Recent Development in Ammonia Stripping Process for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

It is noteworthy to highlight that ammonia nitrogen contamination in wastewater has been reported to pose a great threat to the environment. -is conventional method of remediating ammonia nitrogen contamination in wastewater applies the packed bed tower technology. Nevertheless, this technology appears to pose several application issues. Over the years, researchers have tested various types of ammonia stripping process to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional ammonia stripping technology. Along this line, the present study highlights the recent development of ammonia stripping process for industrial wastewater treatment. In addition, this study reviews ammonia stripping application for varied types of industrial wastewater and several significant operating parameters. Furthermore, this paper discusses some issues related to the conventional ammonia stripper for industrial treatment application. Finally, this study explicates the future prospects of the ammonia stripping method. -is review, hence, contributes by enhancing the ammonia stripping treatment efficiency and its application for industrial wastewater treatment.


Introduction
Human activities appear to be the major contributor to water pollution, for instance, agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities.Nitrogen surplus released into the environment has been proven to cause negative impacts on water qualities, human health, and ecosystems [1].Nonetheless, a wide range of technologies is available to reduce the release of ammonia nitrogen into the environment, such as ammonia stripping [2], breakpoint chlorination [3], ion exchange [4], electrodialysis [5], and biological nitrification [6].
e ammonia stripping method has several plus points as it is a relatively simple process and cost-effective to remove ammonia in wastewater [7].Besides, the valuable ammonia stripped from wastewater can be recovered from the stripping process.Due to the stability of this process, the ammonia stripping process has been deemed as an appropriate method in remediating wastewater that contains high concentration of ammonia and toxic compounds [8].Consequently, ammonia stripping has emerged as a strong interest research area among researchers and industrial community.As such, numerous labscale and pilot-scale studies have been performed, especially for the wide range of industrial wastewater that demands costeffective remediation.
is paper looks into several emerging issues pertaining to remediating ammonia nitrogen by using the ammonia stripper technique, along with some significant operating parameters.In addition, this paper reviews the recent progress in ammonia stripping method with advanced gas-liquid contactors, as conducted by some researchers.Next, a comparison was made between the advanced liquid contactors and the conventional packed tower.Finally, this paper explores the future prospects of this ammonia stripping process.

Ammonia Stripping Process
e ammonia stripping process is based on the principle of mass transfer.It is a process, by which wastewater is contacted with air to strip the ammonia gas present in the wastewater.
e presence of ammonia in wastewater can be found in two forms, namely, ammonium ions and ammonia gas.e relative concentrations of ammonia gas and ammonium ions are subjected to the pH and the temperature of wastewater [9].e formation of ammonia gas is favored by increasing the pH, which shifts the chemical equilibrium to the right, thus inducing the formation of ammonia gas.Since high pH is required for e ective ammonia stripping, lime is used to increase the pH values of wastewater prior to ammonia stripping [9].In fact, various types of con gurations for ammonia stripping process have been applied to remediate the varied types of wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen.For instance, O'Farell et al. conducted a study on nitrogen removal by stripping on a secondary e uent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant [10].Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of lime precipitation process and ammonia stripping process.Lime is incorporated to hike the pH of the in uent prior to stripping, and this is followed by a recarbonation process for neutralization.Aside from raising the wastewater pH, calcium oxide (lime) generates calcium carbonate in the wastewater and serves as a coagulant for hard and particulate matters.Additionally, O'Farell et al. discovered that the ammonia stripping method could remove as much as 90% of ammonia from the secondary e uent [10].
Meanwhile, Raboni et al. investigated the e ciency of the ammonia stripping technique for remediation of groundwater polluted with leachate [11] (Figure 2).In the study, polyelectrolyte, sodium hydroxide, and iron (iii) chloride were added for the coagulation-occulation and sedimentation processes at pH higher than 11 [11].e system also comprised of a heater to heat the wastewater at 38 °C and ammonia recovery via absorption with sulphuric acid.Lastly, the e uent was neutralized after adding sulphuric acid.As a result, they found that the ammonia stripping system for groundwater polluted with leachate displayed removal e ciency of 95.4% with initial ammonia concentration at 199.0 mg/L.
Next, Saracco and Genon investigated the performance of air-stripping system to treat ammonia nitrogen from industrial e uent (Figure 3) [12].ey suggested this route as feasible only if the industrial e uent was characterized by relatively high temperature and ammonia concentration.e stripping process was followed by absorption and crystallization processes.Saracco and Genon concluded that the ammonia stripping and the recovery system, along with its internal air recycle, had been technically feasible and easy to control [12].

