0.25 |
|
0.83 | 1.17 | 0.41 | 1.78 | 1.04 |
|
|
Pruritus | 0.56 |
|
0.82 | 1.23 | 0.53 | 2.84 | 1.12 |
|
|
Complexion | 0.11 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 0.26 |
|
| |
Skin color and luster | 0.08 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.19 |
|
||
Skin diseases | 0.09 | 0.83 | 1.04 | 0.19 | 1.11 | 0.32 |
|
||
Skin swelling | 0.12 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.19 |
|
|
Five sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, and lips | 0.29 |
|
0.83 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 1.22 | 0.42 |
|
|
Teeth and gums | 0.21 |
|
0.83 | 1.45 | 0.50 | 1.72 | 0.45 |
|
|
Mouth (bad breath) | 0.17 |
|
0.83 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.07 | 0.26 |
|
|
Hoarse voice or aphonia | 0.12 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 0.16 |
|
|
Throat | 0.33 |
|
0.82 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 1.28 | 0.45 |
|
|
Neck | 0.20 |
|
0.83 | 1.04 | 0.19 | 1.20 | 0.40 |
|
|
Chest and abdomen | 0.01 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
|
||
Waist and back | 0.09 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 0.11 |
|
||
Arms and legs | 0.24 |
|
0.83 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.17 | 0.38 |
|
|
Renal percussive pain | 0.22 |
|
0.83 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 1.09 | 0.28 |
|
|
It is divided into two groups according to the scores: a high mark group and a low mark group. 27% of the participants in high score sorted into the high score group, and 27% who got the low scores entered the low score group.
See Table
Construction of the MHP Scale.
MHP subscales | Items (number) | |
---|---|---|
Psychological Stress | Persistence | 1, 9, 17, 25, 33 |
Lack of Concentration | 2, 10, 18, 26, 34 | |
|
||
Social Stress | Antisocial Behavior | 3, 11, 19, 27, 35 |
Nervous Tension to Others | 4, 12, 20, 28, 36 | |
|
||
Somatic Stress | Fatigue | 5, 13, 21, 29, 37 |
Sleep/Wake up Disorder | 6, 14, 22, 30, 38 | |
|
||
QOL | Life Satisfaction | 7, 15, 23, 31, 39 |
Life Passion | 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 | |
|
||
SCL | Psychological Stress + Social Stress + Somatic Stress |
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This study was supported by grants from the Major State Basic Research Grant (973-program; 2011CB505406).