Self-reliance in energy is vital for overall economic development of India and other developing countries. The recent oil crises and depleting fossil fuel reserves have rekindled interest in promotion of tree-borne oil seed species. Amongst the many plant species,
The effectiveness of tree improvement programme depends upon the nature and magnitude of existing genetic variability and also on the degree of transmission of traits or heritability [
Extensive survey was conducted in seven populations across three different ecogeographical regions of Orissa, India, for screening and selection of outstanding CPTs (candidate plus trees) of
Plants collected from different locations of Orissa, India, for diversity study.
Sl. no. | Locations | GPS reading | Altitude (m) | Climatic parameter | |||
Latitude (°N) | Longitude (°W) | Tm (°C) | Rn (cm) | ||||
1 | Bargaon, Shambalpur | 22°07′ | 84°03′ | 450 | 27.0–32.0 | 60–100 | 25 |
2 | Kalimati, Shambalpur | 21°30′ | 83°59′ | 450 | 27.0–32.0 | 60–100 | 15 |
3 | Ghatikia 1st population, Bhubaneswar | 20°08′ | 85°58′ | 220 | 25.0–29.5 | 200–600 | 50 |
4 | Ghatikia 2nd population, Bhubaneswar | 20°08′ | 85°58′ | 220 | 25.0–29.5 | 200–600 | 26 |
5 | Kosola, Anugul | 21°02′ | 85°26′ | 220 | 25.0–39.5 | 200–400 | 65 |
6 | Dera, Anugul | 21°16′ | 85°29′ | 220 | 25.0–39.5 | 200–400 | 20 |
7 | Katada, Anugul | 21°01′ | 85°27′ | 220 | 25.0–39.5 | 200–400 | 25 |
Tm: Annual temperature; Rn: Annual rainfall;
Analysis of variance was carried out to estimate PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation), GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation), broad sense Heritability, and genetic advance [
The result revealed that out of 111 plants, 53 plants were marked as a candidate plus trees (Table
Mean performance of CPTs (candidate plus trees) variation for pod and seed trait in
Candidate plus tree (CPTs) | Individuals code | Pod traits | Seed traits | ||||||
Length (mm) | Breadth (mm) | Thickness | 100-pod weight (g) | Length (mm) | Breadth | Thickness | 100-seed weight (g) | ||
CPT-1 | Kosola-1 | 53.76 | 25.12 | 8.78 | 251.72 | 23.24 | 12.35 | 6.71 | 82.8 |
CPT-2 | Kosola-12 | 55.27 | 21.73 | 5.90 | 290.46 | 18.53 | 12.77 | 4.53 | 107.4 |
CPT-3 | Kosola-14 | 55.46 | 24.04 | 6.23 | 258.13 | 15.86 | 13.33 | 4.96 | 90.03 |
CPT-4 | Kosola-17 | 55.24 | 24.23 | 5.95 | 245.43 | 20.38 | 10.66 | 4.92 | 95.833 |
CPT-5 | Kosola-19 | 55.32 | 17.93 | 7.83 | 270.3 | 22.23 | 10.08 | 5.46 | 118.03 |
CPT-6 | Kosola-20 | 50.83 | 24.62 | 7.67 | 253.27 | 20.56 | 12.53 | 5.53 | 95.8 |
