A Method for the Simultaneous Cleansing of H 2 S and SO 2

A method for the simultaneous electrochemical purification of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide from sea water or industrial wastes is proposed. Fundamentally the method is based on the electrochemical affinity of the pair H 2 S and SO 2 . The reactions (oxidation ofH 2 S and reduction of SO 2 ) proceed on 1 proper catalyst in a flow reactor, without an external power by electrochemical means. The partial curves of oxidation of H 2 S and reduction of SO 2 have been studied electrochemically on different catalysts. Following the additive principle the rate of the process has been found by intersection of the curves.The overall process rate has been studied in a flow type reactor. Similar values of the process rate have been found and these prove the electrochemical mechanism of the reactions. As a result the electrochemical method at adequate conditions is developed.The process is able to completely convert the initial reagents (concentrations CH2S, SO2 = 0), which is difficult given the chemical kinetics.


Introduction
A number of past methods for the removal of sulfurcontaining compounds from gas and water streams have been investigated by different researchers.These methods generally separate the sulfur compounds from the gas stream by an absorption stage.The so-called Claus process is the most widely utilized [1] and follows the general reaction: The Claus process proceeds at temperatures above 1300 ∘ C; however, by utilizing different catalysts, this can be reduced to 250-850 ∘ C [2][3][4][5].The purification of SO 2 is currently a standalone process.There are different methods for extraction of sulfur dioxide, like neutralization methods, conversion of SO 2 into CaSO 4 [6], and liquefaction of SO 2 by adsorption in sulfate solution [7].All these methods are based on the oxidation of SO 2 .Previous research by Petrov on the electrochemical oxidation reduction processes for SO 2 and H 2 S cleansing by their oxidation with oxygen contained in the air labeled ELCOX as innovative process for SO 2 cleansing in waste gases [8].
The present work is aimed at the opportunity of simultaneously cleansing the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide from industrial wastes and natural (Black Sea) H 2 S containing waters.It is well known that Black Sea deep waters contain an enormous amount of hydrogen sulfide (as hydrosulfides and sulfide ions) estimated as 4600 Tg, that is, 4.6 billion tons [9].There are efforts to attack the problem by various methods: low temperature adsorption of hydrogen sulfide from sea waters followed by thermal decomposition [10,11], electrolysis leading to hydrogen and sulfur production [12], or burning the hydrogen sulfide itself in electric power stations, as proposed by [13].All these methods encounter the problem of low H 2 S concentrations (C H 2 S ∼ 8-10 mg⋅L −1 ) which do not allow for the application of feasible technologies [14].
In this work we review the simultaneous reduction of SO 2 and oxidation of hydrogen sulfide.Various kinds of electrode materials were utilized in the past for the reduction of SO 2 , namely, mercury, gold, platinum, bismuth, copper, iron phthalocyanine on graphite, and uranium iron alloys.Previous studies do not fully explain the electrochemical process in the reduction of sulfur dioxide [15].Various International Journal of Electrochemistry electrochemical methods to convert hydrogen sulfide to its elements, at different concentrations, have been studied [16].Different catalysts for the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide were used previously like ferric, cobalt, graphite, platinum, manganese cations, cobalt and carbon compounds, and perovskites or cobalt phthalocyanine [17][18][19].The anodic process of sulfide oxidation can be carried out leading to different final products (elemental sulfur, polysulfides, or sulfates), depending on the reaction conditions: temperature, concentrations, catalysts, and so forth.
