Although plenty of guidelines have been developed and set for application to prevent foodborne diseases and food spoiling microorganisms, it is impossible totally to be free of them.
Antibiotics that show low efficacy in treating human and animal diseases through antibiotic resistance must be replaced with new drugs to combat the burden of these pathogens [
Previous information of the present study plants.
Plant name: species/family/voucher number | Reported traditional use (veterinary or human) | Parts used | Previously screened activities | Country/reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Human: diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach disorder | Leaves and fruit | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Leaves | Antimicrobial activity and antidiarrheal effects | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Human: rheumatism | NA | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Human: antidiarrheal | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: antiparasitic (internal and external parasite) | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Veterinary: tick infestation, helminthiasis, snake bite (root), and sore and parasitic leech (bulb) | Leaves, root and bulb | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: black leg, ectoparasites | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Seeds | Antihypertensive activity | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
Fabaceae/ |
Stem and bark | Anticancer activity | South Africa/[ | |
|
||||
Fabaceae/ |
Leaves and stems | Antibacterial and antioxidant | South Africa/[ | |
|
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|
Veterinary: diarrhea (dysentery), external parasite | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Bloat | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: ringworm, dermatophilosis, mange, sore, scabies, and wound | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Human: skin rash and dandruff | Bud | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Human: liver disease/jaundice | Bark | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Leaves | Antibacterial activity | Cameroon/[ | |
|
||||
|
Stem bark | Antimicrobial activity | Kenya/[ | |
|
||||
|
NA | Antibacterial activity | Kenya/[ | |
|
||||
|
Human: rheumatism | NA | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Leaves | Antidiarrheal activity | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Leaves | Antimalarial activity | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Leaves | Insecticidal: third instar larvae of |
Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Veterinary: blackleg | Root | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Human: extended flow of menstruation/menometrorrhagia (bark & leaf), gallstone (root & leaf), and evil eye (branch) | Bark, branch, and leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
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|
Leaf and root | Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects | India/[ | |
|
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|
Leaf, fruit, and root | antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities | Bangladesh/[ | |
|
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|
Veterinary: anthelmintic | NA | ||
|
||||
|
Stem | Antimicrobial | India/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: most diseases especially anthrax and 3-day sickness | Root | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: leech | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: anthelmintic | NA | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary and human: repels snakes from garden | NA | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: blackleg | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ | |
|
||||
|
Mastitis, ectoparasites and other skin diseases, and leech infestation | Leaves | Antimicrobial activity | Ethiopia/[ |
|
||||
|
Veterinary: internal and external parasites | Leaves | Ethiopia/[ |
NA: Not available.
As reviewed in Mahidol et al. [
Five species of plants (Table
Percentage yields of plant extracts using methanol and chloroform.
Plant species | Solvent | Plant part used | Weight of sample (g) | Dry weight of extract (g) | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Methanol | Leaf | 100 | 16.16 | 16.16% |
Chloroform | Leaf | 100 | 18.33 | 18.33% | |
|
|||||
|
Methanol | Leaf | 100 | 17.33 | 17.33% |
Chloroform | Leaf | 100 | 10 | 10% | |
|
|||||
|
Methanol | Root | 100 | 14.16 | 14.16% |
Chloroform | Root | 100 | 21.3 | 21.3% | |
|
|||||
|
Methanol | Leaf | 100 | 11.6 | 11.6% |
Chloroform | Leaf | 100 | 16.66 | 16.66% | |
|
|||||
|
Methanol | Leaf | 100 | 9.3 | 9.3% |
Chloroform | Leaf | 100 | 13.3 | 13.3% |
The procedure used for the preparation of the plant materials was adapted from Eloff [
Media preparation and agar well diffusion assay were done as previously described [
Three concentrations, 200, 100, and 50 mg/ml, of 5 crude plant extracts were used as a test material. Standardized inocula were swabbed uniformly onto solidified Mueller Hinton agar and the seeded media were allowed to dry for about 5 minutes. Five wells per plate (three wells for extracts, one for each of the positive and negative control) were made in the seeded agar using 6 mm cork borer. With the help of micropipette, 20
The MIC was evaluated using agar dilution method [
Data were entered into Microsoft Excel, 2010, and were transformed using the square root to maintain the normal distribution among the harvested data. Data analysis was performed using JMP statistical software, version 5 (USA, 2002). The model employed was full-factorial ANOVA and expressed with the equation stated below.
