Application of Probabilistic and Nonprobabilistic Hybrid Reliability Analysis Based on Dynamic Substructural Extremum Response Surface Decoupling Method for a Blisk of the Aeroengine

1College of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China 2Beijing Key Laboratory for the Nonlinear Vibration and Strength of Mechanical Structures, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan 100, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China 3School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China


Introduction
In practical engineering, many uncertainties need to be considered when analysing the reliability of a complex structure.Typically, probability theory and fuzzy set are used to address uncertainty in the traditional method, and the probabilistic model has become the most common and effective method for handling uncertainty.However, the probabilistic model and fuzzy model require more data to define the parameters of the probability distribution function.Furthermore, probabilistic reliability is very sensitive to the tail of the probability density function, which plays a key role in the calculation; therefore, a small error in the data may lead to a large error in the structural reliability calculation [1,2].The probabilistic model has certain limitations for the complexity structures, which has continued to increase with the progress of science and technology.In addition, only a certain range of uncertainties can be obtained instead of their probabilistic distribution.Some scholars believe that the probabilistic model cannot be accurately defined with too little data.Currently, the interval model can be used to describe uncertainties; the nonprobabilistic method is used to analyse the structure.In 1994, Ben-Haim [1] proposed the concept of nonprobabilistic reliability based on the convex set International Journal of Aerospace Engineering model and measured reliability through the maximum extent of the uncertainty for a system.Ben-Haim and Elishakoff [3] proposed a measurable method for the nonprobabilistic concept; he thought that nonprobabilistic reliability belonged to a certain range of nondeterministic parameters; that is, the reliability index is an interval rather than a specific variable.
The models mentioned in this paper can be used to describe uncertainties.Some uncertain parameters have sufficient statistical data that can be used to establish the probabilistic distribution function, while other uncertainties can be described only by a range of their variables due to a lack of statistical information; only convex sets or interval variables can be used to describe the latter uncertainties.In this case, the probabilistic method is not suitable for the structure, and the existing statistical information cannot be used by the nonprobabilistic method.Therefore, a satisfactory result cannot be obtained with only one type of model.Nevertheless, for a problem that contains both probabilistic and nonprobabilistic variables, the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability method can take full advantage of the known information to achieve an effective analysis.Many scholars have studied probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability analysis (HRA) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].
For instance, Qiu et al. developed a hybrid of probabilistic and nonprobabilistic reliability theory, with the structural uncertain parameters as interval variables when statistical data are found insufficient.Then they proposed a new reliability model to improve the evaluation of probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid structural systems.In addition, he presented a recognition method for the main failure modes using a five-bar statically indeterminate truss structure and an intermediate complexity wing structure to demonstrate that the new model was more suitable for analysis and design than the probabilistic model.A new hybrid reliability model that contained randomness, fuzziness, and nonprobabilistic uncertainty based on the structural fuzzy random reliability and nonprobabilistic set-based models was presented in [6].Furthermore, based on a residual strength model, the fatigue reliability was evaluated using hybrid uncertain parameters in [7].Furthermore, Fang et al. converted the interval variables and fuzzy variables into random variables based on the maximum entropy principle and effectively analysed the reliability in the situation that random variables, fuzzy variables, and interval variables coexist in a problem.The branch-and-bound method for the probabilistic reliability analysis of structural systems was combined by Wang et al. with the nonprobabilistic branchand-bound method for determining the dominant failure modes of an uncertain structural system; meanwhile, the compatibility of the classical probabilistic model and the interval-set model was discussed by them, verifying the physical meaning of safety measures.In [11], a modified fuzzy interval perturbation method was proposed for predicting a hybrid uncertain temperature field involving both interval and fuzzy parameters in material properties and boundary conditions.In addition to this, An et al. introduced the truncated probability reliability model, the fuzzy random reliability model, and the nonprobabilistic interval reliability model to present a new hybrid reliability index to evaluate structural hybrid reliability based on the random-fuzzyinterval theory.Jiang et al. employed the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic convex model methods to address two cases for the uncertainty domain and the failure surface; they analysed cracked structures, addressed the difficulties in epistemic uncertainty modelling, adopted the scaled boundary finite element method to calculate the stress intensity, and developed the response surface to solve the hybrid reliability model.Furthermore, Han et al. adopted the response surface technique to compute the interval of the failure probability of the structure based on the probability-interval hybrid uncertainty.
