Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 124102, 6 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/124102

Research Article

Medical and Infectious Complications Associated with Pyelonephritis among Pregnant Women at Delivery

Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, R. Phillips Heine, and Chad A. Grotegut

Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, DUMC Box 3967, Durham, NC 27710, USA

Received 25 April 2013; Revised 23 August 2013; Accepted 26 August 2013

Academic Editor: Lu-Yu Hwang

Copyright © 2013 Sarah K. Dotters-Katz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Objective. Pyelonephritis is a common cause of antepartum admission and maternal morbidity. Medical complications associated with pyelonephritis during delivery are not well described; thus the objective of this study was to estimate medical, infectious, and obstetric complications associated with pyelonephritis during the delivery admission. Study Design. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2008–2010. The NIS was queried for all delivery-related discharges. During the delivery admission, the ICD-9-CM codes for pyelonephritis were used to identify cases and were compared to women without pyelonephritis. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed for various medical, infectious, and obstetric complications among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without, while controlling for preexisting medical conditions and demographics. Results. During the years 2008–2010, there were 26,397 records with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis during the delivery admission, for a rate of 2.1 per 1000 deliveries. Women with pyelonephritis had increased associated risks for transfusion, need for mechanical ventilation, acute heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, acute renal failure, preterm labor, and chorioamnionitis, while controlling for preexisting medical conditions. Conclusions. Pyelonephritis at delivery admissions is associated with significant medical and infectious morbidity.

1. Introduction

Pyelonephritis during pregnancy has the potential to cause serious morbidity to the pregnant woman. It is the most common nonobstetric indication for antepartum hospitalization, and its associated risk factors, diagnosis, and management in the antepartum period are well described [1–4]. Serious morbidity associated with pyelonephritis in pregnancy is common. Sepsis and septic shock occur secondary to pyelonephritis more frequently than secondary to any other infectious process during pregnancy [5]. Acute respiratory distress syndrome complicates approximately 1–8.5% of pyelonephritis cases [6, 7]. Frequently, an admission to an intensive care unit is necessary.

While the implications of pyelonephritis in the antepartum period are well described, there is little data about outcomes and complications when pyelonephritis occurs at the time of delivery [1–3, 8–11]. As these studies describe outcomes of pregnancies complicated by pyelonephritis, none of these describe specifically outcomes of patients who deliver during the admission during which they were diagnosed with pyelonephritis. The objective of this study was to expand on these studies, using a large nationwide data set, to estimate the medical, infectious, and obstetric complications associated with pyelonephritis at delivery.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) for years 2008–2010 was queried for all delivery discharges [12]. The NIS is the largest all-payer inpatient database in the United States and contains data from approximately 8 million hospital admissions from over 1,000 hospitals in 42 states (2008) to 45 states (2010). The hospitals in the NIS are stratified based on ownership, bed size, teaching status, urban/rural location, and region. From each stratum, the NIS contains approximately 20% of United States (US) hospitals, and the sampling frame comprises 90% of all US hospital discharges. The information included in the NIS is similar to that in a typical discharge summary with safeguards to protect the privacy of individual patients, physicians, and hospitals. Weighting estimates are included for each hospitalization that allows for national estimates to be made [12].

Using the NIS for each of the years 2008–2010, all records containing a delivery discharge were identified. A delivery admission was defined as a hospitalization that included a delivery code (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 74 for cesarean section; 72, 73, and 75 for vaginal delivery; V27 or 650–659 for nonspecific delivery codes) [13, 14]. Deliveries were also identified by diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes. DRG codes 765 and 766 were utilized to identify cesarean deliveries and codes 767, 768, 774, and 775 for vaginal deliveries. The ICD-9-CM codes used to identify discharges with pyelonephritis were 590.0–590.9. To identify comorbidities, both the ICD-9-CM code for a particular condition in pregnancy and the general ICD-9-CM codes were used (Supplemental Table 1 of the Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/124102 for list of ICD-9-CM codes used).

