Geofluids
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 9542152, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9542152

Research Article

A Measured Method for In Situ Viscosity of Fluid in Porous Media by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Zhengming Yang,1,2 Zhuangzhi Ma,1,2 Yutian Luo,1,2 Yapu Zhang,1,2 Hekun Guo,1,2 and Wei Lin1,2

¹Department of Porous Flow & Fluid Mechanics, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 100083, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100493, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhengming Yang; yzhm69@petrochina.com.cn

Received 22 January 2018; Revised 11 March 2018; Accepted 26 March 2018; Published 30 April 2018

Academic Editor: Ming Zhang

Copyright © 2018 Zhengming Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

At present, the existing measuring methods for viscosity of fluid can only obtain the viscosity of bulk fluid, while the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media cannot be acquired. In this paper, with the combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and physical simulation experiment, a testing method for in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media is established, and the in situ viscosity spectra of water in tight cores under different displacement conditions is obtained. The experimental results show that the in situ viscosity distribution of water in porous media is inhomogeneous, and it is not a constant but is related to the distance between water and rock walls. When the distance between fluid and rock walls is close enough (e.g., relaxation time is less than 1 ms), the viscosity of fluid increases rapidly, and the in situ viscosity is greater than the bulk viscosity. Moreover, after the rock samples are saturated with water, the in situ viscosity of water is distributed as a double-peak structure. The left peak is characterized mainly by the in situ viscosity distribution of movable fluid, whose in situ viscosity is smaller, and the right peak mainly represents the in situ viscosity distribution characteristics of immovable fluid, whose in situ viscosity is larger and increases gradually. Under a relatively large driving force, the in situ viscosity amplitude of movable fluid decreases greatly, and the average in situ viscosity of residual water in the core is much higher than that of saturated water in initial state.

1. Introduction

Viscosity is an embodiment of physical properties for fluid [1–3]. It affects the law of subsurface fluid flow, reservoir development mode, and hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation [4–16]. Therefore, accurate measurement of fluid viscosity is of great significance. The studies indicate that the viscosity of fluid is affected mainly by the pressure, temperature, and molecular force at liquid-solid interface, and the viscosity of the same fluid behaves variously under different conditions [16–25]. At present, the influence of pressure and temperature on fluid viscosity has been much more studied [16–23]. However, little is known about the influence on the fluid viscosity of molecular force at the fluid-solid interface in porous media.

With the development of low permeability oilfields, understanding of the effect of microstructure on fluid properties in porous media becomes more and more significant, which requires people to pay more attention to the influence of the properties of porous media on fluid viscosity [24–33]. In low permeability porous media, the molecular force at the liquid-solid interface is more obvious because of its large specific surface [24, 25, 30]. Under the influence of the molecular force, liquid molecules near the liquid-solid interface will form an orderly distribution, forming a boundary layer on the liquid-solid interface. The property of the fluid in this boundary layer is different from that of the bulk fluid and its viscosity will be greater than the viscosity of the bulk fluid [24, 25]. Marrhassing [34] found that the resin and asphaltene in crude oil were orderly distributed in pore channels. For the same crude oil sample, the viscosity of crude oil is smaller in large gaps, and the viscosity of crude oil is greater in small gaps. It was also believed that the share of the boundary layer in the small gap is larger than that in the large gap. However, the results of these studies still remain on the qualitative and semiquantitative description, and the viscosity distribution of the fluid in porous media cannot be quantified. On this basis, Huang et al. [24, 25] proposed a new concept of percolation fluid and the physical model of percolation fluid in porous media. It is considered that percolation fluid is a kind of fluid in porous media and includes bulk fluid and boundary fluid. Bulk fluid refers to the fluid whose properties are not affected by the interface and distributes in the middle axis of porous media channel. Accordingly, boundary fluid is a kind of fluid whose properties are influenced by the interface phenomenon, which is close to the pore wall to form a boundary layer. The formula for calculating the viscosity of percolation fluid is also given [25], but it is difficult to be applied directly because the thickness of the boundary layer and the average viscosity involved in this formula are difficult to be measured. Currently, there are many kinds of conventional viscosity testing methods, which are generally divided into three categories: capillary method [35, 36], rotation method [37–39], and vibration method [40–43]. These methods can only measure the viscosity by direct contact with the fluid, and it is impossible to test the viscosity of the fluid in the porous media: that is, the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media cannot be measured, whereas the in situ viscosity of the fluid in porous media is more capable of characterizing the transport capacity of the fluid, so it is especially necessary to develop the method of testing the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media.

