International Journal of Differential Equations

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 594376, 10 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/594376

Research Article

Oscillation of Second-Order Nonlinear Delay Dynamic Equations with Damping on Time Scales

H. A. Agwa, Ahmed M. M. Khodier, and Heba A. Hassan

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11757, Egypt

Received 6 April 2014; Accepted 4 June 2014; Published 22 June 2014

Academic Editor: Pei-Guang Wang

Copyright © 2014 H. A. Agwa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We use the generalized Riccati transformation and the inequality technique to establish some new oscillation criteria for the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation with damping on a time scale , , where , , and are positive right dense continuous (rd-continuous) functions on . Our results improve and extend some results established by Zhang et al., 2011. Also, our results unify the oscillation of the second-order nonlinear delay differential equation with damping and the second-order nonlinear delay difference equation with damping. Finally, we give some examples to illustrate our main results.

1. Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to give several oscillation criteria for the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation with damping on a time scale

subject to the following hypotheses.

is a time scale which is unbounded above and with . The time scale interval is defined by ., , and are positive right dense continuous functions on such that and

or

Consider , for all and there exists a positive constant such that .Consider , for all and for any fixed and there exist positive constants such that

is a strictly increasing and differentiable function such that

By a solution of (1), we mean that a nontrivial real valued function satisfies (1) for . A solution of (1) is called oscillatory if it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative. Otherwise, it is called nonoscillatory. Equation (1) is said to be oscillatory if all of its solutions are oscillatory. In this work, we study the solutions of (1) which are not identically vanishing eventually.

Many results have been obtained on the oscillation and nonoscillation of dynamic equations on time scales (see e.g., the papers [1–17], the books [18, 19] and the references cited therein). It is easy to see that (1) can be transformed into the equation

where . If , , and , then (6) is simplified to the equation

Also, if , (6) is simplified to the equation

If , (8) takes the form

If , (9) becomes

In 2002, Guseinov and Kaymakçalan [10] studied (7) and established some sufficient conditions for nonoscillation. They proved that if

then (7) is nonoscillatory. In 2005, Agarwal et al. [2] studied the linear delay dynamic equation (10) and Şahiner [12] considered the nonlinear delay dynamic equation (9) and gave some sufficient conditions for oscillation of (10) and (9). In 2007, Erbe et al. [8] considered the general nonlinear delay dynamic equations (8). They obtained some oscillation criteria which improve the results given by Şahiner [12]. In 2011, Zhang and Gao [16] considered the oscillation of solutions of second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation (6) with damping and establishing some new results. In this paper, we use the generalized Riccati transformation and the inequality technique to obtain some new oscillation criteria for (1). Our results generalize and improve the results in [16].

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some preliminaries on time scales. In Section 3, we give some lemmas that we need through our work. In Section 4, we establish some new sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1). Finally, in Section 5, we present some examples to illustrate our results.

2. Some Preliminaries on Time Scales

A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real numbers . On any time scale , we define the forward and backward jump operators by

A point , inf is said to be left dense if , right dense if sup and , left-scattered if , and right-scattered if . The graininess function for a time scale is defined by . The set is derived from the time scale as if has a left-scattered maximum . Otherwise, .

A function is called rd-continuous provided that it is continuous at right dense points of and its left-sided limits exist at left dense points of . The set of rd-continuous functions is denoted by . By , we mean the set of functions whose delta derivative belong to .

A function is regressive provided that

holds. The set of all regressive and rd-continuous functions is denoted by

If , then we define the exponential function by

where the cylinder function is defined by

For a function (the range of may be actually replaced by any Banach space), the delta derivative is defined by

provided is continuous at and is right-scattered. If is not right-scattered, then the delta derivative is defined by

provided this limit exists.

A function is said to be differentiable if its derivative exists. The derivative and the shift of a function are related by the equation

The delta derivative rules of the product and the quotient (where of two differentiable functions and are given by

An integration by parts formula reads

or

and the infinite integral is defined by

Throughout this paper, we use

where , and positive constants

where , , and are defined in , .

3. Several Lemmas

In this section, we present some lemmas that we need to prove our results in the next section.

Lemma 1. (Bohner and Peterson [18, Chapter 2]). If is rd-continuous such that for all , then the initial value problem , has a unique and positive solution on , denoted by .

Lemma 2. (Bohner [5, Lemma 2]). For nonnegative with , one has the inequality

Lemma 3. If , (2) hold and (1) has a positive solution on , then , , and for .