2.2. Statistical Analysis

All admissions in the NIS for delivery were identified. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for age, race/ethnicity, medical conditions and events, and pregnancy-related complications among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis. A multivariable logistic regression model was created controlling for age, insurance status, income quartile of residing ZIP code, and the studied preexisting medical conditions to identify the odds of various medical and obstetric complications among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis. Race/ethnicity was not included in the final model due to the large number of entries in the NIS with missing race/ethnicity data. Statistical significance for all analyses was assigned as a value <0.05. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and GraphPad Prism 6.0 for Macintosh (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Duke University Medical Center Institutional Review Board as exempt research.

3. Results

During the period from 2008 through 2010, there were estimated 12,628,746 deliveries in the NIS, of those, 26,397 patient records included a diagnosis of pyelonephritis at a delivery discharge. The overall rate of pyelonephritis during delivery admission for the years 2008 through 2010 was 2.1 per 1000 deliveries.

Table 1 describes demographic information in patients with and without pyelonephritis. Women with pyelonephritis during the delivery admission were more likely to be African American or Hispanic, were younger, less likely to have private insurance, and were more likely to reside in a ZIP code whose median income was in the lowest quartile (Table 1). Race/ethnicity data was missing for 13.8% of women with pyelonephritis and for 15.5% of women without pyelonephritis.

Table 1: Demographic data at the time of delivery in hospital discharges among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis, Nationwide Inpatient Sample years 2008–2010 (12,628,746 deliveries).

Pyelo

= 26,397
No Pyelo

= 12,602,349
OR (95% CI)
value

Race/ethnicity, (%)

    Caucasian
9436 (35.7)
5,561,876 (44.1)
1.0
—

    African American
3948 (14.9)
1,507,268 (12.0)
1.5 (1.5, 1.6)
<0.0001

    Hispanic
7644 (29.0)
2,418,562 (19.2)
1.9 (1.8, 1.9)
<0.0001

    Other
1738 (6.6)
1,161,608 (9.2)
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
<0.0001

    Missing
3634 (13.8)
1,953,036 (15.5)
—
—

Age, yrs

—
<0.0001

Private insurance, (%)e
7421 (28.1)
6,252,591 (49.6)
0.4 (0.4, 0.4)
<0.0001

Median house income in ZIP code of lowest quartile, (%)
9192 (34.8)
3,331,368 (26.4)
1.5 (1.5, 1.5)
<0.0001

LOS, days
3 (2, 4)
2 (2, 3)
—
<0.0001c

Total charges,
11,175 (7030, 19,174)
10,000 (6785, 15,090)
—
<0.0001c

Values are mean ± SD.

bValues are median (quartile).

cWilcoxon rank sum.

dMedian house income in ZIP code of lowest quartile defined as median income in subject’s ZIP code $1–$38,999.

eThe numbers of missing variables for each demographic descriptor are listed as follows for women with and without pyelonephritis, respectively: age (10 %] and 13,490 %]), insurance status (50 %] and 17,975 %]), house income status (475 %] and 253,740 %]), LOS (0 %] and 430 %), and total charges (630 %] and 288,585 %).

Table 2 presents preexisting medical conditions associated with pyelonephritis. Women with pyelonephritis during the delivery admission were more likely to have cardiomyopathy, asthma, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, anemia, thrombocytopenia, sickle cell disease/thalassemia, or chronic renal failure compared to women without pyelonephritis. Women with pyelonephritis during the delivery admission were also more likely to use drugs, alcohol, or tobacco compared to women without pyelonephritis.

Table 2: Preexisting medical conditions present at time of delivery in hospital discharges among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis, Nationwide Inpatient Sample years 2008–2010 (12,628,746 deliveries).

Condition, (%)
Pyelo

= 26,397
No Pyelo

= 12,602,349
OR (95% CI)
value

Heart disease

    Cardiomyopathy
39 (0.1)
5705 (0.04)
3.3 (2.4, 4.4)
<0.0001

    Valvular heart disease
108 (0.4)
55,209 (0.4)
0.9 (0.8, 1.1)
0.513

Pulmonary disease

    Asthma
1423 (5.4)
410,193 (3.3)
1.7 (1.6, 1.8)
<0.0001

Endocrine disorders

    Diabetes (nongestational)
560 (2.1)
133,796 (1.1)
2.0 (1.9, 2.2)
<0.0001

    Thyroid disorder
510 (1.9)
299,418 (2.4)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
<0.0001