There are other methods for HRA [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]; for example, [17] developed a new HRA technique for structures with multisource uncertainties that contained randomness, fuzziness, and nonprobabilistic boundedness.Hurtado and Alvarez proposed a Monte Carlo method for probability and interval approaches for reliability analysis; meanwhile, they discussed the use of Monte Carlo methods for both reliability and interval analysis from the point proposed representation.In addition to this, a mixed perturbation Monte Carlo method with a mixture of random and interval parameters was presented by Gao et al., and, meanwhile, three theories or methodologies, namely, the Taylor expansion, matrix perturbation theory, and random interval moment method, were combined to develop expressions for the mean value and standard deviation of random interval structural responses.Besides, a hybrid probabilistic model was presented in [19] to solve the fatigue reliability problems of steel bridges.Considering the parameter characteristics of the plot of stress against the number of cycles to failure (- curve), Wu et al. proposed a hybrid probabilistic and interval computational scheme to robustly assess the stability of engineering structures.Also, based on - approach and fracture mechanics approach, Xue et al. assessed a tension leg platform using hybrid probabilistic and nonprobabilistic models.In addition to this, the HRA was also used in the nuclear industry; for example, Ibáñez-Llano et al. presented a new approach for estimating the exact probabilistic quantification results by combining Monte Carlo simulation with the truncation limits of the binary decision diagram approach in the nuclear industry.
Other researchers optimized structures and studied their sensitivity through probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability methodology as well [25][26][27][28][29][30][31].For example, Luo and Zhang investigated an adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beam with probabilistic and nonprobabilistic uncertainties and mathematically formulated the reliability-based optimization, incorporating mixed reliability constraints as a nested problem.Pedroni and Zio considered the model of an aircraft with a twin-jet engine, including 21 inputs and 8 outputs; meanwhile, they propagated the aleatory uncertainty described by probability distributions using MCS and solved the numerous optimization problems related to the propagation of epistemic uncertainty using interval analysis.Besides, Liu et al. developed a hybrid uncertainty model and used an efficient decoupling strategy to solve the nesting optimization problem to obtain an equivalent single-layer optimization model.Furthermore, based on active learning kriging, Yang et al. investigated HRA.The nonprobabilistic set-theory convex model was combined with the classical probabilistic approach to optimize structures exhibiting random and uncertain-but-bounded mixed uncertainties in [31].
In other applications as well, for example, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], Xia and Yu proposed the change-of-variable interval stochastic perturbation method to predict the interval of the response probability density function and the response confidence interval of a hybrid uncertain structural-acoustic system with random and interval variables.Meanwhile, Chen et al. presented a hybrid stochastic interval perturbation method for the unified energy flow analysis of coupled vibrating systems.In addition to this, combining with a backpropagation neural network, Peng et al. investigated reliability analysis based on the hybrid uncertainty reliability mode, in the process of their research, the random variables and interval variables were used as the input layer of the neural network, and the response variables were obtained through the output layer.Furthermore, Fan and Zhang used a convex model to simulate the uncertainties of isolated structural parameters and used a random model to simulate the uncertainties of the seismic input.An interval analysis for parameter identifications was presented by Zhang et al. to address both measurement noise and model uncertainty.Xu et al. developed a model called inexact two-stage fuzzy chance-constrained programming for handling multiple uncertainties associated with solid waste management systems.Meanwhile, they structured the safety margin equation to analyse the fatigue reliability of the system by adopting the "stress-strength" theory.Also, Drugowitsch and Pouget used probabilistic and nonprobabilistic approaches for the neurobiology of perceptual decision-making.
For an aeroengine working in a complicated high temperature, high pressure, and high rotational speed environment, significant information is available as uncertain parameters, such as rotational speed and temperature.However, other uncertain parameters, such as the coefficient of thermal conductivity and the coefficient of expansion, lack sufficient data.Therefore, a new type of probabilistic and nonprobabilistic HRA is proposed based on the traditional probabilistic model and nonprobabilistic model.Unlike the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid models investigated by the abovementioned scholars, the methodology presented in this paper is connected with the improved hybrid interface substructural component modal synthesis method in [40].This new method is called the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability analysis based on dynamic substructural extremum response surface decoupling method (P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM) and is used to analyse the blisk of aeroengine.The reliability problems are better resolved by the hybrid model containing both random and interval variables.