Ammonia Stripping Application in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
To date, ammonia stripping pilot-plants have been employed to treat various types of wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonia and toxic compounds, such as that derived from secondary e uent of municipal wastewater treatment plant [10], animal manure [13], and land ll leachate [14].Most recently, ammonia stripping was applied to anaerobic-digested e uent as this method o ers both economic and environmental advantages.e biogas produced in the anaerobic digestion was used for ammonia removal to prevent inhibition of methanogenesis in the anaerobic reactor [15][16][17].Meanwhile, Bonmati and Flotats revealed that no pH modi cation was required for stripping of ammonia from pig slurry [18].On the other hand, Limoli et al. investigated ammonia removal from raw manure digestate by employing the turbulent mixing stripping process.ey found that the ammonia stripping process via turbulent mixing was indeed feasible for raw manure digestate [19].Table 1 shows that the ammonia stripping technique is indeed highly e cient in treating wastewater that contains ammonia nitrogen with toxic compounds.Besides, ammonia stripping combined with anaerobic digestion seemed to enhance the performance of anaerobic digestion process, apart from being cost-e ective for ammonia removal.Figure 2: Schematic ammonia stripping process for leachate-polluted groundwater [11].
International Journal of Chemical Engineering appears to be effective and suitable in agriculture due to its simple process and cost-effectiveness in removing ammonia efficiently.

Process Condition
Numerous studies have highlighted the impacts of varying operational parameters upon the performance of ammonia stripping process.Some important parameters that have been reported to influence the performance of ammonia stripping are temperature, pH, and air to water ratio.4.1.Temperature.Temperature has been proven to have a significant impact on the performance of ammonia stripper.is is because the solubility of ammonia in water is governed by Henry's law.In Henry's law, the constant of gas relies on solute, solvent, and temperature [31].For example, Campos et al. discovered that the removal of ammonia from landfill leachate at 60 °C was relatively significant over a period of 7 hours than at 25 °C [32].Generally, higher efficiency ammonia removal can be obtained at higher temperature.Saracco and Genon also found that the capital cost of ammonia stripper at a stripping temperature of 80 °C was less by half than that at 40 °C.Nevertheless, from the economic stance, increment in temperature may lead to a hike in the cost of preheating [12].4.2.pH.Ammonia nitrogen in water exists in equilibrium between the molecular (NH 3 ) and ionic form (NH 4 + ) according to the following reaction: e distribution between molecular ammonia and ammonium ions in water can be defined by (2) [16] and (3) [18]: where [NH 3 ] is the molecular ammonia concentration, is the total ammonia concentration, [H + ] is the hydrogen ion concentration, and K a is the acid ionization constant.Besides that, pK a can be expressed in terms Hence, an optimum pH is required to strike a balance between process efficiency and economic cost.ey found that when the pH exceeded 10.5, the removal efficiency was insignificant because pH no longer the affected the ionization balance between molecular ammonia and ionic ammonium but the cost incurred rose significantly due to the additional lime consumption required to increase the pH levels [33].Meanwhile, Markou et al. revealed insignificant effect for the types of alkali (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide) used on the ammonia removal efficiency [34].However, calcium alkali was preferable due to reduction of solids, heavy metal concentrations, and color of wastewater [35].

