International Journal of Chronic Diseases
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 365217, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365217

Research Article

Prevalence and Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Asymptomatic Gujarati Population

Sharad R. Jain,¹ Komal H. Shah,² Himanshu N. Acharya,² Kaushik Barot,¹ and Kamal H. Sharma¹

¹Department of Cardiology, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380 016, India
²Department of Research, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380 016, India

Received 23 June 2015; Revised 14 July 2015; Accepted 14 July 2015

Academic Editor: Hasan Korkaya

Copyright © 2015 Sharad R. Jain et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors leading to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its predictors in young and apparently healthy Gujarati individuals. Methods. This population based cross-sectional study involved a total of 1500 healthy adults of 20–40 years of age. Demographic details and clinical data such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure were measured along with the estimations of lipoprotein (a), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total lipid, LDL/HDL ratio, TC/HDL ratio, and fasting blood glucose (FBS). Results. Overall in young Gujarati population (20–40 years) prevalence rates of MS were 16.0% (male: 21.5%; female: 10.8%) where the metabolic abnormalities increased with advanced age as 9.56% of the young population (20–30 years) had MS, in contrast to the 24.57% in the old (31–40 years). Odds ratio analysis had indicated BMI (1.120; 95% CI: 1.077–1.163; ) as the strongest risk factor for MS closely followed by advancing age (1.100; 95% CI: 1.061–1.139; ) levels. Conclusion. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young Gujarati population reinforces the need for early life style intervention and awareness programs in this ethnic group.

1. Introduction

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities possessing complex pathogenesis. The most widely documented metabolic risk factors are atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a combination of lipoprotein abnormalities including a reduced level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased level of serum triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein B, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). These characteristic abnormalities provide evidence of a prothrombotic and a proinflammatory state of an individual. Recently it was documented that about one-third of the urban Indians are suffering from MS clearly indicating the role of urbanization and mechanization in the disease onset. The overall prevalence of MS in Indian population is 31.4% where females (48.2%) are more affected than their male counterparts (16.3%) [1, 2]. The age-wise MS prevalence had increased from 2.9% in those aged 18–30 years to 31.0% in those aged 60–69 years in Asians [3].

The metabolic factors causative of MS are highly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. These factors often lead to a 2-fold elevation in CVD risk and a 5-fold elevation in risk of diabetes (if not already present) within 5 years, with an even higher long-term risk. In urban India, nearly 77.2% of the diabetic patients had MS which was significantly higher in women (87.71%) as compared to men (69.33%), whereas in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, the prevalence of MS was reported to be 60.06%. However, the epidemiological assessment of MS prevalence and the individual components contributing to its development in young and apparently healthy Indians is less studied [4].

In this state of affairs, the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of MS in young and apparently healthy Gujarati Asian Indians and look for its predictors in this ethnic group of population [5].

2. Material and Method

2.1. Study Design

This observational and randomized screening study was conducted by U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center. The protocol was approved and cleared by Institutional Ethics Committee. Total 1500 individuals of both genders (729 males and 1006 females), who were apparently healthy, asymptomatic, disease-free, and ranging in age from 20 to 40 years, were included in the study. The subjects taking any medications and with abnormal stress test were excluded from the investigation. The details of demographic data, ethnicity, family history of CAD, and smoking were collected for each individual.

2.2. Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors Assessment

Laboratory assessments included obtaining venous blood samples in a fasted state for the determination of lipid components (total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and TG, and total lipid) and blood glucose. Serum glucose and lipids were measured by International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) approved enzymatic methods using commercially available kit on autoanalyzer (ARCHITECH PLUS ci4100, Germany). Blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer and hypertension was diagnosed if the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher than 140 mmHg or the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was above 90 mmHg. Waist circumference (WC) was evaluated at midway between the iliac crest and the last rib.

