Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 4396018, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4396018

Research Article

Comprehensive Complication Index Predicts Cancer-Specific Survival of Patients with Postoperative Complications after Curative Resection of Gastric Cancer

Ru-Hong Tu,1,2 Jian-Xian Lin,1,2 Ping Li,1,2 Jian-Wei Xie,1,2 Jia-Bin Wang,1,2 Jun Lu,1,2 Qi-Yue Chen,1,2 Long-long Cao,1,2 Mi Lin,1,2 Chao-Hui Zheng,1,2,3,4 and Chang-Ming Huang1,2,3,4

¹Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
²Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
³Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
⁴Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Chang-Ming Huang; hcmlr2002@163.com

Received 4 July 2018; Accepted 13 September 2018; Published 19 November 2018

Academic Editor: Niccola Funel

Copyright © 2018 Ru-Hong Tu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. To investigate the prognostic impact of postoperative complications for patients with gastric cancer. Methods. Postoperative complications of patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer were reviewed. The severity of complications was graded by the CCI and C-D classification. Results. A total of 5327 patients were included in the study. Complications were observed in 767 patients. When the C-D classification system was applied, for patients with grade I–II complications, the length of stay (LOS) of those with high CCI (CCI ≥ 26.2) was significantly longer than that of patients with low CCI (CCI < 26.2) (). The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of patients with complications (52%) was lower than that of patients without complications (61%) (). Analysis of the factors associated with prognosis in patients with gastric cancer revealed that complications were independent risk factors for specific survival. When CCI was used to classify complication severity, the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of the high-CCI group was 46.3%, which was lower than that of the low-CCI group (54.9%, ). Conclusion. Complication after radical gastrectomy is an independent prognostic factor, and the complication severity as graded by CCI reflects the difference of cancer-specific survival in gastric cancer patients with postoperative complications.

1. Introduction

Gastric cancer is one of the major diseases threatening human health. Resection, which is the only possible radical treatment for gastric cancer, has been extensively examined by researchers, and the issue of how to guarantee the efficacy of oncology while maximally improving safety has become a research hotspot. Postoperative complications are commonly reported in patients with gastric cancer in the literature, with an incidence of approximately 4.2%–23.3% [1–7]. Complications not only increase the suffering of patients, prolong LOS, and increase hospitalization costs but also reduce the quality of life (QoL) and can even lead to early death. Studies in recent years have shown that early postoperative complications reflect the short-term postoperative efficacy and may affect the long-term prognosis of patients through a systemic inflammatory response or a suppressed immune system [8–10]. Although many researchers reported that complications may reduce the long-term survival of patients with cancer, few studies have investigated the association between the severity of complications and long-term outcomes. Baba et al. [9] showed that the long-term survival of patients with esophageal cancer was reduced by postoperative complications, and further studies indicated that there was no significant difference in the long-term prognosis of patients with complications of different C-D grades. If it is presumed that the severity of complications is positively correlated with prognosis but no significant correlation between C-D grades and prognosis has been found, this may be explained by the low sensitivity of this index. In recent years, some scholars have proposed adopting CCI in complication severity grading, and the sensitivity of this index is superior to the traditional complication classification indexes [11–13]. Some scholars reported that complication severity graded by CCI can accurately predict the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer [14]. Therefore, this present study was designed to investigate which complication severity grading system, the CCI or C-D classification, is more applicable for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with gastric cancer based on the records of complications and prognosis of patients with radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer in this single-center large sample study.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Information

Patients who were diagnosed with primary gastric cancer and given a radical gastrectomy in Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from January 1996 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. TMN staging was performed according to the UICC staging criteria, seventh edition, 2010 [15].