Proof. Since is a positive solution of (1) on , we have

Therefore,

Hence,

We claim that on . If not, then there is such that

By , we get

Integrating from to , we get

This implies that is eventually negative which is a contradiction. Hence, on . Therefore,

Using the fact that is strictly decreasing, we get

where .

Hence,

4. Main Results

Here, we establish some new sufficient conditions for oscillation of (1).

Theorem 4. Assume that , (2) hold and ,. If there exists a positive -differentiable function such that

then every solution of (1) is oscillatory on .

Proof. Assume that (1) has a nonoscillatory solution on . Also, assume that ,   for all , . Consider the generalized Riccati substitution

Using the delta derivative rules of product and quotient of two functions, we have

From the definition of , we have

Using the fact and , we get

Integrating the inequality from to , using the definition of and , we get

Now, substituting (41) in (40), we have

Hence,

where and .

Therefore,

Hence,

Integrating the above inequality from to , we obtain

and taking the limit supremum as , we obtain a contradiction to condition (36). Therefore, every solution of (1) is oscillatory on .

Theorem 5. Assume that and (2) hold. Let be an rd-continuous function defined as follows:

such that

and has a nonpositive continuous -partial derivative . If there exists a positive -differentiable function such that

then every solution of (1) is oscillatory on .

Proof. Assume that (1) has a nonoscillatory solution on . Also, assume that , , for all ,. We proceed as in the proof of Theorem 4 to get (45)

Multiplying the above inequality by , integrating from to and using (48), we get

Thus,

which is a contradiction to (49). This completes the proof.

Now, If is a function defined by

then, we have the following result.

Corollary 6. Assume that and (2) hold. If there exists a positive -differentiable function and such that

then every solution of (1) is oscillatory on .

Theorem 7. Assume that and (2) hold. Let be an rd-continuous function defined as

such that

and has a nonpositive continuous -partial derivative . Let be an rd-continuous function satisfying

If there exists a positive nondecreasing -differentiable function such that

where , then every solution of (1) is oscillatory on .

Proof. Assume that (1) has a nonoscillatory solution on . Also, assume that ,  , for all , and there is such that satisfies the conclusion of Lemma 3 on . Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 4, we get (43) which has the form

where and .

Multiplying the above inequality by , integrating from to , and using (56) and (57), we get

Using and Lemma 3, we get

Therefore,

Thus

which is a contradiction to (58). This completes the proof.

Theorem 8. Assume that and (3) hold. If there exists a positive -differentiable function such that (36) holds and

then every solution of (1) is either oscillatory or converges to zero on .

Proof. Assume that (1) has a nonoscillatory solution such that , for all . As in the proof of Lemma 3, we see that there exist two possible cases for the sign of . When is eventually positive, the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 4. Next, suppose that for . Then, is decreasing and . Thus,

Hence, by , we get

Defining the function , using (1) and (66), we get

The inequality (67) is the assumed inequality of [18, Theorem 6.1]. All other assumptions of [18, Theorem 6.1]; for example, , are satisfied. Hence, the conclusion of [18, Theorem 6.1] holds; that is,

for all , and thus, for all ,

Assuming and using (64) in (69) yield , which is a contradiction to the fact that for . Thus, and then . This completes the proof.

Remark 9. Our results in this paper not only extend and improve some known results and show that some results of [2, 8–10, 12, 14] are special examples of our results but also unify the study of oscillation of second-order nonlinear delay differential equation with damping and second-order nonlinear delay difference equation with damping.

5. Examples

Example 1. Consider the second-order delay 2-difference equation with damping

Here,

The conditions , are clearly satisfied, and hold with , , and is satisfied as

By Lemma 2, we get

for , so that

Hence, (2) is satisfied. Then,

Therefore,

and then we can find such that

If , then

Hence, according to Theorem 4, every solution of (70) is oscillatory on .

Example 2. Consider the second-order nonlinear delay dynamic equation with damping

where and .

Here,

The conditions , are clearly satisfied, and hold with , and is satisfied as

By Lemma 2, we get

Hence,

Therefore, (2) is satisfied. Then,

If and , then , and

Hence, according to Theorem 7, every solution of (79) is oscillatory on .

Remark 10. The results of [10] cannot be applied to equation (70) for and . Also, the results of [16] cannot be applied to (79) for . But, according to our work, both (70) and (79) are oscillatory.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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