Composite GPS Patch Antenna for the AR Bandwidth Enhancement

A composite Global Positioning System (GPS) patch antenna with a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler was designed and implemented for working RHCP and had a broadband axial ratio (AR) bandwidth.We designed two patches as a FR-4 patch and 1.5mm thickness thin ceramic patch with a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler. A CP radiation pattern was achieved, and the AR bandwidth improved by incorporating a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler feed structure in amicro-strip patch antenna. SMDby chip elements was applied to the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler. For the composite FR-4 and ceramic patch antennas, the VSWRmeasurement showed a 2 : 1 ratio over the entire design band, and the 3 dBAR bandwidth was 295 and 580MHz for the FR-4 patch and ceramic patch antennas, respectively. The antenna gains for the composite FR-4 and ceramic patch antennas were measured as 1.36–2.75 and 1.47–2.71 dBi with 15.11–25.3% and 19.25–28.45% efficiency, respectively.


Introduction
Global Positioning System (GPS) has fully been deploying and has advantage of higher precision and low cost compared to other navigation systems.An antenna for GPS requires higher performance, such as broadband, RHCP, and 3 dB axial ratio (AR), CP radiation, high gain, and CP beam-width.Reducing multipath especially is an important factor of GPS antenna [1,2]; the good axial ratio performance can reduce multipath of GPS signal.Studies of the improvement for axial ratio related multipath mitigation have been investigated [3][4][5].Various techniques such as micro-strip patch [6][7][8][9][10][11], crossed dipole [12], and near-field resonance parasitic have been studied [13,14].Most of these studied have broadband impedance bandwidths.However, these studied do not have broadband 3 dB AR bandwidths to satisfy the requirement of GPS and that does not treat enhancement 3 dB bandwidth of the AR.Actually, an antenna with GPS receiver performance depends on the bandwidth of the AR, because the signal contact rate is proportional to bandwidth of the AR.Therefore the bandwidth of AR is the most important factor.In this paper, broadband ceramic patch antenna and broadband CP bandwidth were achieved in the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler, which were fabricated SMD type chip elements , .
This paper introduces composite FR-4 patch antenna and composite ceramic patch antenna with a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler feed structure.The main purpose of this study is for helping GPS patch antenna design which is currently in difficulty of thin thickness caused by the narrow bandwidth.A quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler has characteristic of broadband impedance bandwidths and that input power is split equally between through port and coupled port with 90-degree phase difference.CP radiation was achieved, and the AR was improved by the characteristic of a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler and compared to that of composite FR-4 micro-strip patch antenna and composite ceramic patch antenna.The paper is organized into the following sections: Section 2 describes the principle of the micro-strip patch antenna design, Section 3 describes the principle of the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler design, Section 4 compared composite FR-4 patch antenna and micro-strip antenna, and Section 5 compared composite FR-4 patch antenna and composite ceramic patch antenna, while the paper is concluded in Section 6.  patch antenna was designed as truncated type for CP radiation.The micro-strip patch antenna is working at 1.575 GHz and with RHCP radiation.The antenna was printed on a rectangular FR-4 Epoxy with relative permittivity of 4.7, a loss tangent of 0.019, with a face of 75 mm × 80 mm, and a thickness of 1.5 mm.The antenna was fed to a coaxial cable.The inner conductor of the coaxial cable was through the substrate and connected to the micro-strip patch.The outer conductor of the coaxial cable was connected to the bottom ground of the substrate.The antenna was optimized via HFSS by three-dimensional EM simulation software of ANSYS.CP center frequency at 1.575 GHz was the defined frequency of minimum AR.The optimized antenna design parameters were as follows:  = 44.3mm,  = 44.3mm,   = 75 mm,   = 80 mm,  = 7 mm, and  = 11 mm from center of micro-strip patch.Figure 2 shows the simulated return loss and AR values of micro-strip patch antenna.The bandwidth of patch antenna ranges from 1.53 GHz to 1.6 GHz at −10 dB and CP center frequency was 1.575 GHz that the 3 dB bandwidth was from 1.55 GHz to 1.58 GHz, and gain was 1.44 dBi.These results were obtained for the FR-4 micro-strip antenna without a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler.