CPT-7 | Kosola-24 | 55.07 | 20.42 | 6.76 | 237.8 | 19.73 | 13.03 | 5.01 | 88.4 |
CPT-8 | Kosola-32 | 47.76 | 20.06 | 10.05 | 255.9 | 20.66 | 12.30 | 8.23 | 94.1 |
CPT-9 | Kosola-36 | 50.03 | 20.50 | 6.91 | 241.16 | 19.33 | 12.26 | 5.22 | 88.2 |
CPT-10 | Kosola-37 | 56.63 | 24.73 | 7.54 | 230.6 | 19.67 | 12.45 | 6.12 | 80.90 |
CPT-11 | Kosola-45 | 59.23 | 20.08 | 6.87 | 258.9 | 19.96 | 12.93 | 4.89 | 92.90 |
CPT-12 | Kosola-46 | 49.77 | 21.56 | 7.76 | 260.7 | 19.77 | 13.83 | 5.94 | 97.07 |
CPT-13 | Kosola-55 | 55.71 | 18.67 | 8.47 | 274.23 | 19.85 | 12.19 | 6.51 | 100.8 |
CPT-14 | Kosola-56 | 53.26 | 18.49 | 8.65 | 322.1 | 20.36 | 12.58 | 6.78 | 137.80 |
CPT-15 | Kosola-59 | 40.08 | 18.35 | 7.83 | 363.2 | 20.41 | 13.57 | 5.83 | 171.07 |
CPT-16 | Kosola-60 | 43.53 | 18.76 | 11.63 | 310.8 | 19.43 | 10.08 | 8.96 | 104.8 |
CPT-17 | Kosola-61 | 52.97 | 20.47 | 7.79 | 274.2 | 20.05 | 13.14 | 5.91 | 77.8 |
CPT-18 | Kosola-63 | 50.35 | 20.13 | 6.91 | 324.1 | 23.16 | 13.75 | 5.02 | 105.5 |
CPT-19 | Dera-66 | 50.43 | 19.85 | 6.86 | 232.4 | 19.28 | 12.63 | 4.98 | 102.8 |
CPT-20 | Dera-69 | 49.19 | 22.52 | 6.47 | 374.02 | 20.13 | 14.79 | 5.04 | 168.63 |
CPT-21 | Dera-70 | 41.87 | 23.28 | 6.94 | 329.4 | 19.75 | 13.52 | 5.13 | 166.63 |
CPT-22 | Dera-72 | 50.56 | 24.65 | 7.89 | 358.6 | 19.66 | 15.73 | 6.06 | 174.06 |
CPT-23 | Katada-76 | 60.21 | 27.02 | 5.85 | 357.03 | 19.93 | 12.86 | 4.11 | 136.20 |
CPT-24 | Katada-77 | 46.81 | 20.78 | 5.68 | 299.07 | 23.27 | 14.23 | 4.09 | 110.2 |
CPT-25 | Katada-78 | 58.97 | 26.53 | 4.98 | 353.6 | 19.83 | 13.47 | 4.01 | 177.4 |
CPT-26 | Bargao | 60.15 | 20.31 | 6.84 | 380.5 | 25.34 | 16.13 | 5.08 | 154.9 |
CPT-27 | Bargao | 52.58 | 23.17 | 6.76 | 298.5 | 19.25 | 14.76 | 5.23 | 90.5 |
CPT-28 | Bargao | 62.03 | 22.81 | 7.95 | 488.2 | 21.46 | 16.36 | 5.88 | 153.06 |
CPT-29 | Bargao | 48.69 | 18.76 | 8.73 | 352.8 | 21.39 | 14.27 | 6.92 | 125.16 |
CPT-30 | Bargao | 55.63 | 22.19 | 5.96 | 311.5 | 28.15 | 14.43 | 4.57 | 126.83 |
CPT-31 | Kalimat | 45.37 | 20.43 | 5.82 | 261.2 | 19.72 | 13.96 | 4.36 | 81.2 |
CPT-32 | Kalimat | 39.88 | 19.69 | 6.97 | 276.4 | 19.93 | 12.82 | 5.44 | 87.8 |
CPT-33 | Ghatikia 1st plot-1 | 52.13 | 24.51 | 10.77 | 481.1 | 24.68 | 16.59 | 8.17 | 172.6 |
CPT-34 | Ghatikia 1st plot-3 | 49.47 | 22.07 | 10.85 | 355.4 | 19.62 | 16.23 | 7.96 | 135.2 |
CPT-35 | Ghatikia 1st plot-6 | 66.04 | 26.36 | 8.72 | 348.2 | 21.23 | 17.55 | 6.76 | 83.8 |
CPT-36 | Ghatikia 1st plot-8 | 50.73 | 23.26 | 8.93 | 341.5 | 21.51 | 15.46 | 6.33 | 83.6 |