Autoimmune disorders

    Systemic lupus erythem.
77 (0.3)
16,596 (0.1)
2.2 (1.7, 2.7)
<0.0001

Hematologic disorders

    Thrombophilia/APS
141 (0.5)
71,313 (0.6)
0.9 (0.8, 1.1)
0.516

    Anemia
5406 (20.5)
1,358,360 (10.8)
2.1 (2.1, 2.2)
<0.0001

    Thrombocytopenia
443 (1.7)
114,254 (0.9)
1.9 (1.7, 2.0)
<0.0001

    Sickle cell/thalassemia
86 (0.3)
19,559 (0.1)
2.1 (1.7, 2.6)
<0.0001

Drugs/alcohol/tobacco

    Drug use
852 (3.2)
164,788 (1.3)
2.5 (2.3, 2.7)
<0.0001

    Alcohol use
56 (0.2)
14,034 (0.1)
1.9 (1.5, 2.5)
<0.0001

    Tobacco
2531 (9.6)
792,389 (6.3)
1.6 (1.5, 1.6)
<0.0001

Chronic hypertension/renal failure

    Chronic hypertension
488 (1.8)
248,440 (2.0)
0.9 (0.8, 1.02)
0.148

    Chronic renal failure
40 (0.1)
5012 (0.04)
3.8 (2.8, 5.1)
<0.0001

APS: antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Medical complications were common among women with pyelonephritis at delivery admission. Women with pyelonephritis had increased odds of acute heart failure, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary edema, and acute renal failure compared to women without pyelonephritis. Infection complications were also common among women with pyelonephritis. Women with pyelonephritis at a delivery admission had increased odds of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis compared to women without pyelonephritis. In addition, women with pyelonephritis were more likely to have a transfusion and require mechanical ventilation compared to women without pyelonephritis (Table 3).

Table 3: Medical events present at time of delivery in hospital discharges among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis, Nationwide Inpatient Sample years 2008–2010 (12,628,746 deliveries).

Condition, (%)
Pyelo

= 26,397
No Pyelo

= 12,602,349
OR (95% CI)
value

Transfusion
793 (3.0)
130,911 (1.0)
2.9 (2.7, 3.2)
<0.0001

Mechanical ventilation
221 (0.8)
8807 (0.07)
12.1 (10.6, 13.8)
<0.0001

Cardiac events

    Acute heart failure
67 (0.2)
4523 (0.04)
7.1 (5.5, 8.9)
<0.0001

Pulmonary events

    Pneumonia
635 (2.4)
12,589 (0.1)
24.7 (22.7, 26.7)
<0.0001

    Pulmonary edema
55 (0.2)
2008 (0.02)
13.0 (9.8, 16.9)
<0.0001

    Acute respiratory distress syn
88 (0.3)
2798 (0.02)
15.0 (12.1, 18.5)
<0.0001

Thromboembolic Events

    Pulmonary embolism
11 (0.04)
3609 (0.03)
1.3 (0.6, 2.3)
0.405

    Deep vein thrombosis
22 (0.08)
6352 (0.05)
1.6 (1.03, 2.4)
0.022

Infections

    Sepsis
1393 (5.3)
5426 (0.04)
129 (122, 137)
<0.0001

Renal event

    Acute renal failure
257 (1.0)
6828 (0.05)
18.1 (15.9, 20.5)
<0.0001

Women with pyelonephritis were more likely to be carrying a multiple gestation or have their pregnancy complicated by preterm labor or chorioamnionitis compared to women without pyelonephritis. Cesarean delivery, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia/eclampsia/gestational hypertension, premature rupture of the membranes, and postpartum hemorrhage were all less common among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis at the time of delivery admission (Table 4).

Table 4: Obstetric events present at time of delivery in hospital discharges among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis, Nationwide Inpatient Sample years 2008–2010 (12,628,746 deliveries).