Viscosity measurement using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a novel viscosity test method developed in recent years, which has the advantages of noncontact and wide application range and so on and has broad application prospects in in situ viscosity measurement of fluid in rock porous media. Scholars from all over the world have done a great deal of work in studying the fluid viscosity of reservoirs by using NMR technology. In 1994, Morriss et al. [44] carried out NMR test on 31 groups of bulk crude oil. It was found that the movement of hydrogen atom was restricted with the increase of hydrogen chain, resulting in shorter relaxation time and increased viscosity. And the relationship between relaxation time and the viscosity of crude oil was also given. In 1996, Kleinberg and Vinegar [45] proposed an improved formula for measuring the viscosity of crude oil by NMR, and the temperature was introduced into the viscosity formula. In 1998, LaTorraca et al. [46] used NMR to measure the viscosity of high-viscosity crude oil. The conclusion was drawn that the geometric mean value of is more sensitive to the change of viscosity than the geometric mean value of , and the meaning of the relative hydrogen index HI was put forward. In 2001, Freedman et al. [47] employed the magnetorheological fluid (MRF) method to invert the NMR data through the MRF multifluid relaxation model and studied NMR relaxation characteristics under gradient magnetic field of the sandstone, limestone, and dolomite saturated with different oil phases. Studies suggest that, under gradient magnetic field, the NMR experiment can identify different fluids in the rock pores and can also get the fluid saturation and oil-water phase viscosity and rock porosity. In 2005, Bryan et al. [4] used low-field NMR methods to measure crude oil viscosity. It was found that the higher the viscosity of the oil sample is, the lower the relative hydrogen index (RHI) is, a new NMR formula for viscosity of crude oil was put forward, and the gm and RHI of the crude oil were associated with the viscosity. In 2011, Zhang et al. [48] determined the relationship between viscosity and NMR relaxation properties through theoretical derivation and clarified the feasibility of using nuclear magnetic resonance to distinguish reservoir fluid properties. In general, at present, a relatively mature experimental method for measuring the viscosity of bulk fluid in rock pores by NMR technique has been formed, and a method for testing the viscosity of oil-water mixed phase was also initially formed. However, an effective experimental method for quantitatively measuring in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media using NMR has not yet been established.

In this paper, NMR and physical simulation experiment are combined to establish a method for in situ viscosity measurement of percolation fluid in porous media and obtain the in situ viscosity spectra of water in the tight rocks under different displacement conditions.

2. Method and Principle

2.1. The Nonconstant Liquid Viscosity in Rocks

Here we verify the inference that the liquid viscosity in porous media is not constant by fluid viscosity testing in different plate spacing using rheometer. According to the new concept of percolation fluid and the physical model of percolation fluid in porous media (Figure 1) proposed by Huang et al. [24, 25], we designed the viscosity experiment of the fluid at different plate spacing to verify the variation of fluid viscosity with the wall distance in the porous media. The results of constant speed mercury pressure testing of low permeability cores show that the average pore radius is generally more than 50 μm, and the average throat radius is generally less than 5 μm [49]. Therefore, the designed plate spacing is the same as the pore and throat radius of low permeability rocks, which are 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 10 μm, 30 μm, 50 μm, and 124 μm, respectively. The experimental equipment for measuring the viscosity of fluid is Anton Paar’s MCR rheometer, the experimental fluid is glycerol (the viscosity in the test tube at 25°C is 320 mPa·s), and the test temperature is 25°C. The experimental results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1: Physical model of percolation fluid in porous media.

Figure 2: Viscosity variation of glycerol with different plate spacing.

As can be seen from Figure 2, when the plate spacing is greater than 8 μm, the test viscosity of glycerol is constant and does not change with the variation of plate spacing. To the contrary, when the plate spacing is less than 8 μm, with the narrowing of the plate spacing, the viscosity of glycerol increases rapidly. Furthermore, when the plate spacing is reduced to 3 μm, the viscosity of glycerol reaches 740 mPa·s, which is 2.3 times bulk viscosity of glycerol.