Air to Water Ratio.
Air to water ratio is an important parameter that has an impact on the removal rates of ammonia in water.Mass transfer of ammonia into the air is affected by the variance between ammonia concentration level in liquid form and air phase [18].Lei et al. discovered that the ammonia stripping efficiency of anaerobic effluent was influenced by air/water ratios.e study found that higher ammonia removal rate was achieved after 12 h at an airflow rate of 10 L/min, in comparison to airflow rates at 3 L/min and 5 L/min [16].Nevertheless, from the engineering stance, Lei et al. concluded that 5 L/min for 1 L of anaerobic effluent should be feasible due to the expensive method of using an airflow rate of 10 L/min for 1 L of wastewater with only 5% increment in removal efficiencies, as compared to airflow rates from 5 L/min until 10 L/min [16].Next, Campos et al. revealed that the influence of air to water ratio on ammonia stripping performance at higher temperature was less significant as it resulted in ammonia removal greater than 91% at 60 °C with an airflow rate between 73 L/h and 120 L/h [32].

Issues Related to Ammonia Stripper Wastewater in Industrial
Treatment Application e ammonia stripping process has been successfully employed for many types of high-strength ammonia wastewater (Table 1).e method refers to one that is controlled and unaltered by toxic compounds.Nevertheless, the ammonia stripping process has several drawbacks.Among the issues involving the implementation of ammonia stripper to remove ammonia nitrogen in wastewater are fouling problems, sludge production, and release of ammonia gas.

Fouling Problems.
e fouling problems in an ammonia stripper tower are caused by the formation of calcium carbonate scale on the surface of the packing materials.Scale builds up on the packing materials, thus leading to lower stripping performance [32].Viotti and Gavasci found that the progressive scaling of the packing reduced stripper efficiency from 98% to 80% after 6 months of operation.e formation of calcium carbonate scale on the packing material is due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air stream used for stripping.Moreover, the nature of calcium carbonate varies from soft to hard.Viotti and Gavasci, thus, suggested chemical cleaning to attain higher removal of ammonia from wastewater [36].
e high operation and maintenance cost for air stripping can be attributed to the formation of calcium carbonate scale [37].

Sludge Production.
e stripped effluent of ammonia stripping often fails in meeting the discharge standards.High sludge production and high alkalinity effluent associated with ammonia stripping generate additional treatment cost to this process.However, the calcium carbonate from the ammonia stripper sludge can be recovered.Maree and Zvinowanda, for example, used the flotation technique to recover calcium carbonate from wastewater treatment sludge [38].As a result, they discovered that floatation technique can potentially recover commercial grade limestone from wastewater sludge [38].Meanwhile, He et al. assessed the feasibility and performance enhancement for treatment of alkaline-stripped effluent in aerated constructed wetlands [39].e constructed wetland was relatively simple and was empowered with eco-friendly technology so that it can withstand extreme pH wastewater.He et al. also found that the remediation of alkaline effluent was feasible due to the high buffering capacity of the wetlands [39].

Ammonia Gas.
e ammonia stripping process results in ammonia release into the environment, thus causing additional environmental issues.Ammonia recovery by absorption is generally employed to prevent ammonia gas from being directly released into the environment.Ferraz et al. used sulphuric acid to recover the stripped ammonia from landfill leachate and revealed that 87% of the stripped ammonia was recovered [22].Next, Zhu et al. discovered that under optimal condition of pH 12, airflow rate of 0.50 m 3 /h, temperature of 60 °C, and stripping time of 120 min; 0.2 mol/L of sulphuric acid can absorb approximately 93% of the ammonia stripped per volume of the acetylene purification wastewater [25].Meanwhile, Laureni et al. concluded that ammonia stripping coupled with absorption proved to be a feasible option for valorization of nitrogen found in pig slurry.e by-product of this process was ammonium sulphate, which is a marketable product in the agriculture arena as fertilizers [15].

