International Journal of Differential Equations
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 468918, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/468918

Research Article

Optimal Control of the Ill-Posed Cauchy Elliptic Problem

A. Berhail¹ and A. Omrane²

¹University of 08 May 1945, 24000 Guelma, Algeria
²UMR 228 Espce-Dev, Université de Guyane, UR, UM2, UNC, Campus de Troubiran, 97337 Cayenne, French Guiana

Received 24 July 2015; Revised 17 October 2015; Accepted 22 October 2015

Academic Editor: Jingxue Yin

Copyright © 2015 A. Berhail and A. Omrane. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We give a characterization of the control for ill-posed problems of oscillating solutions. More precisely, we study the control of Cauchy elliptic problems via a regularization approach which generates incomplete information. We obtain a singular optimality system characterizing the no-regret control for the Cauchy problem.

1. Introduction

Cauchy problems for partial differential equations of elliptic type are present in many physical systems such as plasma physics [1], mechanical engineering [2], or electrocardiography [3]. One of the important examples is the Helmholtz equation and its applications in acoustic, wave propagation and scattering, vibration of the structure, and electromagnetic scattering (see [4–6] and the references therein). Here, we investigate a Cauchy problem for the Laplacian elliptic operator:

where , on an open set of class , of boundary . Dirichlet and Neumann conditions are prescribed on a part of the boundary , :

The goal is to reconstruct the solution on and its trace on from a perturbed system, under the assumption that the solution exists for the exact data and which here are control variables. This problem is a classical example of ill-posed problems. So, regularization methods may be considered.

Theoretical concepts and also computational implementation related to the Cauchy problem of the elliptic equation have been discussed by many authors, and a lot of methods were provided (see, e.g., Qian et al. [7] for the 4th-order regularization method or Xiong and Fu [8]). Generally, it is assumed that instead of exact data some noisy boundary conditions and are given with the error bound.

But, in this paper, we consider another regularization method of the Laplacian, where we introduce a new data:

with and being unknown functions. Hence, we have a regularized problem but with incomplete data. A special optimal control method of problems of incomplete data should then be applied. We here use a method that we find well adapted: the low-regret control concept, introduced by Lions in the late 80s (see, e.g., [9, 10] and the references therein).

In [11, 12], the control of distributed system with incomplete data is performed. The proof of the existence and characterization of the no-regret control is obtained as the limit of the low-regret control. Here, we admit the possibility of making a choice of controls slightly worse than by doing better than   (i.e., better than a noncontrolled system), with respect to certain criteria (cost function):

where is the small positive parameter that tends to , with being the pollution or the incomplete data.

This method is previously introduced by Savage [13] in statistics. Lions was the first to use it to control distributed systems of incomplete data, motivated by a number of applications in economics and ecology. In this paper, we generalize the method to ill-posed problems of elliptic type.

It seems that the control of Cauchy system for elliptic operators is globally an open problem. Lions in [14] proposed a method of approximation by penalization and obtained a singular optimality system, under a supplementary hypothesis of Slater type. In [15], Sougalo and Nakoulima analyzed the Cauchy problem using a regularization method, consisting in viewing a singular problem as a limit of a family of well-posed problems. They have obtained a singular optimality system for the considered control problem, also assuming the Slater condition. Unfortunately, the recent paper by Massengo Mophou and Nakoulima [16] is the same as the one by Sougalo and Nakoulima (1998) using the same old references, and nothing new is brought.

In the present paper, we use another approximation method which consists in considering the elliptic Cauchy problem as a singular limit of sequence of well-posed elliptic problems, where the Slater condition is not used and where we apply the low-regret control notion. The same analysis can be generalized to the Helmholtz equation with no difficulty.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the regularization method. In Section 3, the optimal control of the regularized system is discussed and the approximated optimality system is presented. We pass to the limit in the last section; we show that we obtain a singular optimality system for the low-regret and no-regret controls to the original problem of Laplacian.

2. Existence of Solutions to Cauchy Elliptic Problems

Let be an open bounded subset of , with a boundary of class , with . The boundaries and are nonempty and are of positive measure. We consider here the problem:

with and . Problem (5) is a Cauchy problem for the Laplacian operator. It is well known that it is ill-posed in the sense that it does not admit a solution in general and that existing solutions (if any) are unstable. This problem is present in many applications, so it is important to control the Cauchy data.

Denote by the closed subset of defined by

and suppose that . We will call any control-state pair admissible couple.

