International Journal of Agronomy

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 846707, 4 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/846707

Research Article

Temperature Effect on Yield and Yield Components of Different Rice Cultivars in Flowering Stage

R. Ghadirnezhad¹ and A. Fallah²

¹Department of Agronomy, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran

²Rice Research Institute of Amol, Mazandaran 46191-91951, Iran

Received 9 January 2014; Accepted 28 April 2014; Published 18 May 2014

Academic Editor: Othmane Merah

Copyright © 2014 R. Ghadirnezhad and A. Fallah. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In order to study the effect of cold stress in flowering stage on yield and yield components of different rice cultivars, an experiment was performed as split plot factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) in greenhouse of deputy of rice research institute of Iran (Amol) in 2010, in three repetitions. Treatment included 5 varieties as main factors that included cultivars of shirudi, fajr, local tarom, hybrid, and line 843. Two levels of temperatures (13°C, stress temperature) and (32°C, normal temperature, control) along with flowering stage were selected as two subfactors. Three seedlings were planted in each plot. The cold stress was done in flowering stage with holding pots at 13°C for 15 days. Results showed that low temperature had significant effect in level of 1 percent on all characters, such as the number of panicles, the length of panicle, and the number of full, empty, and total grains; as a result, yield had caused significant reduction. Interaction between temperature and varieties showed that most tolerant variety in relation to temperature stress along with least percentage yield (19%) is shirudi variety and the most sensitive one with most percentage of yield decrease (29%) was local tarom variety.

1. Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a monocot crop. It is a cereal grain and the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world’s human population, especially in Asia. After maize (corn), it has the second-highest worldwide production, according to data from 2010. Rice can be grown in different environments depending upon water availability and temperature conditions [1]. Cold stress is a common problem in rice cultivation and affects global production as a crucial factor [2]. Rice is a cold-sensitive plant that originated from tropical or subtropical zones. When low temperature occurs during the reproductive stages, it can cause serious yield and yield components losses [3]. The optimum temperature for rice cultivation is between 25°C and 35°C, and in temperate regions, rice growth is impressed by limited period that favors its growth [4].

Exposure to cold temperature affects all phonological stages of rice and lower grain production and yield, too. Low temperature in vegetative stage can cause slow growth and reduce seedling vigor [5] low number of seedlings, reduce tillering [6] increase plant mortality [3, 7, 8] increase the growth period [9] and in reproductive stage, it can cause to produc panicle sterility and lower grain production and yield [6].

Critical stages for cold damage include germination, booting, flowering, and filling stages [10]. Since the most sensitive stage for cold harm is the flowering stage, which occurs 10–12 days prior to heading, our objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of cold stress on yield and yield components in flowering stages and identify the Iranian current rice crop resistant and sensitive cultivars.

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was performed as split plot factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) in Greenhouse of Deputy of Rice Research Institute of Iran (Amol) in 2010, in three repetitions. This treatment included 5 varieties as main factor that include cultivars of shirudi, fajr, local tarom, hybrid, and line 843. Two levels of temperatures (13°C, stress temperature) and (32°C, normal temperature, control) along with flowering stage were selected as two subfactors. Three seedlings were planted in each plot. The cold stress was done in flowering stage with holding pots at 13°C for 15 days. 13°C temperature treatment was adjusted with cooler installation and relative humidity was maintained constantly between 70 and 80 percent by wetting bottomless sack of greenhouse. The normal temperature of 32°C was adjusted by split cooler installation and temperature setting thermostat and relative humidity was maintained between 80 and 85 percent.

The number of panicles in a hill was obtained with counting panicles in a hill. In order to measure the length of panicle (cm), all panicles of hill were measured from the location of the panicle nodes to the panicle head with a ruler and then average values were recorded. Then, all grains of panicles were separated and the number of full and empty grains was counted and with the sum of them, the total number of seeds was obtained. By weighting the full and healthy grains of panicles, yield in hill was evaluated. All statics were performed with SAS program (Version 6.2) and MSTAT-C (Version 2.1). The mean comparisons were performed by the Duncan multiple range test in significance level of 1 percent.

3. Results and Discussion

As shown in Table 1, cultivar, growth stage, and temperature effects and their interactions on all treatments, such as the number of panicles, the length of panicle, the number of full, empty, total grains, and yield, were significant in level of 1 percent (Table 1).

Table 1: Sources of variations of yield and yield components.

S.O.V
df
Panicle number/hill (cm)
Panicle length/hill (cm)
Full grain number/hill
Empty grain number/hill
Total grain/hill
Yield (gm/hill)

Cultivar factor
4
106.8**
19.89**
112.82**
151494.7**
156662**
215.8**

Error A
10
29
71.15
1426.76
13948.7
17314.8
581.2

Growth stage factor
4
18.77**
11.29**
4269.82**
27148.8**
2851.3**
251.2**

Temperature factor
1
181.5**
95.36**
117264**
18627.6**
574370**
357.2**

Growth stage × temperature interaction
4
31.86**
11.13**
3235.15**
56684.02**
1091.2**
53.16**

Variety × growth stage interaction
16
84.98**
9.94**
2822.8**
279182.9**
2720.7**
120.8**

Cultivar × temperature interaction
4
7.41
3.28**
6637.30**
126981.2**
5494.1**
85.12**

Cultivar × temperature × growth stage interaction
16
139.2**
8.17**
5812.32**
733214.2**
4543.7**
53.72**

Error B
90
2.27
7.2
10.47
5.9
11.29
7.8

CV
—
20.2
13.4
14.2
15.2
16.8
11.2

Ns: nonsignificant, * and ** significant in probability levels of 5% and 1%, respectively.

