Protein wastes (feathers, goat hair) and cellulosic wastes (corn cob, coconut husks) were collected and washed with detergent solution, thoroughly rinsed and sun dried for 2 days before drying in an oven, and then ground. One-half of ground material was carbonized at a maximum temperature of 500°C after mixing with H2SO4. The carbonized parts were pulverized; both carbonized and uncarbonized sorbents were sieved into two particle sizes of 325 and 625
Wastewater may be purely domestic or may contain some industrial wastewater as well [
The organic compounds are more problematic in industrial effluent than inorganic materials [
There is no single or economically attractive method of treatment of textile wastewater [
Cellulosic waste sorbents (corn cob and coconut-husk (coir)) were procured from a local market around Awka, while protein waste sorbents (goat hair and chicken feathers) were sourced from Awka main abattoir. They were thoroughly washed with soap solution, sun dried for two days before drying in an oven at 105°C for 2 hours, and then ground. One-half of each ground material was carbonized at a temperature of 300°C for 30 mins, cooled and activated with H2SO4, and further heated at a temperature of 500°C for complete carbonization. The carbonized materials were again pulverized. Both materials were sieved into two particle sizes of 325
Textile wastewater was collected from general cotton mills Onitsha. Physicochemical parameters of the wastewater were analyzed before and after contacting with the adsorbents for each contact time and particle size.
Nitrate was determined according to American Public Health method [
The chloride content was determined by colorimetric method, while total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were determined by their respective standard methods [
2.5 g of each sorbent (both carbonized and uncarbonized and each particle size) were separately packed in glass adsorption column with inner diameter 11 m, bed height 270 mm; the wastewater was eluted into it and allowed a contact time of 60 and 120 minutes. The wastewater was collected after 60 and 120 mins, respectively, and all the previous parameters were again determined to ascertain the percentage absorption after each batch. Results are shown in Tables
Use of carbonized/uncarbonized waste protein sorbents in removal of pollutants from wastewater.
S/no. | Sorbents | Particle size | Contact time (mins) | % absorption of physicochemical parameters | ||||||||
COD | BOD | DO | Chloride | TSS | TDS | EC. (U.S/CM) | pH | |||||
(1) | Carbonized goat hair | 325 | 60 | 99.89 | 90.54 | 93.21 | 88.00 | 88.35 | 99.95 | 99.88 | 95.00 | 8.00 (5.00) |
(2) | Carbonized feather | 325 | 99.89 | 96.43 | 97.84 | 96.67 | 86.82 | 99.95 | 99.90 | 95.61 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(3) | Carbonized goat hair | 625 | 99.69 | 81.07 | 71.30 | 62.00 | 73.29 | 99.81 | 99.84 | 94.38 | 7.00 (5.00) | |
(4) | Carbonized feather | 625 | 99.39 | 71.43 | 62.96 | 78.67 | 77.86 | 99.95 | 99.78 | 94.67 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(5) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 325 | 99.49 | 75.71 | 71.60 | 81.33 | 83.79 | 99.95 | 99.31 | 93.75 | 7.00 (5.00) | |
(6) | Uncarbonized feather | 325 | 99.59 | 85.71 | 70.99 | 91.33 | 85.32 | 99.95 | 99.85 | 93.83 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(7) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 625 | 96.02 | 49.11 | 56.79 | 52.00 | 56.62 | 99.90 | 99.92 | 93.75 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(8) | Uncarbonized feather | 625 | 99.79 | 54.64 | 48.15 | 52.67 | 71.04 | 99.95 | 99.88 | 93.67 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(9) | Carbonized goat hair | 325 | 120 | 99.89 | 92.68 | 96.91 | 92.00 | 89.13 | 99.95 | 99.29 | 95.50 | 8.00 (5.00) |
(10) | Carbonized feather | 325 | 99.92 | 98.21 | 99.07 | 98.00 | 88.38 | 99.98 | 99.93 | 95.42 | 8.50 (5.00) | |
(11) | Carbonized goat hair | 625 | 99.79 | 80.54 | 68.52 | 72.00 | 76.60 | 99.88 | 99.88 | 95.21 | 7.80 (5.00) | |
(12) | Carbonized feather | 625 | 99.79 | 80.36 | 72.84 | 92.00 | 80.35 | 99.98 | 99.85 | 95.75 | 7.80 (5.00) | |
(13) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 325 | 99.69 | 78.57 | 67.28 | 90.67 | 87.69 | 99.95 | 99.48 | 92.50 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(14) | Uncarbonized feather | 325 | 99.80 | 88.93 | 80.86 | 94.67 | 87.11 | 99.98 | 99.88 | 95.92 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(15) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 625 | 96.91 | 56.96 | 62.96 | 78.67 | 63.49 | 99.95 | 99.94 | 95.00 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(16) | Uncarbonized feather | 625 | 99.90 | 58.57 | 62.96 | 71.33 | 75.55 | 99.95 | 99.93 | 95.08 | 8.00 (5.00) |
Value in parenthesis is pH result before treatment.