2.3. Definition and Preferred Cutoff Values

The MS was defined according to the NCEP-ATPIII guidelines with an anthropometric modification of WC value that is specifically applicable to South Asians [5]. Patients were defined as having the MS when they met at least 3 of 5 criteria: (1) elevated WC > 90 cm in men and >80 cm in women, (2) elevated blood pressure (SBP > 130 mmHg and/or DBP > 85 mmHg), (3) reduced HDL-C < 40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women, (4) elevated fasting glucose > 110 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated glucose, and (5) elevated TG ≥ 150 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated TG.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, Version 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Qualitative data were expressed as proportions whereas the quantitative data was expressed as mean ± SD. As the data follows non-Gaussian distribution the variables were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was accepted at . Binary logistic regression test was used to assess the predictors contributing to the development of MS in this population.

3. Result

The demographic characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. Out of 1500 healthy young subjects, 771 were females (51.4%) and 729 were males (48.6%) showing the overall mean age of 29.88 (±5.97) years. According to modified NCEP-ATPIII criteria, 240 (16.0%) individuals were suffering from MS. The lipid profile of the overall population showed mean value of Lp. (a), TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL, and total lipid as , , , , , , and  mg/dL, respectively. The levels of other risk factors such as blood sugar, SBP, DBP, BMI, and WC were  mg/dL,  mm/Hg, 79.5 mm/Hg, (kg/m²), and  cm correspondingly. Among study participants, 155 (10.3%) had family history of premature CAD and 123 (8.2%) had addiction.

Table 1: Demographic data of the study population.

Study variable
Mean ± SD, (%)

Gender

    Male
729 (48.6%)

    Female
771 (51.4%)

Age (year)
29.88 ± 5.97

Lp. (a) (mg/dL)
28.16 ± 25.81

Blood sugar (mg/dL)
80.39 ± 14.24

TC (mg/dL)
171.48 ± 34.76

TG (mg/dL)
103.72 ± 61.82

HDL-C (mg/dL)
43.82 ± 9.93

LDL-C (mg/dL)
106.91 ± 29.28

VLDL (mg/dL)
20.74 ± 12.36

Total lipid (mg/dL)
619.02 ± 84.13

LDL-C/HDL-C
2.59 ± 1.13

TC/HDL-C
4.12 ± 1.52

Premature CAD
155 (10.3%)

Addiction
123 (8.2%)

SBP (mm/hg)
124.09 ± 16.23

DBP (mm/hg)
79.50 ± 9.79

BMI (kg/m²)
23.12 ± 4.82

WC (cm)
86.80 ± 25.16

Metabolic syndrome
240 (16.0%)

Lp. (a): lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.

Comparison of various risk factors according to the presence or absence of MS is shown in Table 2. The population affected with MS was mostly male (65.4% versus 45.4%) and older ( versus years). The levels of blood sugar ( versus ), blood pressure (SBP: versus , DBP: versus ), TC ( versus ), TG ( versus ), LDL-C ( versus ), BMI ( versus ), and WC ( versus ) were significantly (<0.0001) higher in the population having MS as compared to the population not having MS. The low HDL-C () level was highly prevalent in individuals detected with MS. However, no statistical significance was obtained between the values of Lp. (a), premature CAD, and addiction of both groups.

Table 2: Profile comparison of population with and without metabolic syndrome.

Variable
With MS,
Without MS,
value

Mean ± SD, (%)
Mean ± SD, (%)

