International Journal of Differential Equations
Volume 2016 (2016), Article ID 5801728, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5801728

Research Article

Boundary Layers and Shock Profiles for the Broadwell Model

Niclas Bernhoff

Department of Mathematics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden

Received 26 April 2016; Accepted 19 June 2016

Academic Editor: Giovanni P. Galdi

Copyright © 2016 Niclas Bernhoff. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We consider the existence of nonlinear boundary layers and the typically nonlinear problem of existence of shock profiles for the Broadwell model, which is a simplified discrete velocity model for the Boltzmann equation. We find explicit expressions for the nonlinear boundary layers and the shock profiles. In spite of the few velocities used for the Broadwell model, the solutions are (at least partly) in qualitatively good agreement with the results for the discrete Boltzmann equation, that is the general discrete velocity model, and the full Boltzmann equation.

1. Introduction

The Boltzmann equation (BE) is a fundamental equation in kinetic theory. Half-space problems for the BE are of great importance in the study of the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of boundary value problems of the BE for small Knudsen numbers [1, 2] and have been extensively studied both for the full BE [3, 4] and for the discrete Boltzmann equation (DBE) [5–8]. The half-space problems provide the boundary conditions for the fluid-dynamic-type equations and Knudsen-layer corrections to the solution of the fluid-dynamic-type equations in a neighborhood of the boundary. In [8] nonlinear boundary layers for the DBE, the general discrete velocity model (DVM) was considered. Existence of weakly nonlinear boundary layers was proved. Here we exemplify the theory in [8] for a simplified model, the Broadwell model [9], where the whole machinery is actually not really needed, even if it helps out. For the nonlinear Broadwell model, we obtain explicit expressions for boundary layers near a wall moving with a constant speed. The number of conditions, on the assigned data for the outgoing particles at the boundary, needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian at infinity) solution of the problem is in complete agreement with the results in [8] for the DBE and [3] for the full BE. Here we also want to mention a series of papers studying initial boundary value problems for the Broadwell model using Green’s functions [10–16].

We also consider the question of existence of shock profiles [17, 18] for the same model [9, 19]. The shock profiles can then be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians) [20]. In [20] existence of shock profiles for the DBE in the case of weak shocks was proved. We exemplify the theory in [20] for the Broadwell model, where again the whole machinery is not really needed, even if it helps out. In this way we, in a new way, obtain similar explicit solutions, not only for weak shocks, as the ones obtained in [19] for the same problem.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we introduce the Broadwell model and find explicit expressions for the nonlinear boundary layers near a wall moving with a constant speed, and in Section 3 we find explicit expressions for the shock profiles for the Broadwell model.

2. Nonlinear Boundary Layers for the Broadwell Model Near a Moving Wall

In this section we study boundary layers for the nonlinear Broadwell model near a wall moving with a constant speed . In [8] the nonlinear boundary layers for the DBE, the general discrete velocity model (DVM) was considered. Existence of nonlinear boundary layers was proved. Here we exemplify the theory in [8] in the case of a simplified model, where the whole machinery is actually not really needed, even if it helps out. The same problem was considered in [21] for a mixture model, where one of the two species was modelled by the Broadwell model.

We consider the classical Broadwell model [9] in space (with velocities , , , , , and )

where is the mutual collision cross section. For a flow axially symmetric around the -axis we can reduce system (1) to (with , , and ) [9]

The collision invariants are

and the Maxwellians (equilibrium distributions) are

The density, momentum, and internal energy can be obtained by

Let , the speed of the wall, be a real number such that

We define the projections and , , by

where

Consider the problem

where , , , , is a given matrix, , and is defined by the bilinear expression:

After the change of variables and the transformation

we obtain the new system

where , , is an matrix, , and

Similar initial boundary value problems have been studied in a series of papers using Green’s functions (with , ) for in [10] (with ) and [14], for in [11], for , with in [12, 13, 15], and for diffuse boundary conditions in [16].