2.2. Treatments

The inclusion criteria were patients with (1) a pathologically definite diagnosis of malignant gastric tumor before surgery; (2) no direct tumor invasion of surrounding organs such as the pancreas, spleen, and liver, no distant metastasis in the liver, lung, or abdominal cavity, and no significantly enlarged lymph nodes around the abdominal aorta according to preoperative chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, and abdominal CT; and (3) D1 + α, D1 + β, or D2 lymph node dissection and R0 resection diagnosed by postoperative pathology. The exclusion criteria were patients with (1) intraoperative peritoneal dissemination or distant metastasis and (2) incomplete pathological diagnosis and follow-up data. According to the second and third editions of the Japanese version of the guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer [16, 17], the extent of gastric resection was selected, and lymph node dissection was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended for patients with advanced gastric cancer or early gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy was recommended for patients with clinical stage III disease by preoperative staging after 2007. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy were defined as at least one cycle of 5-Fu-based chemotherapy.

2.3. Postoperative Complications

Postoperative complications were defined as one or more of the following cases occurring postoperatively: postoperative bleeding (anastomosis and abdominal cavity) [18], incision infection [19], anastomotic leak [20], pancreatic fistula [21], duodenal stump fistula [22], chyle leak [23], abdominal infection [19], delayed gastric emptying [24], postoperative ileus [25, 26], postoperative pneumonia [9, 27], cardiovascular complications, liver complications, and urinary complications. The severity of the complications was graded using the C-D classification system [13] and CCI [11, 28], respectively. The CCI was based on the C-D classification. Complications of individual patients were first graded by the C-D classification, and the weighted sum of different grades of complications was calculated, with a final index ranging from 0 (no complications) to 100 (death from complications). A calculation of CCI can be obtained free of charge at http://www.assessurgery.com [11]. According to related studies, a CCI of 26.2 was set as the cut-off point (equivalent to one grade IIIa complication by the C-D classification), and patients with complications were divided into a high-CCI group (group A, CCI ≥ 26.2) and a low-CCI group (group B, CCI < 26.2) accordingly [14].

2.4. Prognosis and Follow-Up

Patients were followed up until death or March 2016, with an interval of 3–6 months, using methods such as outpatient service, home visits, mail, and telephone interviews, and the median follow-up time was 35 months. The overall survival time was defined as the time interval between the operation and all-cause death of a patient, and the cancer-specific survival time was defined as the time interval between operation and death due to tumor recurrence and metastasis.

2.5. Statistical Processing

Continuous variables were presented as and analyzed by Student’s -test. Categorical variables were analyzed by the test or Fisher’s exact test. The survival curve was plotted according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences between curves were tested by the log-rank method. Univariate and multivariate analyses of independent prognostic factors were performed by Cox regression analysis, and variables with in the univariate analysis were selected for multivariate analysis. Differences of were considered statistically significant. The SPSS 18.0 statistical package was used for statistical processing (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Incidence of Complications

A total of 5327 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer from January 1996 to December 2014 were included in this study, and complications occurred in 767 patients, for an incidence of 14.4%. There were 490 cases (63.9%) with low CCI (CCI < 26.2) and 277 (36.1%) with high CCI (CCI ≥ 26.2) when graded by the CCI system, and there were 582 cases (75.8%) with grade I–II diseases and 185 (24.1%) with grade IIIa–V diseases when graded by the C-D classification system. The distributions of the C-D classification and CCI grading are shown in Figure 1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1: Distribution of complication patients by C-D classification and CCI, respectively. (a) Histogram with probability density curve (solid line) of CD grade in patients with postoperative complications after curative resection of gastric cancer. (b) Histogram with probability density curve (solid line) of CCI in patients with postoperative complications after curative resection of gastric cancer. (c) Horizontal bar graphs show the different division by CD grade and CCI.

General clinical and pathological data of patients with complications are shown in Table 1. Differences in age (), ASA (), postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (), and operation time () were observed between the low-CCI group and the high-CCI group when graded by the CCI system, and there were differences in age (), complications (), ASA (), and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy () between grade I–II patients and grade ≥ IIIa patients when graded by the C-D classification system.

Table 1: Clinicopathological characteristics of patients undergoing radical gastrectomy.