Gender

    Male
157 (65.4%)
572 (45.4%)
<0.0001

    Female
83 (34.6%)
688 (54.6%)
<0.0001

Age (year)
33.00 ± 5.33
29.29 ± 5.91
<0.0001

Lp. (a) (mg/dL)
26.86 ± 24.45
28.40 ± 26.83
0.3970

Blood sugar (mg/dL)
89.00 ± 20.30
78.75 ± 12.10
<0.0001

TC (mg/dL)
192.75 ± 40.00
167.42 ± 32.11
<0.0001

TG (mg/dL)
157.37 ± 99.30
93.50 ± 45.06
<0.0001

HDL-C (mg/dL)
40.80 ± 9.40
44.39 ± 9.92
<0.0001

LDL-C (mg/dL)
120.49 ± 32.77
104.32 ± 27.85
<0.0001

VLDL (mg/dL)
31.46 ± 19.88
18.71 ± 09.00
<0.0001

Total lipid (mg/dL)
690.92 ± 123.13
605.32 ± 66.16
<0.0001

LDL-C/HDL-C
3.10 ± 1.05
2.50 ± 1.17
<0.0001

TC/HDL-C
4.93 ± 1.37
3.96 ± 1.49
<0.0001

Premature CAD
32 (13.3%)
123 (9.8%)
0.1211

Addiction
25 (10.4%)
98 (7.8%)
0.2160

SBP (mm/hg)
137.96 ± 16.91
121.45 ± 14.69
<0.0001

DBP (mm/hg)
86.60 ± 9.81
78.15 ± 9.18
<0.0001

BMI (kg/m²)
25.98 ± 3.80
22.66 ± 4.74
<0.0001

WC (cm)
95.63 ± 10.92
85.09 ± 26.78
<0.0001

MS: metabolic syndrome; Lp. (a): lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.

The population being affected by MS were further categorized according to their gender and the data is presented in Table 3. Results showed that females had better risk factor profile as most of the risk factors were considerably higher in males as compared to females. The risk factors associated with male gender were elevated TG (), HDL-C (), VLDL (), total lipid (), LDL/HDL ratio (), TC/HDL ratio (), SBP (), and increased WC () along with greater incidence of premature CAD (13.4%) and addiction (11.5%). However, the level of lipoprotein (a) ( versus ) was significantly higher in females.

Table 3: Influence of gender on prevalence and profile of metabolic syndrome.

Variable
Males having MS
Females having MS
value

Age (year)
32.78 ± 5.27
33.40 ± 5.45
0.3925

Lp. (a) (mg/dL)
22.92 ± 21.56
34.30 ± 27.78
0.0005

Blood sugar (mg/dL)
91.10 ± 20.27
85.02 ± 19.89
0.0271

TC (mg/dL)
195.59 ± 42.56
187.40 ± 34.54
0.1325

TG (mg/dL)
177.20 ± 108.34
119.84 ± 65.06
<0.0001

HDL-C (mg/dL)
37.45 ± 7.04
47.13 ± 10.07
<0.0001

LDL-C (mg/dL)
122.69 ± 34.43
116.34 ± 29.10
0.1537

VLDL (mg/dL)
35.45 ± 21.70
23.93 ± 12.96
<0.0001

Total lipid (mg/dL)
710.24 ± 135.24
654.37 ± 85.57
0.0007

LDL-C/HDL-C
3.32 ± 1.39
2.66 ± 0.95
<0.0001

TC/HDL-C
5.33 ± 1.27
4.17 ± 1.23
<0.0001

Premature CAD
21 (13.4%)
11 (13.3%)
0.011

Addiction
18 (11.5%)
7 (8.4%)
0.032

SBP (mm/hg)
139.9 ± 16.46
134.29 ± 17.26
0.0142

DBP (mm/hg)
86.92 ± 10.69
85.99 ± 7.94
0.4864

BMI (kg/m²)
26.15 ± 3.52
25.66 ± 4.28
0.3429

WC (cm)
96.73 ± 10.03
91.83 ± 11.84
0.0009

MS: metabolic syndrome; Lp. (a): lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.

The distribution of risk factors causing MS according to age is indicated in Table 4. An increase in frequency of MS was observed with increasing age (20–30 years: 9.57%; 31–40 years: 24.57%). The associated risk factors of metabolic syndrome in comparatively older age group (31–40 years) were male gender (65.8%) and increased levels of TC (), TG (), VLDL (), total lipid (), TC/HDL-C ratio (), and DBP ().

Table 4: Influence of age on prevalence and profile of metabolic syndrome.