Basic Theory of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM
For designing and analysing engineering structures, random variables and interval variables need to be included simultaneously.Therefore, a probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability model needs to be established to fully describe the actual situation of the structures.
After introducing the interval variable , the limit state surface function (, ) = 0 is no longer the unique surface in the space , but it is a belt body that consists of two boundary surfaces, that is, max  (,  = 0) and min  (,  = 0), as shown in Figure 1.
Therefore, the failure probability   has upper and lower boundaries: The reliability index  is not a specific value but an interval (i.e.,  ∈ [  ,   ]), where   and   are the maximum and the minimum reliability indexes, respectively.
Then the following two optimization problems can be solved: the maximum and the minimum reliability indexes of the limit state belt can be obtained.
where (⋅) is the performance function of  transformed into standard normal space and (⋅) is standard normal space.

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering
The failure probabilities of the maximum and the minimum values are expressed as In engineering applications, the maximum failure probability of the structure is often the one of most concern, and it has significant reference value for engineering and technical staff.Therefore, the maximum failure probability is taken as the measurement for the structural reliability in this paper.
When using the traditional multilevel nested algorithm (MLNA), the computation efficiency is very low for some mechanical parts such as a complex aeroengine working in a poor environment.Thus, the decoupling method proposed in [41] is utilized in this paper, and the proposed methodology is called P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM.The modal and vibration response of a blisk are analysed using this method.According to the actual conditions, the cross terms are ignored, and the response surface function can be represented as follows: where  0 , , , , and  are (2 + 2 + 1) undetermined coefficients in the quadratic polynomial.
The sample centre point (, ) is continually updated in the solution process.For the first time, the iteration of (, ) is located in (  ,   ), where   is the mean of the random variable ,   is the median of the interval variable , and the coordinates are given in (6).The other (2 + 2) sample points are selected around the centre point, as shown in Figure 2.
where    is the standard deviation of the random variable   ,    is the radius of the interval variable   , and   ,   are the coefficients of the sample points for the random variable and the interval variable, respectively.
The value of the original performance function is calculated at each sample point; then, undetermined coefficients of the response surface function are solved.
Combining the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic hybrid reliability model with (3), the approximate mixed reliability model is constructed as follows: where G is the approximate limit state function in the space .P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is used to solve the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic HRA of the blisk, and the specific iterative process is as follows.
The initial sample points New sample points Assume that  () and  () are obtained in the iteration process of the th step, interval variable  () is fixed in the next step, and  (+1) is calculated; namely, where the searching direction is expressed by where ∇ G is the gradient of G, which is determined by the following function: where  is a constant that satisfies  > ‖‖/‖∇ G( () ,  () )‖ and  = 2‖ () ‖/‖∇ G( () ,  () )‖ + 10.  is the iteration step length, which is determined by Then,  (+1) is calculated using interval analysis after obtaining  (+1) : Setting the initial point: until it meets where  1 and  2 are arbitrary small numbers.The design test point ( X * , Ỹ * ) is obtained from the flow chart shown in Figure 3.
The design test point ( X * , Ỹ * ) is obtained by HRA and (7) in each iteration step.Then, the sample centre point (, ) that is closer to the failure surface is obtained through interpolation, as shown in Figure 4.
The expressions of the connective points (  ,   , (  , When (, ) = 0, the design points close to the real limit state surface are acquired as follows: The interval variable of the most recently obtained   may overflow the boundary of the interval in the process of each iteration, and, in this case,  can be expressed as Based on the above analysis, the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic HRA process are as follows: (1) Set the initial iteration point  () = (  1 ,   2 , . . .,    ), () = (  1 ,   2 , . . .,    ).
International Journal of Aerospace Engineering (2) Establish a quadratic polynomial extremum response surface function.The sample centre point is set to (  ,   ) in the initial iteration; then, calculate the function values of (2 + 2 + 1) points, and obtain the undetermined response surface coefficients.(3) Solve the approximate mixed reliability problems using (7), and obtain the test point ( X * , Ỹ * ).
(6) Simulate the constructed response surface function, and calculate the maximum failure probability.
The maximum failure probability of the probabilistic and nonprobabilistic HRA can be obtained, as shown in Figure 5.To contain both random variable and interval variable analysis, MLNA is usually adopted in the conventional research, which is time-consuming and has a low computational efficiency.Nevertheless, the P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is utilized and the interval analysis is embedded in the most likely failure point in the iterative process.Probabilistic analysis and nonprobabilistic analysis are investigated alternately, so Note.In the normal distribution, parameter 1 and parameter 2 represent the mean and the standard deviation of a random variable.In the interval variable, parameter 1 and parameter 2 represent the lower bound and upper bound.(The meaning in Table 3 is the same as in Table 1.) Note. max MCS : the maximum failure probability using MCS, : computing time, Er: relative error to the MCM,  MC : relative computational efficiency to MCM, and  ML : relative computational efficiency to MLNA.(The meaning in Table 4 is the same as in Table 2.) the intermediate values can call each other in turn, and the computational efficiency is improved, observably.