Advances in Ammonia Stripping Process
Research on ammonia stripping enhancement has continued unabated.Recent development of ammonia removal by ammonia stripping fall into the following: ammonia stripping reactor modifications, membrane contactor, membrane International Journal of Chemical Engineering distillation, ion exchange-stripping loop, and microwaveassisted ammonia stripping.

Ammonia Stripping Reactor Modi cations.
e construction of a particular ammonia stripping reactor is crucial as it has a strong impact on the whole treatment e ciency and the capital cost.
e conventional ammonia stripper reactor employs the packed column technology, in which the packing materials are used to enhance mass transfer between the two phases.e countercurrent-packed tower draws air through its openings at the bottom as the wastewater is pumped to the top of the packed tower.Nonetheless, this process generates carbonate scales on the surface of the packing materials, which can a ect ammonia removal efciencies over time.Apart from that, the average depth of the packed bed tower can range from 6.1 until 7.6 meters, hence consuming a considerably large amount of space.
erefore, some researchers have suggested the use of innovative ammonia stripper reactors as a solution for e cient removal of ammonia.Among the innovative ammonia stripping reactors proposed were rotating packed bed [40], water-sparged aerocyclone reactor [41], and semibatch jet loop reactor [42].

Semibatch Jet Loop
Reactor.Removal of ammonia via air stripping in a semibatch jet loop reactor was initiated by Degermenci et al., in which ammonia is removed by a jet loop reactor so as to reduce the construction and operational costs of the conventional ammonia stripping process.It also has a higher mass transfer coe cient and easier adaption from the pilot scale to the industrial-scale [42].e jet loop reactor was conventionally applied for chemical or biochemical catalyzed reactions [43].e jet loop reactor o ers exceptional mixing performance at relatively low energy consumption for application that involves mass transfer [44].
An overall overview of the jet loop reactor is illustrated in Figure 4.In general, the jet loop reactors were constructed in many designs in terms of apparatus, nozzle dimensions, draft tube, and entry position of the jet stream [45].e principle of the jet loop reactor is the utilization of the kinetic energy of high-velocity liquid jet to entrain the gas phase, besides producing ne dispersion between the gas and the liquid phases [46].
Degermenci et al. have developed (4) to model the rate of ammonia removal via air-stripping technique in a jet loop reactor [42].
As a result, the temperature and the gas ow rate exhibited signi cant impacts on the ammonia removal rate by using the jet loop reactor.Besides, the jet loop appeared to be more e ective than the conventional ammonia stripper packed tower.e jet loop reactors can also be used for the conversion processes in treating biochemical wastewater.6 International Journal of Chemical Engineering oxygen demand removal, which possessed the capability to operate at high biomass concentrations [47].Next, Eusebio et al. investigated the treatment of winery wastewater by using jet loop reactor and found that 80% of COD removal e ciencies had been achieved within 24 hours [48].

Water-Sparged Aerocyclone
Reactor.Removal of ammonia via water-sparged aerocyclone reactor was rst designed by Quan et al. e basic motivation for the innovation was to increase the mass transfer rate and its applicability to treat wastewater with suspended solids [41].e water-sparged aerocyclone gas-liquid contactor can be used to address two major drawbacks of the conventional packed tower, which are the process performance and the fouling problems in long operations.
e water-sparged aerocyclone reactor is illustrated schematically in Figure 5. e water-sparged reactor is comprised of two concentric right-vertical tubes and a cyclone header on the upper section.Wastewater is pumped into the porous section of the inner tube and sprayed into the centerline of the watersparged aerocyclone reactor.After that, air is drawn into the aerocyclone at the top header of the inner tube.
Quan et al. adopted (5) developed by Matter-Muller et al. to model the ammonia removal rate via air-stripping technique using the water-sparged aerocyclone [49].
It was found that the water-sparged aerocyclone removed ammoniacal nitrogen, total phosphorus, and COD from wastewater at 91.0%, 99.2%, and 52.0%, respectively.Due to the promising ammonia removal e ciency by the water-sparged aerocyclone reactor, the structure of the water-sparged aerocylone reactor was improvised by Quan et al. to maximize the mass transfer e ciency of the reactor [50].Quan et al. also investigated the arrangement and the diameter of the jet holes in water-sparged aerocyclone reactor, thus concluding that the spray holes should be arranged in a square mode with 1.28 l c of optimum distance between two adjacent spray holes [50].