Total,
No complication,
Comprehensive complication index
(CCI < 26.2 vs. CCI ≥ 26.2)
Clavien-Dindo grade
(I–II vs. ≥IIIa)

CCI < 26.2,
CCI ≥ 26.2,
I–II,
≥IIIa,

Age ± SD
59.54 ± 11.24
58.98 ± 11.20
61.66 ± 10.72
64.99 ± 10.54
<0.001
62.04 ± 10.85
65.45 ± 10.80
<0.001

Gender

0.458

0.481

    Male
4028
3433
376
219

448
147

    Female
1299
1127
114
58

134
38

Charlson index

0.068

0.004

    0–2
5252
4507
480
265

571
174

    ≥3
75
53
10
12

11
11

ASA classification

0.001

<0.001

    1–2
5059
4362
458
239

541
156

    ≥3
268
198
32
38

41
29

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

0.564

0.926

    No
5228
4481
476
271

567
180

    Yes
99
79
14
6

15
5

Tumor diameter ± SD
51.60 ± 27.99
51.09 ± 27.72
55.08 ± 29.41
53.84 ± 29.28
0.576
54.37 ± 28.65
55.47 ± 31.52
0.656

TNM stage

0.924

0.987

    I
1226
1068
102
56

120
38

    II
986
863
80
43

94
29

    III
3115
2629
308
178

368
118

Gastrectomy

0.073

0.188

    Open
2719
2326
263
130

306
87

    Laparoscopic
2608
2234
227
147

276
98

Extent of resection

0.705

0.276

    Total
2945
2494
289
162

336
115

    Distal
2249
1958
187
104

229
62

    Proximal
133
108
14
11

17
8

Operative time ± SD
221.45 ± 71.72
218.93 ± 69.97
236.88 ± 84.93
235.02 ± 86.92
0.778
237.27 ± 85.49
232.93 ± 86.17
0.557

Blood loss ± SD
152.13 ± 274.15
139.86 ± 173.48
188.16 ± 281.02
286.57 ± 875.02
0.077
190.89 ± 272.76
326.75 ± 1055.49
0.092

Adjuvant chemotherapy

0.004

<0.001

    No
3226
2655
348
223

413
158

    Yes
2101
1905
142
54

169
27

Surgical period

0.013

0.317

    1996–2005
1473
1299
125
49

137
37

    2006–2014
3854
3261
365
228

445
148

3.2. Effects of the CCI and C-D Classification Systems on Short-Term Efficacy

The difference between the complication severity grading systems could not be compared directly due to the crossover of patients when graded using these two systems. Grades I–II in the C-D classification included all patients with CCI < 26.2 (group A) and some of the patients with CCI ≥ 26.2 (group B1). Patients with grade ≥ IIIa in the C-D classification were patients with CCI ≥ 26.2 (group B2), as shown in Figure 1(c). Patients in group B1 and group A had the same C-D grades, but not the same CCI scores, and the postoperative LOS of the group B1 was 31.91 ± 18.59 days, which was significantly longer than that of group A (25.1 ± 15.95, ), and the difference was statistically significant; groups B1 and B2 were different in C-D classification but the same in CCI, and there was no significant difference in LOS between the groups (). Thus, CCI could be more reflective of the postoperative LOS for patients with complications (Table 2).

Table 2: Difference in postoperative stay using different measurements in patients with postoperative complications after curative resection of gastric cancer.

A groups I–II & CCI < 26.2
B1 groups I–II & CCI ≥ 26.2
B2 group ≥ IIIa & CCI ≥ 26.2
a
b

Postoperative stay
25.1 ± 15.95
31.91 ± 18.59
30.8 ± 24.97
<0.001
0.717

a for A group (I–II & CCI < 26.2) vs. B1 group (I–II & CCI ≥ 26.2). b for B1 group (I–II & CCI < 26.2) vs. B2 group (I–II & CCI ≥ 26.2).

3.3. Relationship between Complications and Long-Term Prognosis

The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with complications () and those without complications () were 49% and 60%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (log-rank, ). The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of patients with complications was 52%, which was significantly lower than that of patients without complications (61%, log-rank, ) (Supplement Figure 1).