The experiment results verify the percolation fluid model proposed by Huang et al. [24, 25] and show that, in low permeability porous media, the viscosity of the fluid is no longer a constant. There is a boundary fluid near the solid wall, whose viscosity is much larger than that of the bulk fluid. Therefore, in the low permeability porous media, the in situ viscosity of the fluid is larger than that measured in the laboratory. Hence, it is so necessary to study the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media, in order to help us understand the actual viscosity of the fluid in the ground.

2.2. Testing Principle for Fluid Viscosity by NMR

The principle of NMR is to measure the signal of hydrogen atoms in the magnetic field. There is a certain amount of hydrogen atoms in the oil and water, and when a magnetic pulse signal is applied, these hydrogen atoms will produce a strong attenuation response [45, 46]. If NMR is performed on oil-bearing or water-bearing rocks, due to the absence of paramagnetic elements in the rocks, there is no signal response in the rocks, and the measured signals are only from the oil and water in the rock pores [47]. In nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, hydrogen atoms are polarized by the external magnetic field, and the energy acts on hydrogen atoms in the form of radio frequency pulses, causing the hydrogen atoms to absorb energy and undergo energy level transitions. After the hydrogen atom absorbs energy, it transfers energy to other rotating atoms or solid surfaces to restore to the original state of equilibrium [4]. Because the measurement time of the longitudinal attenuation signal is longer and is easily affected by the external environment, the NMR measurement signal is a transverse attenuation signal. The attenuation signals can be converted to the attenuation curve, which is the superposition of the attenuation signals of different fluid phases. The fluid components are different, so the attenuation signals and the attenuation curves are different, and the attenuation curve functions conform to the single index or multiexponential function [48–51].

Eyring viscosity theory shows [50, 51] that the viscosity is related to the diffusion conductivity. Even if fluid does not flow, its viscosity can also be measured, and NMR technology can be used to measure the diffusion conduction characteristics of fluids. NMR can be used to measure the attenuation response of liquid hydrogen atom in magnetic field under the action of external magnetic field. Prammer [52] presented the relation between the amplitude attenuation of NMR and the transverse relaxation time () and pointed out that the fluid viscosity is correlated positively with the attenuation rate of fluid amplitude. The smaller the fluid viscosity is, the slower the amplitude attenuation rate is, and the greater the relaxation time is. Instead, the larger the fluid viscosity is, the faster the amplitude attenuation rate is, and the smaller the relaxation time is. Its principle is shown in Figure 3 and (1).

Figure 3: Relationship between fluid viscosity and energy attenuation rate and   value.

The equation of energy attenuation curve in magnetic field is as follows [52]:

where is the macroscopic magnetization at moment , is the equilibrium magnetization, is the transverse relaxation time, and is time, ms.

From the energy attenuation curve equation, it can be seen as follows: the greater the value is, the smoother the energy attenuation curve is. The smaller the value is, the faster the energy attenuation curve falls. The transverse relaxation time is related to the properties of fluid itself and the interaction between fluid and rock pore surface, and so on. Therefore, NMR value can be used to characterize the viscosity of fluid.

2.3. Relationship between Fluid Viscosity and Peak

The purpose of this section is to find the empirical formula of fluid viscosity and NMR values by conducting NMR experiments on different kinds of fluids with different viscosity, providing a basis for testing in situ fluid viscosity in porous media.

The experimental instrument is the RecCore4 NMR equipment developed independently by China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute Langfang Branch. Its operating frequency is 2 MHz, the echo time is adjustable, and the minimum time is 2 μs. Glycerol and polyethylene glycol are selected as test fluid, prepared into experimental solutions with different concentrations (10%~90%), and placed in the test tubes.

The experimental steps are as follows: first, Ubbelohde viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of different concentration solutions, and then the NMR spectra of different concentration solutions are obtained with the RecCore4 NMR equipment; finally, we analyze and process the data to get the experimental results shown in Figures 3 and 4.

(a) Glycerol

(b) Polyethylene glycol

Figure 4: spectra of solutions at different concentrations.