CPT-37 | Ghatikia 1st plot-10 | 53.32 | 21.45 | 9.82 | 361.4 | 20.45 | 15.38 | 7.54 | 85.5 |
CPT-38 | Ghatikia 1st plot-11 | 51.16 | 22.82 | 8.64 | 378.2 | 20.42 | 15.51 | 6.66 | 91.5 |
CPT-39 | Ghatikia 1st plot-17 | 51.22 | 21.63 | 10.76 | 386.8 | 20.52 | 14.15 | 7.86 | 92.6 |
CPT-40 | Ghatikia 1st plot-22 | 52.06 | 21.83 | 7.92 | 340.2 | 21.23 | 15.72 | 5.81 | 81.5 |
CPT-41 | Ghatikia 1st plot-23 | 50.64 | 20.33 | 9.66 | 352.6 | 21.14 | 15.23 | 7.74 | 105.4 |
CPT-42 | Ghatikia 1st plot-26 | 51.82 | 21.06 | 8.58 | 301.7 | 22.33 | 17.05 | 6.26 | 82.32 |
CPT-43 | Ghatikia 1st plot-29 | 52.01 | 22.24 | 9.30 | 366.2 | 24.13 | 13.27 | 7.04 | 95.8 |
CPT-44 | Ghatikia 1st plot-33 | 51.93 | 21.75 | 9.43 | 310.5 | 22.82 | 13.53 | 6.94 | 90.4 |
CPT-45 | Ghatikia 1st plot-34 | 61.15 | 25.63 | 8.96 | 388.4 | 19.95 | 14.87 | 6.82 | 115.5 |
CPT-46 | Ghatikia 1st plot-42 | 50.45 | 22.37 | 8.65 | 343.4 | 23.17 | 14.33 | 6.41 | 99.5 |
CPT-47 | Ghatikia 1st plot-50 | 52.23 | 20.03 | 10.27 | 323.8 | 23.22 | 12.95 | 8.05 | 99.1 |
CPT-48 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-4 | 46.57 | 20.26 | 6.89 | 279.2 | 22.15 | 12.82 | 5.11 | 81.6 |
CPT-49 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-8 | 46.43 | 20.35 | 7.56 | 291.1 | 21.76 | 13.16 | 5.13 | 81.5 |
CPT-50 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-9 | 48.25 | 21.97 | 7.83 | 276.1 | 22.13 | 13.43 | 6.24 | 82.63 |
CPT-51 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-10 | 45.63 | 22.13 | 5.98 | 285.4 | 22.25 | 13.36 | 4.22 | 84.63 |
CPT-52 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-19 | 48.33 | 22.17 | 7.74 | 288.3 | 22.03 | 13.67 | 5.36 | 83.73 |
CPT-53 | Ghatikia 2nd plot-20 | 47.51 | 21.33 | 8.87 | 284.9 | 20.23 | 13.55 | 6.42 | 79.73 |
Grand Mean | 51.65 | 21.83 | 7.91 | 3.14 | 20.45 | 13.80 | 5.96 | 107.41 | |
SE | 2.59 | 1.52 | 0.71 | 14.53 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.39 | 4.85 | |
CD at 5% | 5.15 | 3.01 | 1.41 | 28.77 | 2.28 | 1.94 | 0.77 | 9.62 |
Analysis of variance and phenotypic variability of pod and seed characters of
Characters | Degree of freedom | Genotype MSS | Mean | Range | SE | CD at 5% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pod length (mm) | 52 | 87.05 | 8.62** | 51.66 | 39.88–66.04 | 2.6 | 5.15 |
Pod breadth (mm) | 52 | 14.6 | 4.24** | 21.84 | 17.93–27.02 | 1.52 | 3.01 |
Pod thickness (mm) | 52 | 6.99 | 9.27** | 7.91 | 4.98–11.63 | 0.71 | 1.41 |
100-pod weight (g) | 52 | 9896.33 | 31.24** | 314.05 | 230.60–488.20 | 14.53 | 28.77 |