The aim of the proposed method is to simultaneously purify both reagents (SO 2 and H 2 S) at room temperatures.Fundamentally the method is based on the electrochemical affinities of both compounds.The thermodynamic potentials of the pair H 2 S and SO 2 for oxidation and reduction are Overall reaction is From the theory for concurrent redox (corrosion) reactions it follows that these electrochemical reactions can occur due to the potential difference of Δ ∼ 0.30 V as indicated for reactions (1) and (2) on dispersed microgalvanic elements [20,21].Based on this the reactions may proceed on the right catalyst in a flow reactor, without an external power source by electrochemical means.The reaction rate may be determined by studying the partial electrochemical reactions of H 2 S oxidation and SO 2 reduction, in accordance with the so-called additive principle [20][21][22].An advantage of these electrochemical reactions is that they are able to completely convert the initial reagents (concentrations C H 2 S,SO 2 = 0) [23], which is difficult given the chemical kinetics [24].An application has been filed for a patent entitled "the electrochemical method for separation of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from fluids" [25].
The electrochemical realization of the process is possible due to the launching of novel microgalvanic cells.To illustrate the main idea a physical model of the process with a porous catalytic electrode is schematically shown in Figure 1.The model is similar to our previously published work [26].The structure of the catalytic mass is composed of teflonized carbon black/charcoal with a deposited catalyst (1).Teflon is needed as a binding and hydrophobic agent because some of the reagents are in a gaseous form (e.g., 14% of H 2 S in Black Sea waters exist as diluted gas).The catalytic particles are in direct electronic contact through a teflonized carbon network (2).Ion contact is achieved through the solution (electrolyte)-( 3).These conditions are sufficient for the realization of a galvanic element between the pair SO 2 -H 2 S. Depending on the pH of electrolyte the final products can be sulfur, polysulfides, or sulfates.
The total amount of sulfide and sulfite ions was determined iodometrically with starch as the indicator [27].Sulfides were separately determined photometrically with N,Ndimethyl-n-phenylenediamine in the presence of Fe(III) and the formation of methylene blue [28][29][30].This method allows for a doubled increase in the sensitivity of determination.The presence of thiosulfates, sulfites, and sulfates was also qualitatively checked.Thiosulfates form an unstable purple complex with Fe(III).The opalescence of the solution after the addition of barium cations shows the presence of sulfite and sulfate.The dissolution of the deposit in concentrated hydrochloric acid proves the presence of a sulfite, whereas the barium sulfate remains nondissolved [31].
We utilized a three-electrode cell to complete the electrochemical tests.For SO 2 reduction we used sulphurous acid H 2 SO 3 (10 g⋅L −1 ).The H 2 S concentration in the electrolyte has been varied in the range 100-20 000 mg⋅L −1 introduced as NaHS.This range has been selected having in mind that the electrochemical process is very slow (practically does not occur) at lower concentrations, especially at the naturally encountered concentration of about 8 mg⋅L −1 [9], and higher concentrations were studied in previous investigations [14].A supporting electrolyte of 18 g⋅L −1 NaCl (similar to the concentration in Black Sea waters) is added to the electrolyte, as well as 1 M NaOH in some cases.
The cell volume is 150 mL.The electrolyte was stirred continuously with a magnetic stirrer.A Solartron 1286 Electrochemical Interface is used for the electrochemical measurements.A reference hydrogen electrode by "Gaskatel Gmbh", Germany, is applied.The counter electrode is Ptfoil.A minimum of four measurements were made for each result to achieve better reproducibility.Arithmetic averages are presented in the graphs.
An overall reaction rate for the simultaneous oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and reduction of sulfur dioxide without external power is studied in a flow type chemical reactor.The catalyst is placed in the reactor.
All the electrodes studied are of the immersed type and have a geometrical area of 1 cm 2 or 10 cm 2 .The electrodes are prepared from a mixture of the catalysts and teflonized carbon black (Vulcan XC-72 + 35% Teflon)-TV35-as a binder.The mixture is pressed onto both sides of a stainless steel current collector at  ∘ = 300 ∘ C and  = 300 atm.
The electrochemical characteristics of the best optimized electrodes for H 2 S oxidation ((a) DG + 20% CoPc compare 35% teflonized Vulcan XC-72,DGCPV, ratio 30 : 70; the quantity is 60 mg/cm 2 ; (b) La 1.3 Sr 0.7 NiO 4 + 35% teflonized Vulcan XC-72, LSNV) are shown in Figure 2. It is seen that both electrodes provide fairly similar electrochemical behaviour.The influence of the electrolyte (with or without NaOH and NaCl) on SO 2 reduction is shown in Figure 4.The figure shows that the absence of NaCl (curve (b)) leads to a conductivity reduction, while NaOH absence leads to a decrease in pH and change in process kinetics, yielding sulfur.