3.4. Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of Cancer-Specific Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer

Factors affecting the survival of patients with gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy were analyzed, as shown in Table 3. The results demonstrated that age (HR = 1.123, ), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 1.927, ), tumor size (HR = 1.104, ), stage II tumor (HR = 2.765, ), stage III tumor (HR = 8.759, ), and complications (HR = 1.194, ) were independent risk factors for cancer-specific survival.

Table 3: Univariate and multivariate analyses for disease-specific survival in patients after curative resection of gastric cancer.

Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Age (for 10-year increase)
1.125 (1.076–1.176)
<0.001
1.123 (1.073–1.175)
<0.001

Male sex (vs. female sex)
0.979 (0.878–1.091)
0.699

Charlson index ≥ 3 (vs. 0–2)
1.126 (0.758–1.670)
0.557

ASA classification ≥ 3 (vs. 1–2)
1.212 (0.997–1.473)
0.054

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (vs. no)
2.088 (1.557–2.799)
<0.001
1.927 (1.436–2.587)
<0.001

Tumor diameter (for 10 mm increase)
1.237 (1.217–1.258)
<0.001
1.104 (1.082–1.126)
<0.001

Tumor stage II (vs. stage I)
3.301 (2.485–4.385)
<0.001
2.765 (2.076–3.683)
<0.001

Tumor stage III (vs. stage I)
12.394 (9.703–15.831)
<0.001
8.759 (6.778–11.318)
<0.001

Open gastrectomy (vs. LG)
1.401 (1.273–1.543)
<0.001

Total gastrectomy (vs. distal gastrectomy)
1.789 (1.619–1.978)
<0.001

Proximal gastrectomy (vs. distal gastrectomy)
1.195 (0.857–1.667)
0.293

Operative time (for 30-minute increase)
1.109 (1.087–1.133)
<0.001

Blood loss (for 50 mL increase)
1.069 (1.052–1.085)
<0.001

Adjuvant chemotherapy (vs. no)
1.149 (1.047–1.261)
0.004
0.872 (0.791–0.962)
0.002

Surgical period 2006–2014 (vs. 1996–2005)
0.988 (0.894–1.092)
0.817

Postoperative complication (vs. no)
1.347 (1.189–1.526)
<0.001
1.194 (1.051–1.357)
0.006

3.5. Relationship between the CCI or C-D Classification and the Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Complications

The relationship between CCI, C-D classification, and cancer-specific survival is presented in Figure 2. The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of the high-CCI group (CCI ≥ 26.2) was 46.3% versus 54.9% in the low-CCI group (CCI < 26.2) (). In the C-D classification system, no significant difference was observed in the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate between patients with grade I–II complications and those with grade IIIa complications (57.8% vs. 51.0%, ).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier curves of patients with mild and severe postoperative pneumonia according to CCI and CD grade. (a) Disease-specific survival of patients with postoperative complications measured by CCI (). (b) Disease-specific survival of patients with postoperative complications measured by C-D classification ().

4. Discussion

Complications threaten the lives of patients, prolong the length of the hospital stay, and increase the cost of hospitalization. Surgical teams also spend excessive energy to treat and care for complications. The incidence of postoperative complications of gastric cancer in the literature is approximately 4.2%–23.3%, and the incidence of complications in 5327 patients was 14.4% (767 patients) in the present study, which was similar to previously reported rates. Further studies showed that complications were closely related to the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