Rotating Packed Bed
Reactors.Ammonia removal via air-stripping technique in the rotating packed bed reactor was conducted by Yuan et al. to enhance the high volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coe cients, as well as to reduce the fouling problem, the equipment size, and the cost incurred, as an attempt to overcome the shortcomings detected in the conventional ammonia stripping technique.
e rotating packed bed reactor appeared to be highly e cient in process intensi cation as it maximized the gas-liquid mass transfer e ciency via strong centrifugal acceleration [51].
In fact, this particular method have been employed in a number of industrial applications, namely, absorption [52], synthesis of biodiesel [53], hydrogen sul de removal [54], and synthesis of nanoparticles [55].
e rotating packed bed is illustrated schematically in Figure 6.
e rotating packed bed consists of a rotating packed bed, gas and in uent controls, e uent analyzer, and e uent gas neutralizer [40].Yuan et al. used (6) to model the ammonia removal rate via air stripping using the rotating packed bed reactor [40]: International Journal of Chemical Engineering It was found that the rotating packed bed displayed higher mass transfer e ciency (12.3-18.41/h),when compared to other conventional and advanced gas-liquid contactors.Nonetheless, information concerning economic feasibility of the operating conditions seemed scarce for packed bed reactors in industrial wastewater treatment [40].

Membrane
Contactors.Ammonia stripping by using membrane contactor is another alternative that has lower tendency to fouling and requires no post e uent treatment [56].Relatively, ammonia stripping by membrane contactor has a higher rate of mass transfer than the conventional ammonia stripping due to its large contact surface area between the wastewater and stripping solution [57].Semmens et al. have derived (7) to model the ammonia removal rate by ammonia stripping by using membrane contactor [56]: Ahn et al. have founded that the highest mass transfer coe cient by using PTFE membrane was at 11 × 10 −3 m/h at the operating condition of 1000 mg/L of ammonia initial concentration with no suspended solids and temperature di erence [57].Hasanoglu et al. investigated the ammonia removal by using at sheet and hollow ber membrane contactors and founded that the circulation con guration solution has a strong impact on the e ciency of the process [58].Tan et al. studied the ammonia removal by using polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF) hollow membranes and founded that mass transfer rate is higher at higher feed velocity, but only up to 0.59 m/s [59].e ammonia stripping by using membrane contactor is illustrated schematically in Figure 7.

Membrane Distillation.
In recent years, there has been an increasing research on ammonia removal using membrane distillation.Membrane distillation is driven by the temperature di erence across the permeable membrane.It o ers prospective recycling and reuse of industrial wastewater and higher process e ciency.Membrane distillation can be grouped into four basic con gurations, namely, direct contact membrane distillation [60], vacuum membrane distillation [61], air gap membrane distillation [62], and sweep gas membrane distillation [63].Liu et al. reported that direct contact membrane distillation process ammonia removal rate was more than 85% at ammonia concentration higher than 400 mg/L, but the removal rate decreased as the ammonia concentration was above 1200 mg/L [60].El-Bourawi et al. addressed that the most important operating parameters that a ect the ammonia removal e ciency of  International Journal of Chemical Engineering the vacuum membrane distillation are feed temperature, feed ow velocity, and downstream pressure.ey reported that ammonia removal e ciencies higher than 90% were achieved by using vacuum distillation [61].Eykens et al. conducted a lab scale and pilot scale on ammonia stripping by direct contact and air gap membrane distillation.It was founded that air gap membrane distillation has better performance and lower energy requirement than direct contact membrane distillation for larger scale applications [62].Xie et al. investigated the ammonia removal by sweep gas membrane distillation.e e ciency of the process was a ected by the feed temperature, feed ow rate, and gas ow rate.It was founded that sweep gas membrane distillation showed promising result with regards to high-e ciency industrial process water recycling [63].
e removal eciency of the sweep gas membrane distillation was reported to be up to 97%.Liu et al. reported that the asymmetric PVDF membrane possesses excellent antifouling and sustainable ux in relative with the commercial PTFE (polytetra uoroethylene) membrane [64].It was founded that the PVDF membrane has less than 8% ux decline in 15 hours continuous operation [64].