Variable
Age group (20–30)
Age group (31–40)
value

Gender

    Male
53 (64.6%)
104 (65.8%)
0.0026

    Female
29 (35.4%)
54 (34.2%)
0.0026

Lp. (a) (mg/dL)
26.89 ± 22.99
26.84 ± 25.24
0.9880

Blood sugar (mg/dL)
83.04 ± 13.16
92.09 ± 22.59
0.0010

TC (mg/dL)
181.96 ± 33.66
198.35 ± 42.06
0.0025

TG (mg/dL)
126.17 ± 57.34
173.56 ± 111.99
0.0004

HDL-C (mg/dL)
41.33 ± 10.04
40.53 ± 9.07
0.5329

LDL-C (mg/dL)
115.39 ± 28.01
123.14 ± 34.77
0.0822

VLDL (mg/dL)
25.24 ± 11.49
34.69 ± 22.42
0.0004

Total lipid (mg/dL)
649.46 ± 80.85
712.44 ± 135.43
0.0001

LDL-C/HDL-C
2.95 ± 1.06
3.17 ± 1.04
0.1239

TC/HDL-C
4.62 ± 1.29
5.09 ± 1.39
0.0116

Premature CAD
7 (8.5%)
25 (15.5%)
0.0884

Addiction
9 (11.0%)
16 (10.1%)
0.0012

SBP (mm/hg)
137.18 ± 15.57
138.37 ± 17.61
0.6063

DBP (mm/hg)
84.88 ± 11.38
87.49 ± 8.80
0.0505

BMI (kg/m²)
25.93 ± 4.15
26.01 ± 3.62
0.8775

WC (cm)
94.28 ± 9.27
95.42 ± 11.69
0.4441

Lp. (a): lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference.

The incidence of MS in individuals having diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and abnormal WC was also assessed. Out of 1500 patients, included in the study, 6.3%, 36.4%, 24.86.%, 15.3%, 56.5%, 47.5%, and 10.3% of the population were detected with the abnormalities of sugar, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL-C, WC, and positive history of premature CAD, respectively. From this the prevalence of MS was the highest in individuals having diabetes (51.6%) followed by TG (48.9%). These patients were further categorized according to age and gender and the results are shown in Table 5. The strength of various risk factors in the development of MS was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis and the results are presented in Table 6. We have found that BMI (odds ratio: 1.120; 95% CI: 1.077 to 1.163; ) and age (odds ratio: 1.100; 95% CI: 1.061 to 1.139; ) are two prime contributors of MS in this ethnic group.

Table 5: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in population having diabetes, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and abnormal waist circumference.

Variable
Total affected population
MS present
MS present in males & females
P value
MS present in different age groups
value

DM (mg/dL)
95 (6.3%)
49 (51.6%)
M = 38 (77.6%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 5 (10.2%)
<0.0001

F = 11 (22.4%)
31–40 = 44 (89.8%)

SBP (mm/hg)
546 (36.4%)
188 (34.3%)
M = 128 (68.1%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 67 (35.6%)
<0.0001

F = 60 (31.9%)
31–40 = 121 (64.4%)

DBP (mm/hg)
373 (24.86%)
146 (39.5%)
M = 97 (66.4%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 43 (29.5%)
<0.0001

F = 49 (33.6%)
31–40 = 103 (70.5%)

TG (mg/dL)
229 (15.3%)
112 (48.9%)
M = 88 (78.6%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 29 (25.9%)
<0.0001

F = 24 (21.4%)
31–40 = 83 (74.1%)

HDL-C (mg/dL)
847 (56.5%)
145 (17.1%)
M = 100 (69.0%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 51(35.2%)
<0.0001

F = 45 (31.0%)
31–40 = 94 (64.8%)

WC (cm)
712 (47.5%)
216 (30.3%)
M = 135 (62.5%)
<0.0001
20–30 = 75 (34.7%)
<0.0001

F = 81 (37.5%)
31–40 = 141 (65.3%)

Premature CAD
155 (10.3%)
32 (20.6%)
M = 21 (65.6%)
0.024
20–30 = 7 (21.9%)
<0.0001

F = 11 (34.4%)
31–40 = 25 (78.1%)

MS: metabolic syndrome; DM: diabetes mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC: waist circumference; CAD: coronary artery disease.

Table 6: Multiple logistic regression analysis using metabolic syndrome as dependent variable.

Variables

Wald
Sig.
Adjusted odds ratio
95% CI for EXP(B)

Male gender
0.6853
18.9230
0.0000
1.9844
1.4572–2.7022

Age
0.0809
35.7508
0.0000
1.0842
1.0559–1.1134

Lp. (a)
−0.0017
0.3256
0.5683
0.9983
0.9924–1.0042

Premature CAD
0.0679
0.0901
0.7640
1.0703
0.6869–1.6677

Addiction
−0.0172
0.0047
0.9452
0.9830
0.6024–1.6040

BMI
0.1145
49.9796
0.0000
1.1213
1.0863–1.1575

Constant
−7.2995
169.9954
0.0000
0.0007

CI: confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index.