It can be seen from Figures 4 and 5 that there is a good correlation between viscosity and peak value (). The relationship is as follows:

Equation (2) indicates that the greater the peak value is, the smaller the fluid viscosity is. Contrarily, the smaller the peak value is, the greater the fluid viscosity is.

Figure 5: Relationship between fluid viscosity and relaxation time.

The above experimental results demonstrate that NMR method can be used to test the viscosity of different liquid. The relationship between fluid viscosity and peak of NMR is clearly defined as follows:

where is the viscosity, is the peak, and and are the parameters related to the properties of the solution.

3. In Situ Viscosity Measurement of Fluid in Porous Media

Taking the water in porous media as an example, the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media is measured here. The relaxation spectrum of water in rock sample can be obtained by NMR technology. By (3), the spectra of fluid can be converted into the in situ viscosity spectra of fluid in different pores and throats of porous media.

In order to test the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media, five tight cores in Changqing and Jilin were selected, and their petrophysical parameters are shown in Table 1. The experimental steps are as follows.

Table 1: Petrophysical parameters of 5 tight rock cores.

Core number
Oil block
Length (cm)
Diameter (cm)
Gas measurement porosity (%)
Gas measurement permeability (mD)

1
Jilin
2.664
2.438
8.08
0.130

2
3.236
2.503
9.42
0.673

3
Changqing
3.225
2.514
12.30
0.058

4
3.076
2.515
10.30
0.116

5
3.206
2.513
9.40
0.710

Firstly, the above five cores were completely saturated with water; at the same time, the NMR spectra were tested. Then, different centrifugal experiments of 0.145 MPa, 0.290 MPa, 0.717 MPa, 1.441 MPa, 2.069 MPa, and 2.876 MPa were carried out for each core (different centrifugal pressures represent different displacement pressures), and NMR spectra under each centrifugal pressure were captured. Finally, the experimental data was analyzed and processed to obtain the experimental results as shown in Figures 6–9.

Figure 6: spectra of 0.130 mD rock core after centrifugation with different centrifugal pressures.

Figure 7: Relationship between in situ viscosity and relaxation time of 0.130 mD rock core after saturated water.

Figure 8: In situ viscosity spectrum of 0.130 mD rock sample under different displacement conditions.

Figure 9: Variation of average in situ viscosity of water in tight rock under different centrifugal pressures.

4. Results and Discussion

Figure 6 is a NMR spectrum of 0.130 mD rock sample in Jilin oilfield. When the centrifugal pressure is 0.145 MPa and 0.290 MPa, the yield of water centrifuged out of rock core is only 4.49% and 7.38%, respectively. When the centrifugal pressure increases to 1.441 MPa, the yield of water centrifuged out of rock core is 41.18%. However, when the centrifugal pressure is increased from 1.441 MPa to 2.876 MPa, the production increment of water centrifuged out of rock core is only 5.13%.

According to (3), NMR spectra of 0.130 mD tight rock sample under saturated water condition in Figure 6 are treated, and we obtain the relationship of in situ viscosity and relaxation time in porous media under saturated water condition (Figure 7). Studies show that [45] relaxation time can represent the distance between fluid and rock wall. The larger the relaxation time, the greater the distance between the fluid and the rock wall. So it can be found from Figure 7 that the in situ viscosity of water in porous media is not a constant, and it is related to the distance between water and rock wall. When water is closer to wall, its in situ viscosity is greater than its bulk fluid viscosity. What is more, when relaxation time is less than 1 ms, that is, the closer the fluid is to rock wall, the higher the in situ viscosity is. At the same time, this result also indicates that the interface force between fluid and rock is stronger, and it is extremely difficult to develop the fluid with time less than 1 ms.