Ion Exchange Loop Stripping.
Due to the problems associated with operating and maintenance costs of air stripping [65] and the economic viability of the resins used for ion exchange [66], ion exchange and air stripping are combined and called ion exchange loop-stripping.e ion exchange loop stripping o ers relatively lower operating and investment cost due to the reduced energy demands and equipment size reductions [67].
e ion exchange loop stripping is illustrated schematically in Figure 8. Ion exchange loop stripping is made up of the zeolite bed, stripping column, and a scrubber.
Ellersdorfer suggested that sodium hydroxide solution may be an alternative to sodium chloride to reduce chemical consumption [27].Ellersdorfer has investigated the technical feasibility of ammonium recovery by using ion exchange loop stripping for sludge liquor from municipal wastewater treatment plants and founded that it can be a feasible option for recovering ammonium from sludge liquor wastewater treatment plants at above 900 mg/L [27].
6.5.Microwave-Assisted Air Stripping.Reports on microwave radiation that could be used to reduce ammonia nitrogen in wastewater have opened the door for research in the eld of ammonia stripping by microwave radiation.Li Lin et al. implemented a pilot-scale study of ammonia removal by using microwave radiation and founded that 80% ammonia removal from coke-plant wastewater can be achieved [26].Ata et al. carried out studies on optimization of ammonia removal microwave-assisted air stripping and founded that the optimum conditions were at 1800 mg/L of initial concentrations, 7.5 L•min −1 of air ow rate, 60 °C of temperature, 500 rpm of stirring speed, and 200 W microwave output with 60 minutes of radiation.e removal e ciency of microwaveassisted ammonia stripping was able to achieve 94.2% under optimized conditions [68].La et al. evaluated the e ciencies of microwave-assisted ammonia removal from swine wastewater.e highest removal e ciency was obtained at 83.1%.Ammonia removal by microwave radiation o ers high ammonia removal rate and lower reaction time [28].However, more research is needed for optimizing the power consumption of this wastewater treatment system.International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Comparisons between Different Ammonia Stripping Processes
A comparison of various parameters related to the di erent ammonia stripping processes based on literature was tabulated in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that among the processes evaluated, the packed tower displayed a higher tendency towards fouling, which decreased its e ciency and increased the operational cost of the whole process.Besides, the packed tower also required higher air consumption, when compared to the other ammonia stripper processes.Besides that, the packed tower also requires higher air consumption in relation with other ammonia stripper processes.However, the newer ammonia stripping processes such as, the semibatch jet loop reactor, water-sparged aerocyclone reactor, and rotating packed bed reactor, have lower tendency towards fouling problems.Since the rotating packed bed reactor operates in continuous ow, Yuan et al. suggested that larger rotating packed bed reactor has to be used to ensure higher process e ciency [40].e water-sparged aerocyclone also o ered simultaneous removal of other contaminants, such as total phosphorus and COD.In addition, the conventional packed tower displayed lower tolerance to total suspended solids.Hence, this technique is limited to applications with lower suspended solids present in wastewater.In this case, the ammonia stripping processes via semibatch jet loop reactor, water-sparged aerocyclone reactor, and rotating packed bed reactor are deemed suitable for wastewater that contains higher total suspended solids.It can also be seen that the implementation membrane technologies in ammonia stripping process have been receiving considerable attention in recent years.Separation technologies using membrane incorporated into the ammonia stripping has higher process e ciency and o ers prospective wastewater reclamation and reuse [72].However, the membrane technologies are subjected to membrane fouling which results in a substantial increase in hydraulic resistance [73].Hence, future research should emphasize on the membrane fouling control and the performance on a larger scale.
e microwave-assisted ammonia stripping also showed higher process e ciency at 94.2%.Nonetheless, higher power consumption and running costs posed a serious challenge for the microwaveassisted ammonia stripping process [69].