4. Discussion

The process of MS may start in very early stage of life which continues to progress during childhood and adolescence, reaching almost 50% in prevalence in severally obese youngster [6–10]. However, this process is subjected to variation according to the region, urbanization, lifestyle patterns, and socioeconomic and cultural factors in Asian Indian community. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing exponentially in India, in both the urban and rural areas showing the prevalence range from 11% to 41% [11]. In the current study for the first time the prevalence of MS in healthy and young Gujarati Asian Indians has been reported. We found that 16.0% of the young Gujaratis who are below the age of 40 are suffering from MS. The mean blood sugar, TG, TC, LDL-C, SBP, and DBP were significantly higher and HDL-C levels were significantly lower in this population. These findings were similar to those obtained in the studies on Chennai urban population by Kota et al. and on US adult population by Chen et al. [12, 13].

We have observed that the occurrence of MS varies according to the gender as more young males (21.50%; ) were having MS as compared to females (10.8%; ). The higher prevalence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension was found to be the contributor of MS in male gender, whereas young females had fairer risk factor profile due to premenopausal estrogenic protection. We have observed that male gender itself provides strong prediction of MS development in this ethnic group as maximum odds were observed with this subset of population. However as reported by others the level of Lp. (a), a factor possessing genetic association, was highly prevalent in females as matched to their males counterparts. This pattern of lipid abnormality was documented in a recent Nigerian study [14] and Roshni et al. [15] studies also. The family history of premature CAD and addiction were also significantly higher in females which may play a role in the development of the MS especially in younger woman [16].

We found that the prevalence of MS is highly associated with advancing age in both genders. It is noteworthy that the frequency of MS increases from 9.56% in 20–30-year individuals to 24.57% in 30–40-year individuals. Hildrum et al. [17] found increase in prevalence of metabolic syndrome with increasing age that 6.7% of subjects in the age group of 20–29 years are increased to 29.3% of subjects in the age group of 30–39 years. Hildrum et al. [17] findings were almost similar to this study on Norwegian population. Total cholesterol, TG, VLDL, total lipid, and TC/HDL-C had significantly higher prevalence in comparatively older group of 31–40 years compared to age group of 20–30 years.

Though the factors of MS are multifactorial, distribution of these risk factors is subjected to ethnic and racial variations. Asian Indians have higher rates of diabetes and hence are more prone to develop MS as compared to their Caucasian counterparts [18]. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by disorders of insulin action or insulin secretion, either of which may be a predominant feature. Hyperinsulinemia appears to be a compensatory mechanism that responds to increased levels of circulating glucose and hence development of MS. People who develop diabetes usually pass through the phases of excessive adipogenesis (obesity), insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, pancreatic beta cells stress, and damage leading to progressive decrease of insulin secretion, impaired glucose postprandial, and fasting levels [19, 20]. The second key contributor of MS development in Gujarati Asians was TG (48.9% and odds) which has long been identified as “obesity epidemic” contributing to the rising prevalence of MS in Indians. This phenomenon refers to the fact that despite the relatively lower prevalence rates of generalized obesity, Indians tend to have a greater degree of central body obesity and increased body fat, particularly increased visceral fat, and have lower cutoffs for BMI in comparison to their Caucasian counterparts [21]. Obesity contributes significantly to the development of MS, especially in presence of increased WC, as it induces insulin resistance and exerts highly deleterious impact on metabolism [22].

Collectively, diabetes and obesity are risk predictors of both venous thrombosis and an occlusive arterial disease most likely due to existence of an atherothrombotic syndrome secondary to insulin resistance and defective fibrinolysis. Patients with MS were found to have significantly more atherosclerosis compared with the patients without MS, independent of their diabetes status [23].

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young Gujarati Asian Indian population reinforces the need for a comprehensive noncommunicable disease prevention and control program. This study has shown the unacceptably high prevalence rate of MS in males (65.4%) compared to females (34.6%) showing an accelerating trend with ageing. Increasing awareness and early identification of these clusters of risk factors should be emphasized in designing population-wide prevention strategies for Gujarati Asian Indians, in particular.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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