Use of carbonized/uncarbonized waste cellulosic sorbents in removal of pollutants from wastewater.
S/no. | Sorbents | Particle size | Contact time (mins) | % absorption of physicochemical parameters | ||||||||
COD | BOD | DO | Chloride | TSS | TDS | EC (U.S./CM) | pH | |||||
(1) | Carbonized corn cob | 325 | 60 | 85.61 | 78.93 | 81.48 | 81.33 | 80.26 | 95.14 | 99.66 | 89.58 | 8.0 (5.0) |
(2) | Carbonized coconut husk | 325 | 84.59 | 63.21 | 68.52 | 36.67 | 82.50 | 97.57 | 99.91 | 88.33 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(3) | Carbonized corn cob | 625 | 83.57 | 52.14 | 41.05 | 70.67 | 64.65 | 97.48 | 99.64 | 87.50 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(4) | Carbonized coconut husk | 625 | 82.14 | 52.14 | 49.38 | 58.00 | 70.09 | 97.48 | 99.80 | 88.13 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(5) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 325 | 81.02 | 78.57 | 75.31 | 54.00 | 63.01 | 97.38 | 99.37 | 88.75 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(6) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 325 | 79.29 | 62.50 | 60.49 | 48.67 | 83.61 | 95.19 | 99.82 | 88.96 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(7) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 625 | 67.35 | 38.21 | 53.70 | 54.67 | 50.20 | 97.33 | 98.64 | 87.50 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(8) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 625 | 99.29 | 47.14 | 69.75 | 44.00 | 68.01 | 94.76 | 97.61 | 88.13 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(9) | Carbonized corncob | 325 | 120 | 89.69 | 79.64 | 96.30 | 52.00 | 84.22 | 97.57 | 99.68 | 90.83 | 7.80 (5.00) |
(10) | Carbonized coconut husk | 325 | 79.49 | 63.93 | 69.75 | 73.33 | 88.84 | 95.19 | 99.93 | 91.04 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(11) | Carbonized corncob | 625 | 89.50 | 58.21 | 51.85 | 74.67 | 69.77 | 97.45 | 99.68 | 90.83 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(12) | Carbonized coconut husk | 625 | 89.59 | 78.57 | 70.37 | 60.00 | 73.18 | 95.14 | 99.86 | 91.25 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(13) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 325 | 80.61 | 80.36 | 69.75 | 34.67 | 88.76 | 95.83 | 99.45 | 91.46 | 8.50 (5.00) | |
(14) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 325 | 89.39 | 64.11 | 56.79 | 39.33 | 84.39 | 97.60 | 99.88 | 90.83 | 8.00 (5.00) | |
(15) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 625 | 81.02 | 42.86 | 66.05 | 46.67 | 58.61 | 97.43 | 98.98 | 87.92 | 7.50 (5.00) | |
(16) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 625 | 87.14 | 56.07 | 54.94 | 58.67 | 73.18 | 97.38 | 98.33 | 88.13 | 8.00 (5.00) |
Value in parenthesis is pH result before treatment.
