Phase-Shift Keying Modulated Data Signal Using SOA-MZI-Based All-Optical Logic AND Gate at 80 Gb / s

All-optical logic AND operation with phase-shift keying (PSK) modulated data signals based on a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer is numerically analyzed and investigated. By solving the rate equations of the SOA, the dependence of the quality factor on the critical parameters of the input signal and the SOA is examined, including the impact of the amplified spontaneous emission to obtain realistic results. The obtained results confirm that the all-optical logic AND scheme with PSKmodulated data signals is capable of operating at a data rate of 80 Gb/s with both logical correctness and acceptable quality compared to the system using on-off-keying signal.


Introduction
Modulation is the transfer process of information over a medium.Recently, advanced optical modulation formats have attracted increased attention.Some of these formats carry information through the amplitude, which is known as amplitude modulation (AM).In AM, the amplitude of the carrier changes in response to the information by keeping the frequency and the phase constants.In many applications, AM is being replaced by frequency and phase modulation technologies even though it is not as widely used as it was in previous years.However, AM is not efficient in terms of its use of power and bandwidth and is prone to high levels of noise.In contrast, phase modulation (PM) signals convey the information in the phase itself.PM schemes are attracting much interest for use in the ultrafast optical communications systems because they are less sensitive to nonlinear fiber transmission impairments, require lower optical signal-to-noise ratio, are more robust against pattern-dependent degradations, and can give higher spectral efficiency compared to conventional intensity modulation formats [1,2].This fact has spurred great interest in conducting all-optical operations on phaseshift keying (PSK) modulated data so as to realize exclusively by the means of the light critical network functionalities that are compatible with the specific format.All-optical modulation based on nonlinear silicon photonics waveguide has been demonstrated [3][4][5][6][7].Such all-optical logic operations are an integral part of building all-optical data networks, where packet routing, data buffering, and wavelength conversion are expected to be processed in the optical plane.For this purpose, a technical option that has been widely adopted is to employ semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs).In fact, the SOAs' devices have technologically matured to the point that they have become the primary choice for the implementation of all-optical logic gates.SOA is the most attractive optoelectronics device due to its compact size, low power requirement, temperature stability, and ease to connect with other optoelectronics devices.In recent years, the performances of the all-optical logic AND gate based on several different schemes using SOA have been reported [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].The AND is involved in the accomplishment of numerous tasks in the optical domain both in fundamental and in systemoriented level [26].Various SOA-based schemes for the demonstration of all-optical logic gates using PSK modulated data signals have been reported [27][28][29][30][31][32][33].This activity has also included the execution of the Boolean AND operation on the International Journal of Optics PSK modulated data signals [31], which has been possible owing to the capability of the SOAs to handle the phase modulated signals as well [32].However, these demonstrations cannot conveniently keep pace with the excessive increase in single-channel data rates due to the slow SOA's gain and phase recovery.The performances of all-optical logic XOR and OR gates for 100 Gb/s PSK modulated data signal in SOAs assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) have been numerically analyzed [34,35].In this work, we continue and generalize the relevant results of previous works [31,35] by investigating the performance of an all-optical AND gate using PSK modulated data signals based on SOAs-MZI at a data rate of 80 Gb/s.The dependence of the gate's quality factor (QF) on the critical parameters of the input signals and the SOAs has been examined and assessed.For realistic results, the effect of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) on the QF has also been included.The outcome of our work complements the set of all-optical gates that have been addressed so far for PSK signals.