Condition, (%)
Pyelo

= 26,397
No Pyelo

= 12,602,349
OR (95% CI)
value

Obstetric events

    Cesarean delivery
3669 (13.9)
4,037,688 (32.0)
0.3 (0.3, 0.3)
<0.0001

    Operative vaginal delivery
645 (2.4)
791,598 (6.3)
0.4 (0.3, 0.4)
<0.0001

    Multiple gestation
1392 (5.3)
265,839 (2.1)
2.6 (2.4, 2.7)
<0.0001

    GDM
982 (3.7)
714,105 (5.7)
0.6 (0.6, 0.7)
<0.0001

    Prex, eclamp, gest HTN
1271 (4.8)
929,959 (7.4)
0.6 (0.6, 0.7)
<0.0001

    Preterm labor
3696 (14.0)
1,048,007 (8.3)
1.8 (1.7, 1.9)
<0.0001

    Premature rupture of membranes
440 (1.7)
469,115 (3.7)
0.4 (0.4, 0.5)
<0.0001

    Postpartum hemorrhage
375 (1.4)
321,599 (2.5)
0.5 (0.5, 0.6)
<0.0001

    Chorioamnionitis
1285 (4.9)
322,282 (2.5)
1.9 (1.8, 2.1)
<0.0001

Eclamp: eclampsia; GDM: gestational diabetes; gest HTN: gestational hypertension; prex: preeclampsia.

Table 5 outlines the adjusted analysis for various medical and obstetric complications at delivery while controlling for age, insurance status, income of residing ZIP code, and pre-existing medical conditions in women who had pyelonephritis at the time of delivery. Most significantly, sepsis was 108 times more likely to occur among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis. Other infectious complications remained significantly associated with pyelonephritis, including pneumonia, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in our adjusted model. Multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, and preterm labor were also more common in the pyelonephritis population.

Table 5: Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the listed outcomes among women with pyelonephritis compared to women without pyelonephritis, while controlling for age, private insurance, residing in a ZIP code with annual income at lowest quartile, cardiomyopathy, asthma, diabetes, thyroid disorders, systemic lupus erythematous, anemia, thrombocytopenia, sickle cell disease, drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, chronic hypertension, and chronic renal failure.

Adjusted OR (95% CI)
value

Transfusion
1.8 (1.7, 2.0)
<0.0001

Mechanical ventilation
10.9 (9.5, 12.5)
<0.0001

Cardiac events

    Acute heart failure
6.5 (4.9, 8.5)
<0.0001

Pulmonary events

    Pneumonia
18.5 (17.0, 20.1)
<0.0001

    Pulmonary edema
11.3 (8.6, 14.9)
<0.0001

    Acute respiratory distress

    syndrome
11.6 (9.3, 14.3)
<0.0001

Thromboembolic events

    Pulmonary embolism
1.1 (0.6, 2.0)
0.858

    Deep vein thrombosis
1.6 (1.02, 2.4)
0.038

Infections

    Sepsis
108 (101, 115)
<0.0001

Renal event

    Acute renal failure
14.7 (12.9, 16.7)
<0.0001

Obstetric events

    Cesarean delivery
0.3 (0.2, 0.4)
<0.0001

    Operative vaginal delivery
0.4 (0.3, 0.4)
<0.0001

    Multiple gestation
2.9 (2.8, 3.1)
<0.0001

    GDM
0.7 (0.7, 0.8)
<0.0001

    Prex, eclamp, gest HTN
0.6 (0.5, 0.6)
<0.0001

    Preterm labor
1.7 (1.5, 1.8)
<0.0001

    Premature rupture of membranes
0.4 (0.4, 0.5)
<0.0001

    Postpartum hemorrhage
0.4 (0.4, 0.5)
<0.0001

    Chorioamnionitis
1.7 (1.6, 1.8)
<0.0001

Eclamp: eclampsia; GDM: gestational diabetes; gest HTN: gestational hypertension; Prex: preeclampsia.

4. Discussion

Pyelonephritis is the most common nonobstetric indication for antepartum hospitalization and is a common source of maternal and neonatal morbidity [3]. Here, we demonstrate that pyelonephritis at delivery admission is also common. We reconfirm several well-known preexisting medical conditions that have been associated with pyelonephritis during pregnancy and further demonstrate that women with pyelonephritis at delivery admission are at increased risk for severe infectious complications, such as pneumonia, ARDS, and sepsis, and are also at increased risk for transfusion, requiring mechanical ventilation, acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, and acute renal failure. As our study utilized data from a large database representing the entire United States, the conclusions and findings from our analysis largely validate findings from previously noted smaller, single-center studies.