Use of carbonized/uncarbonized waste protein sorbents in removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
S/no. | Sorbents | Particle size | Contact time (mins) | % absorption of heavy metals | |||
Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | ||||
(1) | Carbonized goat hair | 325 | 60 | 87.05 | 80.84 | 94.62 | 81.89 |
(2) | Carbonized feather | 325 | 87.05 | 83.58 | 90.51 | 92.83 | |
(3) | Carbonized goat hair | 625 | 65.88 | 78.53 | 77.18 | 58.87 | |
(4) | Carbonized feather | 625 | 78.82 | 79.79 | 73.33 | 73.58 | |
(5) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 325 | 76.00 | 76.21 | 90.51 | 78.11 | |
(6) | Uncarbonized feather | 325 | 81.18 | 74.32 | 78.97 | 83.77 | |
(7) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 625 | 77.65 | 63.16 | 70.77 | 61.51 | |
(8) | Uncarbonized feather | 625 | 75.29 | 68.21 | 73.85 | 52.83 | |
(9) | Carbonized goat hair | 325 | 120 | 85.41 | 77.26 | 97.95 | 84.15 |
(10) | Carbonized feather | 325 | 91.53 | 82.74 | 94.36 | 89.06 | |
(11) | Carbonized goat hair | 625 | 71.76 | 80.21 | 76.64 | 66.79 | |
(12) | Carbonized feather | 625 | 89.18 | 80.84 | 74.87 | 76.60 | |
(13) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 325 | 75.53 | 83.58 | 90.26 | 85.66 | |
(14) | Uncarbonized feather | 325 | 90.12 | 81.26 | 77.69 | 92.08 | |
(15) | Uncarbonized goat hair | 625 | 65.18 | 68.84 | 74.87 | 63.77 | |
(16) | Uncarbonized feather | 625 | 79.76 | 68.63 | 74.62 | 63.02 |
Use of carbonized/uncarbonized waste cellulosic sorbents in removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
S/no. | Sorbents | Particle size | Contact time (mins) | % absorption of heavy metals | |||
Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | ||||
(1) | Carbonized corncob | 325 | 60 | 76.00 | 63.79 | 92.31 | 64.15 |
(2) | Carbonized coconut husk | 325 | 61.18 | 73.47 | 74.87 | 74.34 | |
(3) | Carbonized corncob | 625 | 37.65 | 64.63 | 66.15 | 44.15 | |
(4) | Carbonized coconut husk | 625 | 70.59 | 47.16 | 52.56 | 58.87 | |
(5) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 325 | 66.35 | 65.68 | 76.15 | 63.02 | |
(6) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 325 | 75.29 | 57.47 | 63.08 | 70.19 | |
(7) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 625 | 71.76 | 47.16 | 52.31 | 42.26 | |
(8) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 625 | 61.65 | 57.68 | 49.74 | 36.60 | |
(9) | Carbonized corncob | 325 | 120 | 71.76 | 70.11 | 94.87 | 63.40 |
(10) | Carbonized coconut husk | 325 | 91.06 | 77.26 | 82.56 | 83.40 | |
(11) | Carbonized corncob | 625 | 48.24 | 78.11 | 65.13 | 52.45 | |
(12) | Carbonized coconut husk | 625 | 74.12 | 78.11 | 68.21 | 65.28 | |
(13) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 325 | 69.41 | 74.74 | 89.23 | 79.62 | |
(14) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 325 | 79.76 | 57.89 | 73.85 | 81.51 | |
(15) | Uncarbonized corn cob | 625 | 34.59 | 47.79 | 66.15 | 50.19 | |
(16) | Uncarbonized coconut husk | 625 | 69.41 | 57.89 | 62.05 | 50.19 |
From Table
From Table
From Table
At 120 mins contact time, carbonized 325
From Table
At 120 mins contact time, carbonized 325
Solid wastes can be advantageously used as alternative sorbents because of their low cost and local availability. Adsorption of a basic dye-methylene blue and an acidic dye-eosin on wood dust of different particle size at varying speed has been studied by monitoring color reduction [