Let be a strictly convex cost functional, defined for all admissible control-state couples by

where and () are, respectively, given in and in . We want to find the couple control-state solution of

According to the structure of , problem (8) admits a unique solution that we should characterize. To obtain a singular optimality system (SOS) associated with , Lions [14] has proposed a method of approximation by penalization. He obtained SOS, under the supplementary hypothesis of Slater type:

Here, we do not consider Slater hypothesis, but instead we consider the no-regret and low-regret techniques.

3. The Low-Regret and No-Regret Control

Due to the ill-posedness of the Cauchy elliptic problem, it is impossible to solve it directly [17]. This requires special techniques as the technique of regularization. Our method consists in regularizing (5) into an elliptic problem of incomplete data. For any , we consider the regularized problem:

We denote and for simplicity.

We begin by an important remark.

Remark 1. For every fixed and we assume the existence of a unique solution to (10). Indeed, in the following subsections, and are considered as data perturbations, and the solution of (10) may not exist in the sense of Hadamard [18].

3.1. Back to the Original Problem

We show how to come back to the original Cauchy problem, starting from (10). Indeed, if we put and we do the change of variables , we obtain

Using the uniqueness property of the solution of the Laplace equation and the unique continuation theorem of Mizohata [19], we deduce from (11) that we also have

Hence, conditions (12) become

that is, the same conditions of the original problem (5).

3.2. Cost Function and Low-Regret Control

Consider the cost functional

that we want to minimize in the context of no-regret control due to the presence of the incomplete data .

Definition 2. We say that is a no-regret control for (5)–(15), if is a solution to the following problem:

As seen in [11], the no-regret control is difficult to characterize directly. Below, we define the low-regret control which tends to the no-regret control when the parameter of penalization tends to zero. In the case of no pollution , the no-regret control and the classical control are the same.

3.2.1. The Low-Regret Control

As in [20], we define the low-regret control as the solution to the following MinMax problem:

where is a strictly positive parameter. The solution to problem (17), if it exists, will be the low-regret control.

Now, we introduce solution to the adjoint problem

Then we have the following result.

Proposition 3. The low-regret control is the solution to the classical optimal control problem

with

Proof. After simple computations we have

where is the inner product in . To estimate the integral in (21), we use the Green formula:

together with (18). We have

where . Then

thanks to the conjugate formula. Combining (17) and (21), we obtain the desired result.

Remark 4. The no-regret control is obtained by the passage to the limit in the positive parameter : it is the weak convergence of the control-state variables of the perturbed system, which corresponds to the limit of the standard low-regret control sequence.

3.3. Approached Optimality System

For the general theory of the characterization of the low-regret optimal control see [10–12]. In this paper, we generalize to the ill-posed problems of elliptic type (5).

Proposition 5. Problem (19)-(20) admits a unique solution called the low-regret control.

Proof. We have , . Then

exists. Let be a minimizing sequence such that . Then we have

And we deduce the bounds

where the constant (independent of ) is not the same each time.
Hence, there exists such that weakly in the Hilbert space . Also, (continuity with respect to the data). We also deduce from the strict convexity of the cost function that is unique.

Now we give the optimality system for the approximate low-regret control . We denote . Then, we proceed as in [20]. We first have the following.

Proposition 6. The approached low-regret control solution to (19)-(20) is characterized by the unique solution of the optimality system

with the adjoint equation

Proof. Let be the solution of (19)-(20) on . The Euler-Lagrange necessary condition gives for every

where . Denoting as the unique solution to

we have by the Green formula

And as it is classical, we introduce the adjoint state defined by

and, using again the Green formula, we obtain

And then (30) becomes

which is (29).

4. Singular Optimality System (SOS)

In this section, we give the SOS for the low-regret control for the Cauchy problem (5). We first show the following estimates.

Lemma 7. There is a positive constant such that

Proof. Since is the approximate low-regret control, we have

In the particular case where , we obtain

But,

Then

Remark 8. From Section 3.1, we showed how to come back from the bi-Laplacian problem to the original one. We will use these techniques in this last part.