It is well known that women who develop pyelonephritis during pregnancy are at increased risk of sepsis and ARDS and require ICU admission compared to nonpregnant women who develop pyelonephritis [1–3, 5, 15]. Using the NIS, it became evident that these women are at markedly increased risk for these and other complications. Women with pyelonephritis during the delivery are over 100 times more likely to have sepsis than women who do not have pyelonephritis. Pneumonia was 18 times more likely in women with pyelonephritis, and ARDS and pulmonary edema were both 11 times more likely to occur in this population. There was no difference in the risk for pulmonary emboli or deep vein thrombosis, suggesting an inflammatory mechanism for lung injury not a coagulation-related mechanism. These findings illustrate that women with pyelonephritis at delivery are at risk for significant morbidity.

Belkin et al. utilized the NIS from a single year, 2006, to identify demographic data among women admitted at any time during pregnancy with pyelonephritis [15]. Similar to our study, they found that women less than 20 and women of African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity were at higher risk for pyelonephritis in pregnancy, though they did not compare these demographics to women without pyelonephritis. They found that women with pyelonephritis had associated risk for sepsis (2.0%), anemia (22.4%), diabetes (3.7%), and preterm labor (3.8%), but again, they did not determine the rate of these outcomes among women without pyelonephritis [15]. In our study, by analyzing data only at admissions for delivery, rather than at antepartum admission, we were able to estimate outcomes for individuals, rather than hospitalizations, as women could possibly have more than one antepartum hospitalization during a pregnancy but only a single hospitalization per woman per pregnancy. Additionally, by examining discharge data, obstetric outcomes data could be captured, which would not be available using antepartum discharges. Lastly, we were able to calculate ORs for associated complications among women with pyelonephritis since we also determined the rates of these events in pregnant women at delivery without pyelonephritis.

Our study has limitations. Our findings rely on a large discharge database, and therefore we are unable to determine if the associated preexisting medical conditions caused pyelonephritis, or if pyelonephritis was causative of the observed medical and obstetric events that were more common among women with pyelonephritis. Regardless, our data demonstrate that pyelonephritis is at least associated with these events. Next, there is no way to ascertain if coded preexisting medical conditions were active at the time of delivery. Furthermore, preexisting conditions or medical/obstetric events occurring at delivery would have been missed if the variable was not coded. Therefore, we may be underrepresenting some conditions or events. Finally, neonatal discharge records are not linked to maternal discharge records within the NIS; thus, we are unable to provide information on neonatal outcomes among those neonates born to women with pyelonephritis.

Discharge databases are also open to questions regarding the accuracy of coding. Yasmeen et al. recently assessed the accuracy and reliability of obstetric discharge databases and found them to provide helpful information [16]. Thus, despite the limitations of the NIS database, the study design allows the examination or relatively rare disorders using a large numbers of pregnancies. In doing so, odds ratios and maternal morbidity rates for medical conditions, pregnancy-related conditions, and pregnancy outcomes that would have otherwise been difficult to quantify can be estimated. Our multivariable logistic regression model attempted to identify an independent association of pyelonephritis with various medical and obstetric outcomes. In doing so, we controlled for clinically relevant preexisting medical conditions and social factors that are known to be commonly associated with pyelonephritis. In using a database such as the NIS, it is impossible to account for all potential confounders, and as such we acknowledge this limitation.

In summary, this dataset reaffirms many of the known risk factors for pyelonephritis, including minority race, young age, lower socioeconomic status, nongestational diabetes, and sickle cell disease, but also uniquely examines preexisting medical conditions and medical and obstetric complications among women with pyelonephritis occurring at delivery. Many women with pyelonephritis at delivery were found to have other associated infectious complications such as sepsis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is unknown if pyelonephritis was directly causative of these outcomes, and future research is warranted.

Disclosure

This paper was presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology (IDSOG), Santa Ana Pueblo, NM, August 8–10, 2013.

Conflict of Interests

The authors report no conflict of interests.

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