International Journal of Differential Equations
Volume 2020 (2020), Article ID 3038427, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3038427

Research Article

Existence Results for a System of Coupled Hybrid Differential Equations with Fractional Order

Mohamed Hannabou and Khalid Hilal

Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées & Calcul Scientifique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohamed Hannabou; hnnabou@gmail.com

Received 24 November 2019; Accepted 18 January 2020; Published 20 March 2020

Academic Editor: Peiguang Wang

Copyright © 2020 Mohamed Hannabou and Khalid Hilal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

This paper studies the existence of solutions for a system of coupled hybrid fractional differential equations. We make use of the standard tools of the fixed point theory to establish the main results. The existence and uniqueness result is elaborated with the aid of an example.

1. Introduction

Fractional calculus is the study of theory and applications of integrals and derivatives of an arbitrary (noninteger) order.

This branch of mathematical analysis, extensively investigated in the recent years, has emerged as an effective and powerful tool for the mathematical modeling of several engineering and scientific phenomena. One of the key factors for the popularity of the subject is the nonlocal nature of fractional-order operators.

Due to this reason, fractional order operators are used for describing the hereditary properties of many materials and processes. It clearly reflects from the related literature that the focus of investigation has shifted from classical integer-order models to fractional order models. For applications in applied and biomedical sciences and engineering, we refer the reader to the books [1–4].

For some recent work on the topic, see [5–12] and the references therein. The study of coupled systems of fractional order differential equations is quite important as such systems appear in a variety of problems of applied nature, especially in biosciences. For details and examples, the reader is referred to the papers [13, 14] and the references cited therein.

Hybrid fractional differential equations have also been studied by several researchers. This class of equations involves the fractional derivative of an unknown function hybrid with the nonlinearity depending on it. Some recent results on hybrid differential equations can be found in a series of papers [15, 16].

Motivated by some recent studies on hybrid fractional differential equations, we consider the following value problem of coupled hybrid fractional differential equations:

where denote the Caputo fractional derivative of orders , respectively, , and , .

The aim of this paper is to obtain some existence results for the given problem. Our first theorem describes the uniqueness of solutions for problem (1) by means of Banach’s fixed point theorem. In the second theorem, we apply Leray–Schauder’s alternative criterion to show the existence of solutions for the given problem. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains some basic concepts and an auxiliary lemma, an important result for establishing our main results. In Section 3, we present the main results.

2. Coupled System of Hybrid Differential Equations with Fractional Order

In this section, some basic definitions on fractional calculus and an auxiliary lemma are presented [1, 2].

Definition 1. (see [6]). The fractional integral of the function of order is defined by

where is the gamma function.

Definition 2. (see [6]). For a function h given on the interval , the Caputo fractional-order derivative of h is defined by

where and denote the integer part of α.

Lemma 1. (Auxiliary Lemma). Given and are real constants with the integral solution of the problem

is

Proof. Applying the Caputo integral operator of the order α, we obtain the first equation in (4).
Again, substituting

we get

Then,

Thus,

implies that

Consequently,

This completes the proof.

3. Main Result

Let denote a Banach space equipped with the norm , where . Note that the product space with the norm , , is also a Banach space.

We define an operator by

where

In the sequel, we need the following assumptions:

The functions are continuous and bounded; that is, there exist positive numbers such that , .

There exist real constants and such that

For brevity, let us set

3.1. First Result

Now, we are in a position to present our first result that deals with the existence and uniqueness of solutions for problem (1). This result is based on Banach’s contraction mapping principle.

Theorem 1. Suppose that condition holds and that are continuous functions. In addition, there exist positive constants and , , such that

If and are given by (15): then, problem (1) has a unique solution.

Proof. Let us set and and define a closed ball:

where

Then, we show that . For , we obtain

Hence,

Working in a similar manner, one can find that

From (21) and (22), it follows that .
Next, for , and for any , we have

which yields

Similarly, one can get

From (24) and (25), we deduce that

In view of condition , it follows that is a contraction.
So Banach’s fixed point theorem applies and hence the operator has a unique fixed point. This, in turn, implies that problem (1) has a unique solution on . This completes the proof.

3.2. Second Result

In our second result, we discuss the existence of solutions for problem (1) by means of Leray–Schauder alternative.