SOA-MZI Model
The schematic diagram and truth table for AND operation is shown in Figure 1, where an optical band-pass filter (OBPF) is used to reject out the spectral components other than the switched signal.
The semiconductor materials used in the SOA should be direct band-gap and match lattices for the radiative recombination processes.The semiconductor materials used in this simulation are InGaAsP/InP with wavelengths of 1300 nm or 1550 nm.The operation of the SOA-based MZI can be theoretically studied by means of the rate equation model [8][9][10][11][12].This simulation has been prepared and run via Wolfram Mathematica.This simulation takes into account the nonlinear effects of the interband and intraband.More specifically, the carrier heating (CH) results from thermalization of carriers in the entire energy-band following the pulse.This is a fast process occurring in the time scale of 300 fs.The input pulse reduces the gain at the photon-energy of this pulse; that is, in the gain spectrum it burns a hole.The process is known as a spectral hole burning (SHB).By taking into consideration both the CH and SHB effects, the time-dependent gain for each SOA is given by [9,23] The total gain () of each SOA is given by where function "ℎ" is the SOA's gain integrated over its length due to the carrier depletion (CD), CH, and SHB. 0 = exp[ℎ 0 ] is the unsaturated power gain. sat is the saturation energy, which is linked to the saturation power ( sat ) through where  is the traditional linewidth enhancement factor,  CH is the linewidth enhancement due to CH, and  SHB is the linewidth enhancement due to SHB.The contribution  SHB is almost null since SHB produces a nearly symmetrical spectral hole centered at the signal wavelength.Kramers-Kronig integrand becomes antisymmetric around the operating frequency and its integral remains small [24].
The input pulses used in this simulation are assumed to be Gaussian-shaped pulses, which have power described by [9]  A,B () ≡   () where  A,B stands for the th pulse, which can take the logical value of "1" or "0" with equal probability. 0 is the input pulse energy and  FWHM is the pulse width (full-width at halfmaximum). is the length of the pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS), 127 bit, and  is the bit period.The modulated PSK signals injected into the SOAs have the following power function [36]: The split components of the PSK modulated signal B suffer the optical properties of the SOAs that have been perturbed by the respective data in the two arms of the MZI.When they interfere, the resultant AND output obeys [23]  AND () = 0.25 PSKB () ( 1 () +  2 () where  PSKB is the modulated PSK input power of signal B.  1,2 () and Φ 1,2 () are the time-dependent total gains and the phase changes of the signal B inside SOA1 and SOA2, respectively.
The parameters used in this simulation are  = 100 mA,  0 = 30 dB,  0 = 0.006 pJ,  FWHM = 1.5 ps,   = 200 ps,  CH = 0.3 ps,  SHB = 0.1 ps,  CH =  SHB = 0.08 W −1 ,  = 4,  CH = 1, and  sat = 25 mW.The instantaneous optical power inside each SOA for the AND operation is given by At zero injected current, the spontaneous emission process appeared and is amplified through the optically active region of the amplifier.The amplifiers degrade the SNR of the amplified signal primarily because of ASE, which is added to the signal in this simulation.The ASE can be used to measure the position of the gain peak, the pulse width of the gain curve, and the gain ripple.The power of the ASE has been numerically added to the output power of the AND operation using the following basic equation [23,37]: where  is Planck's constant,  0 is the optical bandwidth, and  is the optical frequency.

All-Optical AND Model
In order to realize the AND operation, we have used a similar scheme to that in [8,10].The logic AND operation is achieved between the two PSK modulated data signals by means of cross-phase modulation (XPM) in SOAs 1 and 2 located in the two arms of the MZI.The input data A is injected into the upper arm of the SOA-MZI, while its delayed copy with a time delay () is injected into the lower arm.Concurrently, data B at wavelength  2 acts as enabling beam and is injected into the configuration of the middle port of the MZI.This signal is halved into two components of equal amplitude and then is injected into the middle arm of the MZI.The input signals A and B have two different arbitrary PRBS.Initially, the two arms of the MZI are balanced in phase and the output is zero.
Then data A and its delayed replica are combined to create a phase window experienced by data B. When A = "0", this phase window does not exist, and the output is "0" for both B = "1" and B = "0".However, when A = "1," the phase window opens allowing the split copies of signal B = "1" to interfere nondestructively, which results in a nonzero output.Thus, according to this switching mode, the circuit is produced "1" at  2 only when both data A and B are "1", which is functionally the same as an all-optical AND gate.