Summary of Review and Future
Research Perspectives is review paper has revealed the inherent bene ts of the ammonia stripping process, in comparison to the conventional packed tower.Nevertheless, pilot-scale investigation and economic evaluations are required before applying full scale of the ammonia stripping process.Moreover, future researches can speci cally focus on the following three aspects.
First, the structure optimization for the each of the ammonia stripping process reactors deserves further research.Since most of the new advanced ammonia stripping reactors were rst designed for various types of applications, it is important that these reactors are tailor-made for ammonia stripping processes.One of the most important aspects of ammonia stripping reactor's development refers to the higher air-stripping e ciency at a lower operational cost.Hence, structure optimization can illustrate a detailed design guide for optimized gas-liquid contactors.
Second, more studies are needed to evaluate the capital and operational costs for advanced liquid-gas contactors in ammonia stripping.Since studies regarding these important  International Journal of Chemical Engineering aspects are in scarcity, and such information is vital to engineers and decision-makers in-charge of devising new technologies, more evaluations are required to look into the full cost analysis of the advanced gas-liquid contactors so as to determine its economic feasibility for specific wastewater treatment scenario.Additionally, a detailed pilot study on the advanced gas-liquid contactors is also crucial to identify potential hiccups and allay investor concerns.ird, two of the advanced gas-liquid contactors (rotating packed bed and water-sparged aerocyclone) utilize vortex to induce gas-liquid mass transfer.Hence, there is a possibility of harvesting energy from these water vortexes.As such, it has been proposed that the advanced gas-liquid contactors have to be integrated with water vortex generator.
is may be a possible strategy to promote energy selfsufficient ammonia stripping process.Nishi and Inagaki investigated the vortex-type water turbine to generate electricity and discovered its ability in generating electricity by using a low head and a low flow rate using a simple structure [74].
is ammonia stripping reactor liquid, coupled with water vortex generator, seems to be a promising technology for energy self-sufficient wastewater treatment and demands further research.

Conclusion
Ammonia stripping process is suitable for treating wastewater that contains high concentration of ammonia and toxic compounds with the merits of simpler operation, high efficiency, and excellent treatment stability, thus displaying an exceptional application potential for industrial wastewater treatment.
e success of an ammonia stripping process is greatly dependent on temperature, pH, and air to water ratio.As such, the selection of optimized operating parameter is vital for the ammonia stripper to achieve higher efficiency.e different types of ammonia stripping reactors for ammonia stripping are presented in this review article.Its outstanding mass transfer performance and higher total suspended solids tolerance discriminate the conventional packed tower for ammonia stripping method.e following directions are proposed for further research.First, the structure optimization should be done for each of the ammonia stripping processes for higher air-stripping efficiency at a lower operational cost.Secondly, full cost analysis of the advanced ammonia stripper processes is needed to evaluate its economic feasibility for specific wastewater treatment scenario.Lastly, the integration of advanced gasliquid contactors with vortex power generator for an energy self-sufficient wastewater treatment is proposed.

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Rotating packed bed reactor con guration for ammonia stripping.

Table 1 :
Several studies that had looked into the ammonia stripping process with varied types of industrial wastewater.International Journal of Chemical Engineering of temperature as shown in (3).Higher pH favors the formation of ammonia gas whereas lower pH favors the formation of ammonium ions.Hence, raising the pH level of the wastewater prior ammonia stripping is crucial to favor the formation of molecular ammonia nitrogen for stripping.However, according to Hidalgo et al., excessive rise of pH poses extra cost of lime that is nonfeasible in terms of cost.

Table 2 :
Comparison of the different ammonia stripping processes.