International Journal of Optics
Volume 2019 (2019), Article ID 1828275, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1828275

Research Article

Effect of Environmental Parameters on the Performance of Optical Wireless Communications

Hosam Abd Elrazek Mohamed Ali,1,2 El-Sayed Soliman A. Said,² and Mohamed Ebrahim Yousef²

¹Telecom Egypt, Egypt
²Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to Hosam Abd Elrazek Mohamed Ali; hosam.ali@te.eg

Received 27 November 2018; Revised 25 February 2019; Accepted 25 March 2019; Published 2 May 2019

Guest Editor: Surinder Singh

Copyright © 2019 Hosam Abd Elrazek Mohamed Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Free space optical communication systems are the future of the communication systems which can meet the needs of the end users who are demanding high bandwidths to support high-speed communication. These merits are due to its numerous advantages as well as their better performance. This paper studies the effect of environmental parameters like rain, fog, haze, snow, and dust on the performance of optical wireless communications using Opti-system program. This work considers the effect of visibility as well as operating wavelengths on atmospheric attenuation in different weather conditions for free space optical link. For different weather conditions the max distance between transmitter and receiver can also be estimated. The system analysis depicted the better performance of the Multi-Input/Multi-Output (MIMO) configurations compared to Single Input/Single Output (SISO) at different weather conditions.

1. Introduction

Optical wireless communication is a concept of transmitting information through air with light as a carrier wave [1]. The free space communication is an effective technique with many special advantages such as no need for physical connection between transmitter and receiver. This technique is also easy to install and there are no dangers of radiation where the line of sight is normally allocated in a safe region. Moreover, it shows low power consumption and low bit error rate (BER). Free space optical communication is a line of sight wireless technology that could be deployed in applications where there is a need for a high-speed connectivity. The concept is basically the same as the fiber optic transmissions except for the channel being the free space. High data rates of FSO communication systems have attracted much attention in recent years, thanks to their merits including huge data rates, license-free spectrum, low power consumption, and immunity to the electromagnetic interference. Free space optics link offers gigabit per second data rates with less system complexity. The free space optics system has come up as a better alternative to radio frequency technology [2]. From past decade FSO has gained more importance in both indoor and outdoor applications. There are other applications of FSO, which are to create a Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), Local Area Networks (LAN) connectivity, optical fiber communication backup, and backhaul for wireless cellular networks [3]. In spite of these advantages, the quality of FSO links is highly depending on the atmospheric weather conditions. The most important phenomena that affect the performance of a FSO link are absorption, scattering, and atmospheric turbulence [4]. Surveying the literature review of this subject is clearly displaying that, in spite of the advantages of these systems, they have individually studied the weather conditions such as fog, haze, snow, and dust. In [5] the effects of temperature on the performances of FSO transmission under Qatar’s climate are studied at wavelength=1550 nm using two FSO transceivers (2/2). In [6] studying atmospheric dust effect on the performance of the system leads to conclusion that the visibility decreases with the increase of concentration of dust when the wavelength is 1550nm using 1/1. The haze and fog state effects on the performance of free space optical communications system in Malaysia at 1550 nm are studied clearly in [7]. The rain, fog, and scintillation state effects are studied clearly in [8] at wavelength=1310 nm. The haze and fog state effects are studied clearly in [9, 10]. The rain and fog state effects are studied clearly in [11, 12]. This paper studies the effect of environmental parameters such as rain, fog, haze, snow, and dust on the performance of optical wireless communications using different channels (1/1, 2TX/2, and 4/4) at different wavelengths (850nm-1550nm).

2. Environmental Attenuations

Fog is the most hostile factor to FSO link due to the fog particles which are having nearly the same wavelength as wavelength of light. The atmospheric attenuation coefficient is calculated depending on visibility and the wavelength of the incident beam according to [9]

where λ indicates transmission wavelength (nm), V indicates visibility (km), λ₀ indicates visibility reference wavelength=550nm, and q indicates the size distribution of the scattering particles.

According to Kruze model (q =1.6 if v>50 km, q=1.3 if 50 km> v>6 km, and q=0.585v1/3+0.34 if v<6km), the attenuation of the transmitted signal () can be determined by using (1) for different weather conditions. The atmospheric attenuation (τ) in dB can be calculated as follows [13]:

where L is distance between transmitter and receiver.

Rain is one of the factors for inducing attenuation in a FSO system. Rain has less impact than fog because wavelength of optical signal is very small as compared to rain drop. And attenuation of rain can be calculated as follows [14]:

where R is the rain rate in mm/h.

3. System Description

The system block diagram shown in Figure 1 [8] is composed of three main parts: a transmitter system, a receiver system, and communication channel. It can be classified according to the number of transceivers FSO used as in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of free space optics.