P-NP-HRA of Blisk
P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is used to analyse a blisk and is compared with MLNA and MCS to verify its scientific rationality.
3.1.P-NP-HRA of a Tuned Blisk.First, the reliability of the tuned blisk is investigated, and the natural frequency, modal shape, and vibration response are studied using P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM.
In the research, the rotational speed , gas temperature , blade thickness ℎ, expansion coefficient , and thermal conductivity coefficient  are regarded as random variables, and all of them are assumed to obey the normal distribution and to be independent of each other.The elastic modulus , density den, and Poisson's ratio (pr) are regarded as interval variables.Their distribution types and parameters are shown in Table 1, and the results of the calculation are shown in Table 2.
The maximum failure probabilities of the natural frequency, modal shape, and vibration response for the tuned blisk are investigated using MCM, MLNA, and P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM, respectively.The relative errors and the computational efficiency of all three methods are analysed, as shown in Table 2.For the natural frequency, modal displacement, modal stress, modal strain energy, and vibration response, the relative errors of MLNA to MCM are 0.76%, 1.52%, 1.17%, 0.41%, and 0.97%, respectively, and the relative errors of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM to MCM are 0.84%, 1.61%, 1.18%, 0.59%, and 1.62%, respectively; these values meet the engineering requirements.For the calculation of modal and vibration response, the computational efficiency of MLNA relative to MCM increases by 77.34% and 74.07%, respectively, and the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM relative to MCM increases by 82.03% and 79.01%, respectively.Thus, the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM relative to MLNA increased by 20.71% and 19.02%, respectively.Therefore, the computational accuracy of using P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM and MLNA approximately equals that of using MCM.However, the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is higher than that of MLNA.Their distribution types and parameters are shown in Table 3, and the calculation results are shown in Table 4.

P-NP
The maximum failure probability of the natural frequency, modal shape, and vibration response for the mistuned blisk are calculated using MCM, MLNA, and P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM.The relative errors and the computational efficiency of the three methods are analysed, as shown in Table 4.When the blisk is mistuned, the computational time is very long using MCM, and convergence may not be achieved.The computational accuracy of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM approximately equals that of MLNA, while the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is 22.86% and 25.18% higher than that of MLNA.The increase in computational efficiency for P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM compared to MLNA is higher for the mistuned blisk than for the tuned blisk.Furthermore, the superiority of this methodology is more obvious for the mistuned blisk than for the tuned blisk, verifying that this method is feasible.

Conclusions
A nondeterministic analysis method with high efficiency and high accuracy, P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM, is investigated for a blisk.In the analysis process, for the hybrid nondeterministic problem containing both random variables and interval variables, the interval failure probability and interval reliability index are obtained.A flow chart is presented for solving the reliability analysis and the extremum response surface HRA using P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM.
Probabilistic and nonprobabilistic HRA is used to analyse the blisk.The variables mainly affecting the output response are regarded as interval variables, and the other variables are regarded as random variables.In the tuned blisk, , den, and pr are regarded as interval variables, while , , ℎ, , and  are regarded as random variables.However, in the mistuned blisk, den  ,   , den  , and   are regarded as interval variables, while , , ℎ, pr  ,   ,   , pr  ,   , and   are regarded as random variables.
The maximum failure probabilities of the natural frequency, modal displacement, modal stress, modal strain energy, and vibration response are calculated for blisk, comparing the computational time and the relative error of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM, MCM, and MLNA.For the tuned blisk, the relative errors of the natural frequency, modal displacement, modal stress, modal strain energy, and vibration response using MLNA to MCM are 0.76%, 1.52%, 1.17%, 0.41%, and 0.97%, respectively, and those of using P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM are 0.84%, 1.61%, 1.18%, 0.59%, and 1.62%; these values meet the engineering requirements.The computational efficiency of MLNA relative to MCM increases by 77.34% and 74.07%, respectively, but that of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM increases by 82.03% and 79.01%, respectively.Thus, the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM relative to MLNA increased by 20.71% and 19.02%.However, for the mistuned blisk, the computational efficiency of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM increases by 22.86% and 25.18% higher than that of MLNA, and the computational time is very long using MCM, and the convergence may not be achieved, which manifests that the superiority of this methodology is more obvious for the mistuned blisk than for the tuned blisk.The scientific rationality and validity for researching a blisk using P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM is verified, and this method is shown to be particularly superior to MLNA for a mistuned blisk.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The region of extreme postural belt.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Processing of the sample points selected.

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :
Figure 4: Obtaining a new sample centre point.

Table 1 :
Distribution of nondeterministic variables of tuned blisk.

Table 2 :
Analysis results of modal and vibration response of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM for the tuned blisk.
-HRA of a Mistuned Blisk.For a mistuned blisk, the rotational speed , gas temperature , blade thickness ℎ, Poisson's ratio of the blade pr  , expansion coefficient of the blade   , thermal conductivity coefficient of the blade   , Poisson's ratio of the disk pr  , expansion coefficient of the disk   , and thermal conductivity coefficient of the disk   are regarded as random variables, and all of them are hypothesized to obey the normal distribution and to be independent of each other.The elastic modulus of the blade   , density of the blade den  , elastic modulus of the disk   , and density of the disk den  are regarded as interval variables.

Table 4 :
Analysis results of modal and vibration response of P-NP-HRA-DS-ERSDM for the mistuned blisk.