Figure 8 shows the in situ viscosity spectra of 0.130 mD rock samples under different displacement conditions. We realize from Figure 8 that the in situ viscosity of fluid is distributed unevenly in porous media. Under the saturated water state of rock sample, the in situ viscosity spectrum of water presents a double-peak structure. For the left peak of in situ viscosity spectrum, the viscosity of fluid is smaller, which mainly characterizes the in situ viscosity distribution characteristics of movable fluid at the right peak of NMR spectrum. This part of fluid is distributed mainly in the middle of pores and throats. For the right peak of in situ viscosity spectrum, the viscosity increases greatly, which mainly characterizes the in situ viscosity distribution characteristics of nonmovable fluid at the left peak of NMR spectrum. This part of fluid is distributed mainly in the boundary layer of pores and throats or nearby the wall. Furthermore, as the in situ viscosity is greater than 1.3 mPa·s, the proportion of nonmovable fluid decreases sharply with the increase of viscosity. At a relatively lower driving force (e.g., 0.290 MPa), the in situ viscosity amplitude of movable fluid decreases smaller, and the in situ viscosity amplitude of nonmovable fluid coincides basically with the curve under the saturated water condition. This indicates that only some movable fluid can be exploited in tight cores under the small pressure difference, but the boundary fluid cannot be developed basically. Under the larger driving force (e.g., 2.876 MPa), the in situ viscosity amplitude of movable fluid drops greatly, which indicates the movable fluid is produced more. However, the fluid with the viscosity more than 1.3 mPa·s is harvested less, which indicates that it is very difficult to exploit the boundary fluid. Hence, findings also include that the production degree of fluid in tight rock is lower under a small pressure gradient. Only under a high pressure gradient, the production degree of fluid is relatively higher.

Figure 9 shows the variation of the average in situ viscosity of residual water in rock cores with different permeability under different centrifugal pressures. The longitudinal coordinate is the increasing multiple of viscosity, which is the ratio of the average in situ viscosity of the residual water in rock cores and the average in situ viscosity of the water in rock cores with saturated water state under a centrifugal pressure.

It can be seen from Figure 9 that the increasing multiple of viscosity in rock core is small under relatively low centrifugal pressure (e.g., 0.145 MPa and 0.290 MPa). This is because the amount of yield water centrifuged out of rock core under a smaller centrifugal pressure is small, and large amounts of water still exist in the large pores, which has little influence on the average in situ viscosity of water in rock core. Only when the centrifugal pressure increases to a certain value (e.g., 0.717 MPa, 1.441 MPa, and 2.069 MPa), the increasing multiple of viscosity in rock core increases rapidly. This is because that, with the centrifugal pressure increases, the amount of water centrifuged out of rock core increases, and the production of water in the large channel increases, the proportion of the boundary fluid thus rises, which has great influence on the average in situ viscosity of water in rock core. When the centrifugal pressure is once increased from 2.069 MPa to 2.876 MPa, the increasing multiple of viscosity in core increases slowly, because the amount of water produced is less, which has a little effect on the average in situ viscosity of the water in rock core. For rock samples in the same block (Changqing or Jilin), under the same centrifugal pressure, the viscosity increasing multiple of water in rock increases with the increase of permeability. This phenomenon can be interpreted as, under the same centrifugal pressure, the higher the permeability, the more the amount of water centrifuged out of rock core. Under the same centrifugal pressure, the viscosity increasing multiple of water in Jilin is higher than that in Changqing, which can be ascribed to the different reservoir characteristics of Changqing and Jilin tight cores reported by Yang et al. [49].

5. Conclusions

An approach to test in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media by NMR is reported in this work. Studies have shown that there is a better correlation between fluid viscosity and peak value and the in situ viscosity of fluid is distributed unevenly in porous media. In saturated water state, the in situ viscosity of water in rock samples is distributed as a double-peak structure. Moreover, for the tight rocks with saturated water, after a small amount of water is centrifuged, the average in situ viscosity of water in rocks has little difference with that of initial status. However, when more water is separated from the rocks, the average in situ viscosity of water in rocks is significantly higher than that of initial status. Furthermore, under the same centrifugal pressure, the ratio of the average in situ viscosity of water in rocks to that of initial status increases with the increase of permeability, and the average in situ viscosity increasing multiple of water in Jilin is higher than that in Changqing, which is due to the different reservoir characteristics of Changqing and Jilin tight rocks. The paper first proposes the method for measuring the in situ viscosity of fluid in porous media, which can provide guidance for the development of movable oil in oil field. At the same time, the accuracy and application range of the method will be improved after a large number of tests of different fluids.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX05013-001).

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