Reports of the relationship between complications and long-term prognosis after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer are controversial. Some researchers believe that the complicated postoperative recovery process may inhibit the immune response to the spreading of tumor cells, resulting in a reduced cancer-specific survival rate [9, 10]. Goldfarb et al. [29] further demonstrated that enhancing perioperative cellular immunity while inhibiting excessive catecholamine and prostaglandin responses can effectively reduce the immune suppression of the body and the recurrence and metastasis of tumors. It was also reported that postoperative complications not only prolong the postoperative inflammatory response time but also affect the overall survival and cancer-specific survival of patients after the radical resection of gastric cancer [30]. However, Saito et al. [31] found that there was no significant correlation between complications and the recurrence-free survival rate of gastric cancer and that its predictive value was not as good as that of postoperative changes in CRP. In the present study, to exclude the effect of bias from early complication-induced death and other non-cancer-related death, cancer-specific survival was used as the primary outcome to investigate the relationship between complications and long-term prognosis of gastric cancer. The results showed that postoperative complications are an independent risk factor for cancer-specific survival, and the relationship between the severity of postoperative complications of gastric cancer and the cancer-specific survival rate was reported for the first time in this study. In recent years, CCI has been widely used as an index in clinical trials to evaluate the severity of complications, which is characterized by the adoption of weighted complications that reflect all complications with different severity levels for patients, and its sensitivity is superior to that of traditional complication indexes [11–13]. For example, if patient A has 1 grade II postoperative complication and patient B has 1 grade I postoperative complication and 2 grade II ones, the complications of patients A and B are both graded as grade II using the C-D classification, and CCIs of 20.9 and 28.3 are calculated for patients A and B, respectively, using the CCI classification. In clinical practice, there are great differences between patient A and patient B in terms of complication healing time, the level of systemic inflammation, and immune suppression, and CCI can better reflect the severity of complications in patients A and B. In the present study, a further study revealed that the cancer-specific survival rate of patients with high CCI was lower than those with low CCI, and the difference was statistically significant. When the C-D classification was used to grade the severity of complications, no statistically significant difference in the survival rate was observed between patients with grade I–II complications and those with grade ≥ IIIa complications, which indicated that CCI is more applicable than C-D classification to predict the cancer-specific survival of patients with gastric cancer after surgery. This may be explained by the finding that CCI is more accurate than the C-D classification to reflect the severity of complications and the effects of complications on the level of systemic inflammatory response and the degree of immunosuppression and ultimately affect the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer after the operation.

The correlation between CCI and the cancer-specific survival rate suggests that the active treatment of complications in clinical practice improves the short-term efficacy and reduces the effect of complications on the cancer-specific survival rate. Although the occurrence of some complications is difficult to predict and avoid, clinicians should be vigilant to prevent complications that occur subsequently and take appropriate preventive measures to reduce the number of complications to decrease the CCI. For example, patients with postoperative anastomotic fistula are prone to complicated pulmonary or abdominal infection; long-term bedridden patients are susceptible to developing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; patients with the long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are easily complicated with fungal infections or disorders of intestinal flora. Effective measures should be taken to prevent possible secondary complications to reduce the patients’ CCIs and improve the long-term efficacy. The present study was a retrospective, single-center, large sample cohort study, and a unified standard was used to assess the severity of complications and the bias induced by the heterogeneity of the objects was reduced to a certain extent. More reliable results, however, still need to be validated in multicenter, large sample prospective clinical trials.

In conclusion, postoperative complication after radical gastrectomy is an independent prognostic factor and the application of CCI in complication severity grading can reflect the difference of cancer-specific survival in gastric cancer patients with postoperative complications.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Disclosure

The manuscript has been presented as a poster abstract in the Abstract Book of the 42nd ESMO Congress (ESMO 2017) according to the following link: https://www.esmo.org/content/download/117241/2057634/file/ESMO-2017-Abstract-Book.pdf.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose from any authors.

Authors’ Contributions

Ru-Hong Tu and Jian-Xian Lin contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Fujian Medical University Union Hospital for their management of our gastric cancer patient database. The study was sponsored by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Joint Capital Projects of Fujian Province (2016Y9031) and the National Key Clinical Specialty Discipline Construction Program of China (no. [2012]649).

Supplementary Materials

Supplement Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curves of patients with and without postoperative complications: (A) overall survival () and (B) disease-specific survival. The 5-year overall and disease-specific survival rates of patients with postoperative complications were significantly poorer than those of patients without postoperative complications ( and , respectively). (Supplementary Materials)

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