Seed length (mm) | 52 | 20.96 | 10.57** | 20.46 | 14.93–28.15 | 1.15 | 2.28 |
Seed breadth (mm) | 52 | 7.71 | 5.33** | 13.8 | 10.08–17.56 | 0.98 | 1.94 |
Seed thickness (mm) | 52 | 4.39 | 19.59** | 5.97 | 4.01–8.96 | 0.39 | 0.77 |
100-seed weight | 52 | 2649.0 | 74.90** | 107.41 | 7.29–177.40 | 4.86 | 9.62 |
** significant at 1% level.
The extent of variability present in the pod and seed characters is shown in Table
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of pod and seed characters of
Characters | Phenotypic variance | Genotypic variance | Error variance | GCV (%) | PCV (%) | h2 (%) | GA (5%) | GA (mean %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pod length (mm) | 35.76 | 25.64 | 10.11 | 11.58 | 9.8 | 71.72 | 8.84 | 17.1 |
Pod breadth (mm) | 7.17 | 3.72 | 3.45 | 12.26 | 8.83 | 51.91 | 2.86 | 13.11 |
Pod thickness (mm) | 2.83 | 2.08 | 0.75 | 21.27 | 18.22 | 73.37 | 2.54 | 32.15 |
100-pod weight (g) | 3150 | 3193.18 | 316.82 | 18.86 | 17.99 | 90.97 | 111.03 | 35.35 |
Seed length (mm) | 8.3 | 6.32 | 1.98 | 14.09 | 12.29 | 76.13 | 4.52 | 22.09 |
Seed breadth (mm) | 3.24 | 2.09 | 1.15 | 13.62 | 10.47 | 59.06 | 2.29 | 16.57 |
Seed thickness (mm) | 1.61 | 1.39 | 0.22 | 21.29 | 19.76 | 86.11 | 2.25 | 37.77 |
100-seed weight | 2649.16 | 2613.79 | 35.37 | 28.03 | 27.48 | 96.1 | 59.61 | 55.49 |
The rest four characters exhibited low PCV and GCV (<15%). Heritability was high (>80%) for 100-seed weight (96.10%), 100-pod weight (90.97%), and seed thickness (86.11%). Burton [
The present study indicated that the genetic advance ranged from 13.11% to 55.49%. The high heritability accompanied by high genetic advance in 100-seed weight may be due to additive type of gene action. High values of genetic advance are indicative of additive gene action involved in the expression of various polygenic traits, and low values are of nonadditive gene action [
Phenotypic (rp) and genotypic (rg) correlation coefficients between different pod and seed characters of
Characters | Pod breadth | Pod thickness | 100-pod weight | Seed length | Seed breadth | Seed thickness | 100-seed weight | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pod length | rp | 0.329* | −0.098 | 0.176 | −0.21 | 0.193 | −0.055 | 0.047 |
rg | 0.563** | −0.071 | 0.210 | −0.051 | 0.237 | −0.066 | 0.031 | |
Pod breadth | rp | −0.091 | 0.192 | −0.164 | 0.218 | −0.126 | 0.107 | |
rg | −0.223 | 0.274* | −0.253 | 0.397** | −0.152 | 0.181 | ||
Pod thickness | rp | 0.301* | 0.157 | 0.124 | 0.855** | −0.085 | ||
rg | 0.372** | 0.224 | 0.210 | 1.055 | −0.089 | |||
100-pod weight | rp | 0.143 | 0.433** | 0.348 | 0.561** | |||
rg | 0.297* | 0.792** | 0.308 | 0.632** | ||||
Seed length | rp | 0.383** | 0.033 | −0.019 | ||||
rg | 0.121 | 0.241 | −0.095 | |||||
Seed breadth | rp | −0.026 | 0.244 | |||||
rg | 0.269 | 0.209 | ||||||
Seed thickness | rp | −0.091 | ||||||
rg | −0.052 |
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
Summing up, these relationships indicate that 100-pod weight, seed length, seed breadth, seed thickness, and 100-seed weight have significant positive correlations with each other. The result showed that the genotypic correlations are higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations which indicate the presence of strong inherent association between pod length and pod breadth, 100-pod weight and pod thickness; 100-pod weight and seed length, 100-seed weight and 100-pod weight.
In conclusion, the results of this investigation revealed that significant differences exist among the candidate plus trees on the basis of pod and seed characters of plants grown within seven populations. Further genetic improvement of CPTs for pod and seed characters stands a high chance. 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight had significant positive correlation with each other, and these two characters could be considered as effective parameters in selection of candidate plus trees for agroforestry program. CPT-28 had high pod weight, and CPT-25 had high seed weight and plantation of these two clones as high oil yielder may be suggested for different agroforestry system.
The authors wish to acknowledge Orissa Forest Development Corporation, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa for providing scheme for conducting the experiment.