Design of a Quadrature 3 dB Hybrid Coupler
A quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler is widely used in microwave circuit.The hybrid coupler splits the input power equally between through and coupled ports with 90-degree phase difference and with wide impedance bandwidth [15,16], where CP radiation of antenna is working when with equal power and 90-degree difference at two feed points.Therefore, the antenna could achieve wideband CP radiation used feed system with the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler.Figure 3 shows a basic lumped element hybrid coupler circuit: Port 1, input; Port 2, through; Port 3, coupled; and Port 4, isolation.,  value computed from frequency and characteristic impedance as shown in (1) can be obtained: Figure 4 shows layout of the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler using HFSS.The optimized hybrid coupler design ,  values were as follows:  = 1.8 pF,  = 4.8 nH.The quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler was printed on rectangular FR-4 Epoxy with relative permittivity of 4.7, a loss tangent of 0.019, with face of 75 mm × 80 mm, and a thickness of 1.2 mm. Figure 5(a) shows measured -parameters result.The through and coupled ports had 3±1 dB, and impedance bandwidths are in the range of 1.28 to 1.68 GHz below −14 dB.The isolation was higher than −19 dB. Figure 5(b) shows phase difference between through port and coupled port.The phase difference between through port and coupled port was 90 ± 5 degrees for band in 1.45 GHz to 1.9 GHz that is available bandwidths for CP radiation of micro-strip patch antenna.

Composite FR-4 Patch Antenna with a Quadrature 3 dB Hybrid Coupler
A CP radiation pattern was achieved and AR bandwidths were improved by incorporating a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler feed structure in micro-strip patch antenna.Geometry of the composite FR-4 patch antenna was given in Figure 6.The optimized antenna design parameters were as follows:  = 44.antenna also was improved compared to micro-strip patch antenna.As shown in Figure 7, the proposed composite FR-4 patch antenna was the obtained result that could cover for the whole GPS band.

Composite Ceramic Patch Antenna with a Quadrature 3 dB Hybrid Coupler
A small size antenna was achieved using ceramic substructure, and also a CP radiation pattern was achieved and AR bandwidths were improved by incorporating a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler feed structure in ceramic patch antenna.antenna.Ceramic had high relative permittivity made to shorten wavelength, to reduce antenna size, and to use high relative permittivity.
Figure 8 shows the geometry of the composite ceramic patch antenna on ceramic.The optimized antenna design parameters were as follows:  = 19mm,  = 19mm,  1 = 25 mm,  1 = 25 mm,   is center of patch, port 1 = 3 mm from   , and port 2 = 11 from   .The antenna was designed on ceramic substrate with a face of 25 mm × 25 mm, a relative permittivity of 21, a loss tangent of 0.00028, and a thickness of 1.5 mm.The antenna is fed 50 Ω coaxial port.The antenna was optimized via HFSS by 3-dimension EM simulation software of ANSYS. Figure 9(a) shows measured return loss ( 11 ) for the proposed composite ceramic patch antenna.The resonance frequency was 1.575 GHz.The measured bandwidth for −10 dB return loss was from 1.412 GHz to 1.851 GHz.Compared to composite FR-4 patch antenna, the bandwidth of the proposed composite ceramic patch antenna was wider than composite FR-4 patch antenna.Figure 9(b) shows measured AR for the proposed composite ceramic patch antenna.The measured 3 dB AR bandwidth was from 1.2 GHz to 1.78 GHz.The AR bandwidth of the proposed composite ceramic patch antenna also was wider than composite FR-4 patch antenna.As shown in Figure 9, the proposed antenna was the obtained result that could cover for the whole GPS band.
Table 1 shows measured composite FR-4 patch antenna and composite ceramic patch antennas CP gain and AR using the quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler.As shown in Table 1 the proposed CP of composite FR-4 antenna was worked RHCP, and measured antenna peak gain has good performance as 1.36 dBi to 2.75 dBi.Also AR value was 3 dB at target frequencies, and also composite ceramic patch antenna was worked RHCP, measured antenna peak gain had good performance as 1.47 dBi to 2.71 dBi, and AR value was 3 dB at target frequencies.

Conclusion
Broadband RHCP patch antenna using a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler for GPS has been proposed.The antenna has been implemented and tested.The proposed composite FR-4 antenna bandwidth (-10 dB) was broadband as 1.56 GHz to 1.69 GHz and broadband to cover AR bandwidth of 1.56 GHz to 1.62 GHz as 3 dB AR value.And gain had good performance as 1.46 dBi to 2.75 dBi.
Also, the proposed ceramic antenna bandwidth (-10 dB) was broadband as 1.412 GHz to 1.851 GHz and broadband

Figure 1 2 International 1 Figure 1 :
Figure1shows the geometry of the micro-strip patch antenna without a quadrature 3 dB hybrid coupler.The micro-strip

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Simulated return loss and axial ratio.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Comparison of the composite FR-4 patch antenna and composite ceramic patch antenna.(a) Measured impedance bandwidth, (b) AR bandwidth.

Table 1 :
The measured gain and AR of the composite FR-4 patch antenna and ceramic antenna.
covering AR bandwidth of 1.205 GHz to 1.785 GHz as 3 dB AR value.This paper is expected to promote the research and application of GPS antenna.