International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 760613, 7 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/760613

Research Article

Some New Formulae for Genocchi Numbers and Polynomials Involving Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

Serkan Araci,¹ Mehmet Acikgoz,² and Erdoğan Şen3,4

¹Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, 27410 Gaziantep, Turkey

²Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey

³Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdağ, Turkey

⁴Department of Mathematics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey

Received 9 January 2014; Accepted 26 March 2014; Published 24 April 2014

Academic Editor: Ram N. Mohapatra

Copyright © 2014 Serkan Araci et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We give some new formulae for product of two Genocchi polynomials including Euler polynomials and Bernoulli polynomials. Moreover, we derive some applications for Genocchi polynomials to study a matrix formulation.

1. Introduction

The history of Genocchi numbers can be traced back to Italian mathematician Angelo Genocchi (1817–1889). From Genocchi to the present time, Genocchi numbers have been extensively studied in many different context in such branches of Mathematics as, for instance, elementary number theory, complex analytic number theory, homotopy theory (stable homotopy groups of spheres), differential topology (differential structures on spheres), theory of modular forms (Eisenstein series), -adic analytic number theory (-adic -functions), and quantum physics (quantum groups). The works of Genocchi numbers and their combinatorial relations have received much attention [1–11]. For showing the value of this type of numbers and polynomials, we list some of their applications.

In the complex plane, the Genocchi numbers, named after Angelo Genocchi, are a sequence of integers that are defined by the exponential generating function:

with the usual convention about replacing by , is used. When we multiply with in the left-hand side of (1), then we have

where are called Genocchi polynomials. It follows from (2) that , , , , , , , , and for (for details, see [7–9]).

Differentiating both sides of (1), with respect to , then we have the following:

On account of (1) and (3), we can easily derive the following:

By (1), we get

Thanks to (4) and (5), we acquire the following equation (6):

It is not difficult to see that

By expression of (7), then we have

(see [1–25]).

Let be the -dimensional vector space over . Probably, is the most natural basis for . From this, we note that is also good basis for space .

In [14], Kim et al. introduced the following integrals:

where and are called Bernoulli polynomials and Euler polynomials, respectively. Also, they are defined by the following generating series:

with and , symbolically. By (10), then we have

Here and are called Bernoulli numbers and Euler numbers, respectively. Additionally, the Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials have the following identities:

(for details, see [6, 11, 13–15, 17, 19]). By (11), we have the following recurrence relations of Euler and Bernoulli numbers, as follows:

where is the Kronecker’s symbol defined by

In the complex plane, we can write the following:

By (15), we have

by comparing coefficients on the both sides of the above equality, then we have

(see [6]).

Via (17), our results in the present paper can be extended to Euler polynomials at the special value .

Recent works including multiplication formulas for products of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials [17], the product of two Eulerian polynomials [18], sums of products of generalized Bernoulli polynomials [20], explicit formulas for computing Euler polynomials in terms of the second kind Stirling numbers [21], explicit formulas for computing Bernoulli numbers of the second kind and Stirling numbers of the first kind [22], some identities and an explicit formula for Bernoulli and Stirling numbers [23], some identities for the product of two Bernoulli and Euler polynomials [13], some formulae for the product of two Bernoulli and Euler polynomials [14], Bernoulli basis and the product of several Bernoulli polynomials [15], some formulae of products of the Apostol-Bernoulli and Apostol-Euler Polynomials [24], and the modified -Euler numbers of higher order with weight [25] have been extensively investigated.

By the same motivation of the above knowledge, we write this paper. We give some interesting properties which are derived from the basis of Genocchi. From our methods, we obtain not only new but also interesting identities including Bernoulli and Euler polynomials. Also, by using (17), we derive our results in terms of Euler polynomials.

2. On the Genocchi Numbers and Polynomials

In this section, we introduce the following integral equation: for ,

By (18), becomes

Thus, we have the following recurrence formulas:

by continuing with the above recurrence relation; then we derive that

Now also, we develop the following for sequel of this paper:

Let us now introduce the polynomial

Taking th derivative of the above equality, then we have

Theorem 1. The following equality holds true:

Proof. On account of the properties of the Genocchi basis for the space of polynomials of degree less than or equal to with coefficients in , then can be written as follows:

Therefore, by (26), we obtain

From expression of (24), we get

Substituting (27) and (28) into (26), we arrive at the desired result.

By using (17) and Theorem 1, we get the following corollary, which has been stated in terms of Euler polynomials.

Corollary 2. For any , then we have

Theorem 3. The following nice identity

is true.

Proof. Let us now consider the polynomial in terms of Euler polynomials as follows:

In [14], Kim et al. gave the coefficients by utilizing from the definition of Bernoulli polynomials. Now also, we give the coefficients by using the definition of Genocchi polynomials, as follows:

After the above applications, we complete the proof of the theorem.

By employing (17) and Theorem 3, we have the following corollary, which is the sum of products of two Euler polynomials.

Corollary 4. For each , one has

We now discover the following theorem, which will be an interesting and worthwhile theorem for studying in analytic numbers theory.

Theorem 5. The following equality holds:

Proof. It is proved by using the following polynomial :

It is not difficult to indicate the following:

Then, we see that, for ,

By (35) and (37), we arrive at the desired result.

Theorem 6. The following identity

is true.

Proof. Now also, let us take the polynomial in terms of Bernoulli polynomials as

By using the above identity, we develop as follows:

By (36), we compute coefficients, as follows:

When we substituted (40) and (41) into (39), the proof of theorem will be completed.

By using (17) and Theorem 6, we procure the following corollary.

Corollary 7. For any , one has

In [6], it is well known that

For in (43), we have the following:

By comparing the equations of (38) and (44), then we readily derive the following corollary.

Corollary 8. Consider that

Theorem 9. The following equality

holds true.

Proof. To prove this theorem, we introduce the following polynomial :

Then, we derive th derivative of that is given by

where

We want to note that

where are called Harmonic numbers, which are defined by

With the properties of Genocchi basis for the space of polynomials of degree less than or equal to with coefficients in , is introduced by

By expression of (52), we obtain that

As a result,

In [14], it is well known that

By (48), (52), and (55), we arrive at the desired result.

From (17) and Theorem 9, we acquire the following.

Corollary 10. The following identity holds:

3. Further Remarks

Let be the space of polynomials of a degree less than or equal to . In this final section, we will give the matrix formulation of Genocchi polynomials. Let us now consider the polynomial as a linear combination of Genocchi basis polynomials with

We can write the above as a product of two variables:

From expression of (58), we consider the following equation:

where are the coefficients of the power basis that are used to determine the respective Genocchi polynomials. We now list a few Genocchi polynomials as follows:

In the quadratic case (), the matrix representation is

In the cubic case (), the matrix representation is

Remark 11. Throughout this paper, many considerations for Genocchi polynomials seem to be useful to study in a matrix formulation.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee for his/her valuable comments and suggestions which have improved the presentation of the paper.

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