Lemma 2. (Leray–Schauder alternative [17]). Let be a completely continuous operator (i.e., a map that is restricted to any bounded set in is compact). Let . Then, either the set is unbounded or has at least one fixed point.

Theorem 2. Assume that conditions and hold. Furthermore, it is assumed that and , where and are given by (15). Then, boundary value problem (1) has at least one solution.

Proof. We will show that the operator satisfies all the assumptions of Lemma 2.
In the first step, we prove that the operator is completely continuous. Clearly, it follows the continuity of functions , and that the operator is continuous.
Let be bounded. Then, we can find positive constants and such that

Thus, for any , we can get

which yields

In a similar manner, one can show that

From inequalities (29) and (30), we deduce that the operator is uniformly bounded.
Now, we show that the operator is equicontinuous.
For that, we take , with and obtain

Similarly, one can get

which tends to 0 independent of .
This implies that the operator is equicontinuous. Thus, by the above findings, the operator is completely continuous.
In the next step, it will be established that the set

is bounded.
Let ; then we have . Thus, for any we can write

Then,

which imply that

Consequentlyd, we have

which, in view of (16), can be expressed as

This shows that the set is bounded. Hence, all the conditions of Lemma 2 are satisfied and, consequently, the operator has at least one fixed point, which corresponds to a solution of problem (1). This completes the proof.

4. Example

An example is provided as follows:

Here, , , ,

Note that

Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied and, consequently, there exists a unique solution for problem (39) on .

Data Availability

There is no data used in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

B. Ahmad and J. J. Nieto, “Existence results for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations with three-point boundary conditions,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1838–1843, 2009.

B. Ahmad and S. K. Ntouyas, “A four-point nonlocal integral boundary value problem for fractional differential equations of arbitrary order,” Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, vol. 22, p. 15, 2011.

B. Ahmad, S. K. Ntouyas, and A. Alsaedi, “New existence results for nonlinear fractional differential equations with threepoint integral boundary conditions,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2011, Article ID 107384, p. 11, 2011.

B. Ahmad, J. J. Nieto, and J. Pimentel, “Some boundary value problems of fractional differential equations and inclusions,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1238–1250, 2011.

B. Ahmad and S. K. Ntouyas, “An existence theorem for fractional hybrid differential inclusions of HADamard type with DIRichlet boundary conditions,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2014, Article ID 705809, 7 pages, 2014.

J. Sabatier, O. P. Agrawal, and J. A. T. Machado, Advances in Fractional Calculus: Theoretical Developments and Applications in Physics and Engineering, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2007.

B. Ahmad and S. K. Ntouyas, “A fully Hadamard type integral boundary value problem of a coupled system of fractional differential equations,” Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 348–360, 2014.

S. Melliani, K. Hilal, and M. Hannabou, “Existence results of hybrid fractional integro-differential equations: theoretical aspects and applications,” in Recent Advances in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic Systems, vol. 372, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2019, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing.

X. Liu, Z. Liu, and X. Fu, “Relaxation in nonconvex optimal control problems described by fractional differential equations,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 409, no. 1, pp. 446–458, 2014.

J. R. Graef, L. Kong, and M. Wang, “Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a fractional boundary value problem on a graph,” Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 499–510, 2014.

F. Punzo and G. Terrone, “On the cauchy problem for a general fractional porous medium equation with variable density,” Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, vol. 98, pp. 27–47, 2014.

K. Razminia, A. Razminia, and J. A. Tenreiro Machado, “Analysis of diffusion process in fractured reservoirs using fractional derivative approach,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 3161–3170, 2014.

D. Baleanu and P. Agarwal, “Certain inequalities involving the fractional q-integral operators,” Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2014, Article ID 371274, 10 pages, 2014.

S. K. Ntouyas and M. Obaid, “A coupled system of fractional differential equations with nonlocal integral boundary conditions,” Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2012, no. 1, 2012.

Z. Hu and W. Liu, “Solvability of a coupled system of fractional differential equations with periodic boundary conditions at resonance,” Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 1619–1633, 2014.

S. Sun, Y. Zhao, Z. Han, and Y. Li, “The existence of solutions for boundary value problem of fractional hybrid differential equations,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 4961–4967, 2012.

A. Granas and J. Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2003.