Five medicinal plants prioritized by Romha et al. [
The methanol and chloroform extracts of the plant species listed in Table
The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of five medicinal plants zone of inhibition in diameter (mm).
Plant species used | Concentration (mg/ml) | Mean zone of inhibition in diameter (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||
|
200 | 4.66 |
4.03 |
4.4 |
100 | 3.66 |
3.3 |
3.43 |
|
50 | 2.53 |
2.66 |
2.8 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 4.43 |
4.13 |
4.2 |
100 | 2.86 |
3.0 |
2.86 |
|
50 | 2.0 |
1.8 |
2.33 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 3.96 |
4.03 |
4.26 |
100 | 2.4 |
2.06 |
2.33 |
|
50 | 1.7 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 3.1 |
3.33 |
2.53 |
100 | 2.86 |
2.8 |
2.86 |
|
50 | 1.8 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
100 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
|
50 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
||||
Streptomycin | 200 | 4.9 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
100 | 4.9 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
|
50 | 4.9 |
4.9 |
4.9 |
|
|
||||
DMSO | 200 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
100 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
|
50 | 0 |
0 |
0 |
NB: levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different.
Moreover, good results were observed from methanol and chloroform extracts of
The antibacterial activity of chloroform extracts of five medicinal plants zone of inhibition in diameter (mm).
Plant species used | Concentration (mg/ml) | Mean zone of inhibition in diameter (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||
|
200 | 3.96 |
4.0 |
4.26 |
100 | 3.5 |
2.33 |
3.53 |
|
50 | 2.2 |
2.26 |
2.4 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 3.93 |
3.56 |
3.73 |
100 | 3.0 |
3.0 |
3.03 |
|
50 | 2.13 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 3.4 |
3.06 |
2.6 |
100 | 2.86 |
2.26 |
2.4 |
|
50 | 1.8 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
|
|
||||
|
200 | 2.66 |
2.8 |
2.53 |
100 | 2.73 |
2.46 |
2.4 |
|
50 | 1.6 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
|
|
||||
|
200 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
| |
50 |
|
|
| |
|
||||
Streptomycin | 200 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
| |
50 |
|
|
| |
|
||||
DMSO | 200 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
| |
50 |
|
|
|
NB: levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different.
The selected medicinal plant species (Table
Promising antibacterial activities were obtained from methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of
Though
Weak antimicrobial activities were observed from methanol and chloroform extracts of
The highest zone of inhibition was recorded in the crude extract tested against
Previous study indicated that plant extracts with MICs up to 100
The results of the present study support the traditional uses of these plants practiced by the local healers. Except
The funding institution had no role in designing the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data as well as in writing the manuscript.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Gebremedhin Romha conceived and designed the study; Gebremedhin Romha and Birhanu Admasu collected the plants; Gebremedhin Romha, Birhanu Admasu, Tsegaye Hiwot Gebrekidan, and Hailelule Aleme prepared the plant extracts; Gebremedhin Romha, Birhanu Admasu, Hailelule Aleme, and Gebreyohans Gebru conducted the experiment; Gebremedhin Romha and Gebreyohans Gebru drafted the manuscript; Gebremedhin Romha, Birhanu Admasu, Tsegaye Hiwot Gebrekidan, Hailelule Aleme, and Gebreyohans Gebru read and approved the manuscript.
The authors would like to thank Mr. Kirubel Kassahun and Kaleb Kifle, staff of Dilla University, for their devoted technical support when the experiment was conducted. The study received partial financial support from Dilla University with Grant no. AgNR/AnSc/2015/10.