Here we consider the stationary nonlinear system

The linearized collision operator

is symmetric and semipositive and have the null-space

for some and , such that

Note also that

Here and below, denotes the Euclidean scalar product and we denote . If we can choose

and then

We let denote the number of the positive and negative eigenvalues of the matrix . The numbers , with , defined above, denote the numbers of the positive and negative eigenvalues of the matrix . Moreover, we let , , and denote the number of positive, negative, and zero eigenvalues of the -matrix

where and . Then [22, 23]. The eigenvalues of are

where

We find that if , if , , and if , but if , if , and

Hence, we obtain the following number of positive and negative eigenvalues for different values of

for

Particularly, if then .

Explicitly, the eigenvalues of the matrix are (of multiplicity ) and

For an eigenvector corresponding to the nonzero eigenvalue is

that is

Furthermore,

Example 1. If , corresponding to a nondrifting Maxwellian , then we get that

Note that if , then we always have the trivial solution , and if (, where both and must be zero, i.e., ), (, where must be zero, i.e., ), or (no boundary conditions at all at the wall), then we have no other solutions. Otherwise, we have solutions if and only if .

Below we consider the remaining different cases.

(i) If then and . Hence, if we obtain the unique solution

 with

(ii) If then and . Hence, if , , and

 then we obtain the unique solution (32) with

 and if , , , and , then we obtain the unique solution (32) with

(iii) If then and . Hence, if and

 then we obtain the unique solution (32), where

We note that in each of the above cases conditions on the assigned data are implied to have a unique solution. This is in good agreement with the results for the DBE in [8] and for the continuous BE in [3].

Remark 2. Similar results can be obtained for the (reduced) plane Broadwell model

Particularly, with we have

3. Shock Profiles

In this section we are concerned with the existence of shock profiles [17, 18]

for the Boltzmann equation

Here , , and denote position, velocity, and time, respectively. Furthermore, denotes the speed of the wave. The profiles are assumed to approach two given Maxwellians

(, , and denote density, bulk velocity, and temperature, resp.) as , which are related through the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions.

The (shock wave) problem is to find a solution () of the equation

such that

In [20] the shock wave problem (44), (45) for the DBE was considered. Existence of shock profiles in the case of weak shocks was proved. Here we exemplify the theory in [20] in the case of a simplified model, where the whole machinery is actually not really needed, even if it helps out. In this way we, in a different way, obtain similar results as is obtained in [19] for the same problem.

We study the reduced system (2) of the classical Broadwell model in (1) [9] in space. The collision invariants are given by (3) and the Maxwellians (equilibrium distributions) by (4).

The shock wave problem for the Broadwell model reads

where , , and is defined by the bilinear expression (10).

The density , momentum , and internal energy can be obtained by (5). The Maxwellians and must fulfill the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions

with

After some manipulations we obtain that

We consider

and denote

Then we obtain

with the linearized operator and the quadratic part given by (13). The linearized collision operator is given by (15) and then fulfills properties (16)–(20).

We assume that is nonsingular; that is . Then by (52) we obtain the system

In (25) we obtain that

and the eigenvalues of the matrix are (of multiplicity ) and

Let

where and are eigenvectors (19) corresponding to the zero eigenvalue and is eigenvector (28) corresponding to the nonzero eigenvalue . Then

which implies that

since . Therefore

where is given in (30). We obtain that

Assume that and let

Then

and therefore

We conclude that the solution of system (50) is of the form

It follows that

which is a Maxwellian. Formally we can allow and . However, then, the equilibrium distribution (65) will not be nonnegative and, hence, not a Maxwellian.

We note that

where is an arbitrary nonzero constant. The structure coincides with the one for the Mott-Smith approximation [24] in [25]. However, is obtained in different ways.

Remark 3. We can instead of system (50) consider

with

and in a similar way as above, we obtain

Example 4. If then we have

Furthermore,

and the other Maxwellian is

Example 5. Similar results can be obtained for the (reduced) plane Broadwell model

Particularly, with we have

The other Maxwellian is then

The shock strength (cf. [19]) is given by the density ratio

if and if by

Then the shock strength tends to infinity as approaches and to zero as approaches ; that is

The shock width (cf. [19]) is given by the density ratio

or by the velocity ratio

We conclude that the shock widths and tend to zero as approaches and to infinity as approaches ; that is

Competing Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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