Electrochemical Mechanism.
The electrochemical mechanism was studied by juxtaposition of the partial curves of   oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (Figure 2(a)) and the reduction of SO 2 (Figure 3(b)) as presented in Figure 5. From the intersection of the curves we can determine the mixed potential and current density, which are  = 532 mV and  ≈ 3.9 mA/cm 2 .The overall reaction rate can be estimated using Faraday's equation: The agreement between the mixed potential (in a solution containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide  mix (H 2 S,SO 2 ) ≈ 570 mV and the potential calculated from the intersection of the partial curves  mix (calculate) = 532 mV) is very good, since the deviations for porous electrodes of around Δ ∼ 30 mV are acceptable [33].This agreement is an indication of the electrochemical mechanism of the process.In order to indubitably prove the electrochemical mechanism we have to measure the overall reaction rate.1.

Estimation of the
From the good agreement between the analytical and electrochemical results as shown in Table 1, we can conclude that the electrochemical rather than chemical conversion of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide is preferable.

Conclusion
The set-up used to accomplish the process discussed can be a continuously stirred tank reactor containing the sea water and the catalyst and bubbles by the stack gases containing sulfur dioxide.The process could be carried out either in acid or alkaline media.
Based on the data in Table 1 we can suppose that the conversion of 18 g hydrogen sulfide per hour into environmentally friendly products like sulfate, sulfur, and polysulfides will require about 460 g of catalyst.
Based on these results we have developed a method for purification of both contaminants at normal atmospheric conditions by electrochemical means.The optimum conditions and suitable catalytic mass have been determined.The realized process completely converts H 2 S and SO 2 into environmentally friendly products (sulfur, polysulfides, etc.).A medium size coal thermal power station of 630 MW releases about 20 metric tons of sulfur dioxide daily which requires 2 mln m 3 (two million cubic meters per hour) of sea water.
It seems more realistic to convert reasonable amounts of hydrogen sulfide to produce sulfur and polysulfide as commercial products, thus reducing small amounts of sulfur dioxide, and to remove the rest by traditional methods, like treatment with lime or limestone.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The physical model of a pore of a microgalvanic element with teflonized charcoal/carbon black and a catalytic mass for the reduction reaction of SO 2 with the oxidation of H 2 S in the electrolyte containing H 2 SO 3 + NaCl + NaOH + Na 2 S⋅9H 2 O.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Polarization curves for the oxidation of H 2 S from Figure 2(a) and the reduction of SO 2 from Figure 3(b).

Table 1 :
Data of initial and final concentration of S 2− and SO 3 2− .
Overall Reaction Rate in a Flow TypeReactor.The overall reaction rate has been estimated in a flow type reactor with a solution (electrolyte) H 2 SO 3 + 18 g⋅L −1 NaCl + 1 M NaOH + Na 2 S⋅9H 2 O.The electrolyte was circulated all the time.The amount of catalytic mass in the reactor is equal to the catalytic amount in 10 cm 2 immersed electrodes (420 mg 35% teflonized Vulcan XC-72 + 18 mg DG (Standard Degussa carbon black) with 20% CoPc).The inlet and outlet concentrations were found analytically.Unfortunately we do not have a method for instant analysis of the solution in order to find the momentary reaction rate.The overall rate of the oxidation reduction process was estimated analytically after one hour of operation.The whole electrolyte volume of circulating electrolyte is  = 200 mL.It can be converted into  = mA (electrochemical rate) with the aid of (5).The number of exchanged electrons, following reactions (2) and (3), is  = 2 for H 2 S oxidation and  = 4 for SO 2 reduction.All data are shown in Table