Theorem 9. The low-regret control for problem (5) is characterized by the unique solution of the optimality system:

with the adjoint equation

Proof. From the optimality system (28) in Proposition 6, we deduce that is solution of the system

As in Section 3.1, we denote

Then system (43) is written as

From estimates (36) of Lemma 7, sequence is bounded in by constant . Hence, there exists a subsequence still denoted by , such that

as . We deduce from the first equation in (45) that

That is,

Using the same arguments and from the last two equations in (45) we have

when . We resume by

Using the unique continuation theorem of Mizohata [19], we deduce from (50) that we also have

Then,

From another side, estimates (36) also give

We come back to the notation . System (45) transforms to

Again, we use the estimates of Lemma 7 and from (36) we deduce the following limits:

Hence, from the optimality system (28) we deduce that both

Now, as above we use the same arguments and we obtain in solution to (41). Finally we have

From another side, we deduce from (29)

and finally, from (36) and (53), that

We now easily deduce the singular optimality system of the no-regret control for (5) by the following.

Corollary 10. The no-regret control for problem (5) is characterized by the unique solution of the optimality system:

with the adjoint equation

Proof. We here pass to the limit in . From the equalities in (41) we easily deduce the limits:

Then from the adjoint equation (42) we obtain

Hence sequences and are bounded in and we obtain the weak convergence:

The same applies to the other limits.

5. Conclusion

In this work, we obtain a characterization of the control for the ill-posed Laplacian Cauchy problem, using the no-regret concept. The method consists in considering the elliptic Cauchy problem as a singular limit of sequence of well-posed elliptic problems.

The regularization approach generates incomplete information which implies the use of the low-regret approach. In case of no perturbation, the no-regret optimal control function is the same as the classical control one.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

J. Blum, Numerical Simulation and Optimal Control in Plasma Physics: With Applications to Tokamaks, Modern Applied Mathematics, Wiley, Cambridge, UK; Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1989.

L. Bourgeois, Contrôle optimal et problèmes inverses en plasticité [Thèse de Doctorat], Ecole Polytechnique, 1998.

P. Colli Franzone, L. Guerri, S. Tentoni et al., “A mathematical procedure for solving the inverse potential problem of electrocardiography. Analysis of the time-space accuracy from in vitro experimental data,” Mathematical Biosciences, vol. 77, no. 1-2, pp. 353–396, 1985.

D. Fasino and G. Inglese, “An inverse Robin problem for Laplace's equation: theoretical results and numerical methods,” Inverse Problems, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 41–48, 1999.

T. Regiśka and K. Regiśki, “Approximate solution of a Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation,” Inverse Problems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 975–989, 2006.

G. Bal and T. Zhou, “Hybrid inverse problems for a system of Maxwell's equations,” Inverse Problems, vol. 30, no. 5, 2014.

Z. Qian, C.-L. Fu, and X.-T. Xiong, “Fourth-order modified method for the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation,” Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 192, no. 2, pp. 205–218, 2006.

X.-T. Xiong and C.-L. Fu, “Central difference regularization method for the Cauchy problem of the Laplace's equation,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 675–684, 2006.

J. L. Lions, “Contrôle à moindres regrets des systèmes distribués,” Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. Series I—Mathematics, vol. 315, pp. 1253–1257, 1992.

J. L. Lions, No-Regret and Low-Regret Control. Environment, Economics and their Mathematical Models, Masson, Paris, France, 1994.

O. Nakoulima, A. Omrane, and J. Velin, “Perturbations à moindres regrets dans les systèmes distribués à données manquantes,” Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences: Series I: Mathematics, vol. 330, no. 9, pp. 801–806, 2000.

O. Nakoulima, A. Omrane, and J. Velin, “On the Pareto control and no-regret control for distributed systems with incomplete data,” SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1167–1184, 2003.

L. J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, Dover Publications, 2nd edition, 1972.

J. L. Lions, Contrôle optimal pour les systèmes distribués singuliers, Gauthiers-Villard, Paris, France, 1983.

S. Sougalo and O. Nakoulima, Contrôle Optimal pour le Problème de Cauchy pour un Opérateur Elliptique, Prébublication du Département de Mathématiques et Informatique DMI, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Guadeloupe, France, 1998.

G. Massengo Mophou and O. Nakoulima, “Control of cauchy system for an elliptic operator,” Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1819–1834, 2009.

H. Han and H.-J. Reinhardt, “Some stability estimates for Cauchy problems for elliptic equations,” Journal of Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 437–454, 1997.

J. Hadamard, Lectures on Cauchy's Problem in Linear Partial Differential Equations, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn, USA, 1923.

S. Mizohata, “Unicité du prolongement des solutions des équations ellipliques du quatriéme ordre,” Proceedings of the Japan Academy, vol. 34, pp. 687–692, 1958.

R. Dorville, O. Nakoulima, and A. Omrane, “Low-regret control of singular distributed systems: the ill-posed backwards heat problem,” Applied Mathematics Letters, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 549–552, 2004.