3.1. SISO FSO

The transmitter system is composed of four subsystems. The first subsystem is the Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator. The second subsystem is the Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) encoder that encrypts information. The third subsystem is the optical transmitter (laser generator). The fourth subsystem is the Mach–Zehnder modulator that modulates the intensity of the light source according to the output pulse generator. The communication channel between the transmitter and the receiver is the free space. The optical receiver is composed of an avalanche photodiode (APD), optical amplifiers, the filter (Law Pass Bessel Filter) to filter the high frequency of unwanted signals, and 3R regenerator to determine the electrical signal embedded. The receiver devices are direct detection based devices which directly detect the instantaneous power of the collected optical field as it arrives at the receivers [15]. Figure 2 shows simulation layout of (1/1) FSO system.

Figure 2: Simulation layout of (1/1) FSO system.

3.2. MIMO FSO Using 2 /2

An optical transmitter is connected to a fork, which is a component used to duplicate the number of output ports so that each of the signals coming out from fork’s output has the same value with the output signal from the previous component connected to it. The first fork produces the multiple beam and this fork is connected to another set of forks which also produces multiple laser beams for better performance at the o/p instead of using multiple cw laser source for a system; we can simply use fork for getting the same effect. These laser beams are combined by the power combiner. At the receiver side power coming from the FSO channels is again combined by power combiner and then fed to the optical receiver as shown in Figure 3. BER analyzer automatically calculates the bit error rate (BER) and shows the eye diagram [16].

Figure 3: Simulation layout of (2 /2 ) FSO system.

3.3. MIMO FSO Using 4/4

As before but here we use 4/4 instead of 2/2. MIMO take benefit from the spatial diversity and receive multiple independent copies of the same signal at the receiver, hence resulting in increased signal to noise ratio. The MIMO technology cannot only increase the data rate but also improve the system reliability through spatial diversity [10]. Figure 4 shows the system using 4/4.

Figure 4: Simulation layout of (4 /4 ) FSO system.

4. Simulation Results and Performance Analysis

This section presents results of Max Q factor, Min BER, and estimated range between transmitter and receiver (three different distances) for different weather conditions using 1/1, 2/2, and 4/4 at different wavelengths (850nm-1550nm) using Kruze model. The global parameters used in this section are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Global parameter setup.

Parameter
Value

Transmission rate
10Gbps

Transmission Wave length
850nm-1550 nm

Beam Divergence angle
2 mrad

Sequence length
1024 bits

Sample per bit
64

Number of sample
65536

Transmitter, Receiver aperture diameter
10 cm, 45 cm

continuous wave laser power
20 dbm

Line width
10 MHZ

Transmitter, Receiver loss
1 db

Amplifier gain
20 db

APD responsivity
1 A/W

The FSO link medium transmission is the atmosphere that has attenuation depending upon several conditions. Weather conditions are the main cause of attenuation [17]. As observed from (2), atmospheric attenuation of the FSO link is a contributing factor for received power [18]. The most widely used wavelength in the optical communications is allocated in the range of 850nm-1550nm. Specifically, the wavelength 1550nm is the dominantly suitable; due to more than one reason such as it can cover wide distance, deal with high data rate, and grant the eye safety, it can reduce the solar background and finally the light scattering in case of haze/fog.

One can notice that when increasing the wavelength of the transmitted signal, the attenuation would be decreased.

At clear air it can reach a distance of 94 km, while at heavy fog the maximum range is around 0.345 km.

It can reach a distance of 115 km for the 2/2 with clear air, while at heavy fog the maximum range is about 0.375 km.

In case of 4/4, the maximum distance in the best case is 125 km while at worst case it is 390 m.

In the best case one can reach a distance of 79km, while at worst case the maximum range achieved is 300 m.

Using 2/2 and λ=850 nm at clear air the max distance is 90 km between transmitter and receiver while at heavy fog the max distance achieved between transmitter and receiver is 322 m.

Using 4/4 and λ=850 nm the max distance achieved in the best conditions is 96 km while at worst case the max distance is 332 m. The previous results in Tables 3–8 show the superiority of the 4Tx/4Rx with wavelength of 1550nm for Min BER, maximum Q factor, and max range between transmitter and receiver. Figures 5 and 6 show the relation between maximum range (km) and attenuation (db/km) at different wavelengths (850nm-1550 nm) using 2/2 and 4/4; for instance, the BER is no more than 10⁻⁹ and Q factor is at least 6. We note that when attenuation increased (depend on weather conditions) max range decreased.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: Relation between max distance (km) and attenuation (db/km) at wavelength=850nm. (a) Using 2/2; (b) using 4/4.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6: Relation between max distance (km) and attenuation (db/km) at wavelength=1550nm. (a) Using 2/2; (b) using 4/4.