Results
The operation of the AND gate has been analyzed using a numerical solution of the SOA's rate equations in (1). Figure 2 illustrates the simulation results and the eye diagram for the Boolean AND operation, from which it can be noticed that the eye is clear and open.The eye diagram is with the degrading effects while the pseudo-eye diagram is without any degrading effects.The QF gives information for the optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in digital transmission.The performance of the AND operation has been evaluated by the measurement of the QF, which is given by QF = ( 1 − 0 )/( 1 +  2 ), where  1,0 are the average powers of the expected "1"s and "0"s and  1,2 are the corresponding standard deviations.
The QF gives the information of the optical SNR in digital transmission.In this simulation, the achieved QF is 34.6 at 80 Gb/s, which is well over the critical limit of 6 required to keep the bit-error-rate (BER) less than 10 −9 [23].In order to obtain realistic results, the metric characteristics of the AND operation, such as the BER and the extinction ration (ER), have been calculated.The BER is linked to the QF through the following basic equation [23]: where erfc is the error-function.The calculated BER in this simulation is 1.26 × 10 −262 .The ER is defined in dB by the following basic equation [38,39]: where  min 1 is the minimum value of the peak power of logic "1" and  max 0 is the maximum value of the peak power of logic "0".In this simulation, the calculated ER using ( 10) is around 40 dB.
The simulated QF depends on the pulse energy and the injected SOA injection current of SOA-MZI-based for the AND operation at  sp = 2 and 4 is shown, respectively, in Figures 3(a) and 3(b).As shown in Figure 3(a), a high input pulse energy causes a strong saturation, which reduces the value of the QF.On the other hand, the QF is increased as more carriers are supplied via higher bias currents as shown in Figure 3(b).The injection current plays an important role in the amplification process.Moreover, the injection current required to obtain a QF of 34.6 is a few tens of mAs with the PSK modulated signals using SOA compared to hundreds of mAs with the SOA based on other modulation formats [23].
Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the dependence of the QF on the SOA's carrier lifetime (  ) and the pulse width ( FWHM ) at  = 50 mA and 100 mA, respectively.For a standard SOA, the value of the carrier lifetime varies from 100 ps to 300 ps depending on the type of the semiconductor material [23].In our simulation case, the value of this parameter can be changed several times to calculate the corresponding QF for each value.By this way, the value of the carrier lifetime, which makes high QF, can be easily optimized.Since the carrier lifetime determines the speed of gain recovery of the SOA [23], the QF is higher for smaller values of this parameter as shown in Figure 4(a).A similar trend is observed in Figure 4(b), where the QF is decreased with increasing the pulse width.The QF is decreased with increasing the pulse width because two neighboring pulses tend to overlap for wider pulse widths.
The calculated QF depends on the length and the thickness of the SOA's active region as shown in Figures 5(a increasing the length of the SOA, the overall gain increases exponentially and then the QF as shown in Figure 5(a), which has been measured at two different data rates.A thick active region is used for fast gain recovery and hence an acceptable performance of the Boolean functions.The optical gain region is determined by the active region thickness.The carrier density is increased with increasing the thickness of the active region and hence the QF as shown in Figure 5(b).
The dependence of the QF on the traditional linewidth enhancement factor (-factor) at  sp = 2 and 4 is shown in Figure 6.This figure confirms that the QF is increased with factor due to the effect of this parameter on the induced phase change and accordingly on the magnitude of switching [40].Moreover, for the PSK modulated signals, the QF is higher for a small -factor.
The QF versus  sp of a SOA-MZI-based AND operation at  = 50 mA and 100 mA is shown in Figure 7.It is clearly seen that the QF is decreased with increasing the  SP , which is considered as a noise.This simulation has been carried out at  0 = 30 dB,  0 = 3 nm, and a signal wavelength of 1550 nm.The effect of ASE is experimentally verified by adding a few nm wide optical unmodulated signals to the streams data with negligible saturation effects.The time delay () of delayed data A is a very important parameter for the performance of the AND gate.The optimum time delay used in this simulation that maximizes the QF to almost 34 is 0.5 ps. Figure 8 shows that a shorter  leads to a sharp fall of the QF.At high , the magnitude of the phase switching window between the data A and its delayed decreases and hence the corresponding QF.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the performance of ultrafast all-optical logic AND operation with phase-shift keying (PSK) modulated data signals in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer was numerically simulated.The obtained results show that the all-optical logic AND gate based on PSK modulated data signals was capable of operating at a data rate of 80 Gb/s with higher output quality factor than that used for SOA based on other modulation formats.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Schematic diagram and truth table for AND operation based on SOA-MZI.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Simulation results and the corresponding eye diagram for AND operation.The achieved QF is 34.6 at a data rate of 80 Gb/s.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: QF versus time delay for AND operation.
[23]e   is the carrier lifetime.() is input optical power injected into the SOAs.CH and  SHB are the temperature relaxation rate and the carrier-carrier scattering rate, respectively.CH and  SHB are the nonlinear gain suppression factors due to CH and SHB, respectively.The carrier density-induced phase change of each SOA is given by[23]