As shown in Table 2, the maximum number of panicles was obtained in shirudi and fajr cultivars, respectively (5.93 and 5.64), and the minimum one was related to local tarom (3.61). The maximum amount of the length of panicle was obtained in line 843, local tarom, and fajr cultivars, respectively (20.78, 50.5, and 20.48) and the minimum one was related to hybrid cultivar (18.96). The maximum number of full grains was achieved in shirudi cultivar (317.83) and the minimum of it was obtained in tarom cultivar (182.29). The maximum and minimum numbers of empty grains were related to tarom and hybrid cultivars, respectively (80.56, 49). The maximum and minimum numbers of total grains were related to shirudi and tarom cultivars, respectively (366.24, 196.63). The shirudi and tarom cultivars were obtained by maximum and minimum yield, respectively (80.63, 69.72), gr per hill (Table 2).

Table 2: Effect of cultivar on yield and yield components across temperature.

Cultivar
Panicle number/hill (cm)
Panicle length/hill (cm)
Full grain number/hill
Empty grain number/hill
Total grain/hill
Yield (gm/hill)

Shirudi
5.93ab
19.32ab
317.83a
50.80b
366.24a
80.63a

Fajr
5.64ab
20.48a
182.29c
57.73b
212.71c
73.73b

Tarom
3.61c
20.5a
147.20d
80.56a
196.63d
69.72d

Line 843
4.93b
20.78a
252.5b
52.93b
310.30b
72.46c

Hybrid
4.93b
18.96b
160.77c
49c
226.37c
71.95c

Distinct letters in the row indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s test ().

As shown in Table 3, the temperature had significant effect on all treatments, so that the maximum value of each trait was obtained in normal temperature () and the minimum one was related to stress temperature ().

Table 3: Temperature effect on yield and yield components across varieties.

Temperature
Panicle number/hill

(cm)
Panicle length/hill

(cm)
Full grain number/hill
Empty grain number/hill
Total grain/hill
Yield

(gm/hill)

6.2a
20.7a
246.4a
24.0b
323.3a
100.65a

4.0b
19.2b
175.9b
72.92a
199.5b
75.80b

Distinct letters in the row indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s test ().

: 32°C,   : 13°C.

The interactions effects table for cultivar in temperature (Table 4) shows that shirudi cultivar achieved the lowest reduction percent number of panicles (20%) and it was the most resistant cultivar and hybrid cultivar obtained the highest one (50%) and was a susceptible cultivar.

Table 4: Interactive effects between cultivar and temperature on yield and yield components.

Treatment
Panicle number/hill (cm)
Panicle length/hill (cm)
Full grain number/hill
Empty grain number/hill
Total grain/hill
Yield (gm/hill)

V₁
5.80abc
20.55a
376.21a
115.1a
452.07a
25.4a

V₁
4.06a
18.09a
263.33c
46e
286.13d
20.4f

V₂
6.43abc
19/67a
183.25e
36.5f
220.0f
24.8b

V₂
4.80abcd
18.20a
181.26ef
23.73g
204.93g
18.2h

V₃
7.07ab
21.25a
226.0d
82.92c
338.33b
22.5d

V₃
4.33bcd
19.80a
38.40h
24.93g
114.4i
15.8j

V₄
7.2a
21.70a
282b
103.33b
385.66c
22.2c

V₄
4.66abcd
19.85a
282b
103.33b
385.66c
17/4h

V₅
4.8abcd
20.90a
177.66f
64.80d
235.93e
22.1e

V₅
2.4d
20.06a
143.56g
13.20h
157.33h
16.5i

Distinct letters in the row indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s test ().

V₁: shirudi, V₂: fajr, V₃: local tarom, V₄: line 843, and V₅: hybrid cultivars.

: 32°C, : 13°C.

All experimental characteristics had not had significant difference for reduction of panicle length. Shirudi obtained the lowest reduction percent for number of full, empty, total grains and yield, respectively (5%, 6%, 7%, and 19%), and local tarom achieved the most reduction percent for them, respectively (83%, 73%, 66%, and 29%), and for yield (29%) and it was the most susceptible cultivars (Table 4).

4. Conclusions

Low temperature had significant effect in level of 1 percent on all treatments; the number of panicles, the length of panicle, the number of full, empty, total grains, and yield had caused significant reduction in them. The interaction temperature with varieties shows that most tolerant variety in relation to temperature stress along with least percentage yield (19%) is shirudi variety and the most sensitive one with most percentage of yield decrease (29%) is local tarom variety.

Cold stress at reproductive stage has had inappropriate effects on the yield of rice in Australia, China, and Korea since 2000 [2, 4, 6, 10–14]. Low temperature in the range of 15–19°C during the reproductive stage impairs microspore development and causes the production of sterile pollen grains, resulting in poor grain filling and high spikelet sterility [10] and reducing spikelet fertility and affecting grain quality [13]. Several methods have been proposed to reduce the threat of low temperature, including substitution of cold-sensitive cultivars with cold tolerant ones, setting of sowing time, and selection of varieties with a growth duration permitting elusion of peak stress periods are some of the adaptive measures that will help in the reduction of adverse effects of low temperature.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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