In Figure 5, it is obvious that, at wavelength=850 nm using 2/2 at clear air, the max distance obtained is 90 km between transmitter and receiver, while at heavy fog the max distance achieved between transmitter and receiver is 322 m. Using 4/4 the max distance achieved in the best case is 96 km and at worst case the max distance is 332 m.

In Figure 6, it is obvious that, at wavelength=1550 nm using 2/2 at clear air, the max distance obtained is 115 km, while at heavy fog the max distance achieved between transmitter and receiver is 375 m. Using 4/4 the max distance achieved in the best case is 125 km, while at worst case the max distance is 390 m.

In Figure 7, it is obvious that when attenuation increases due to weather conditions, visibility decreases according to Table 2. The best visibility at clear air will reach about 23 km while at heavy fog it is the worst visibility as it becomes 50m. It is clear that when we increase the wavelength of the transmitted signal the attenuation decreased. We take into consideration the case of heavy fog at different wavelengths (850nm-1550nm) using different channels and different distances (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 m). Figures 8 and 9 show the relation between Max Q factor and different distances (m) using different wavelengths and different channels.

Table 2: Atmospheric attenuation at different weather conditions for λ= (1550-850) nm using Kruze model.

Weather conditions
Visibility (km)
Attenuation (db/km) At 1550nm
Attenuation (db/km) At 850nm

Clear air
23
0.2
0.42

Haze
2
2.8
5.3

Rain
1
6.5
11.3

Light fog or snow
0.8
8.5
14.4

Moderate fog or heavy snow
0.6
11.9
19.7

Dust-fog
0.5
14.7
23.9

Dense fog
0.1
90
130

Heavy-dust
0.07
132.8
188.2

Heavy-fog
0.05
190.9
266.5

Table 3: Results for 1/1 FSO at different weather conditions for λ= 1550 nm.

Weather conditions
Range (km)
Max Q Factor
Min BER

clear air
attenuation=0.2 db/km visibility=23km
94
6.14
3.810-10

90
7.4
4.310-14

85
9.4
1.710-21

Haze
attenuation=2.8 db/km
visibility=2 km
12.5
7.6
1.4510-14

12
9.99
7.0410-24

11.5
13.03
3.310-39

Rain
attenuation=6.5 db/km
visibility=1 km
6.5
6.47
4.410-11

6
10.9
3.710-28

5.5
19.5
7.210-85

light fog
attenuation=8.5 db/km
visibility=0.8 km
5.1
6.86
2.910-12

5
8.09
2.510-16

4.5
17. 5
8.310-69

Moderate fog attenuation=11.9 db/km visibility=0.6 km
3.9
6.06
6.0810-10

3.5
14.6
6.510-49

3.4
17.9
1.610-72

dust fog
attenuation=14.7 db/km visibility=0.5 km
3.2
7.22
2.310-13

3
12.4
1.0210-35

2.9
16.01
3.810-58

dense fog
attenuation=90 db/km visibility=0.1 km
0.675
6.5
4.610-11

0.65
9.7
1.110-22

0.6
20.5
6.0610-94

heavy dust attenuation=132.8db/km visibility=0.07 km
0.48
6.17
2.910-10

0.45
12.5
3.510-36

0.43
19.2
910-83

heavy fog attenuation=190.9 db/km visibility=0.05 km
0.345
6.6
1.410-11

0.34
7.9
1.310-15

0.335
9.3
4.410-21

Table 4: Results for 2/2 FSO at different weather conditions for λ= 1550 nm.

Weather conditions
Range (km)
Max Q Factor
Min BER

clear air
attenuation=0.2db/km visibility=23km
115
6.2
2.410-10

110
7.8
3.0610-15

105
9.7
1.210-22

Haze
attenuation=2.8db/km
visibility=2 km
14.5
6.6
1.910-11

14
8.7
1.910-18

13.5
11. 3
6.410-30

Rain
attenuation=6.5db/km
visibility=1 km
7.2
6.4
5.710-11

7
8.3
6.610-17

6.5
14.8
2.710-50

light fog
attenuation=8.5 db/km
visibility=0.8 km
5.7
6.8
3.810-12

5.5
9.4
2.310-21

5
19.7
5.710-87

Moderate fog attenuation=11.9db/km visibility=0.6 km
4.3
6.5
3.510-11

4
12.5
2.710-36

3.8
18.7
7.610-79

dust fog
attenuation=14.7 db/km visibility=0.5 km
3.6
6.3
1.710-10

3.5
8.3
5.910-17

3.4
10.8
1.610-27

dense fog
attenuation=90 db/km visibility=0.1 km
0.735
6.4
7.610-11

0.7
11.18
2.1110-29

0.65
23.1
1.0210-118

heavy dust attenuation=132.8db/km visibility=0.07 km
0.52
6.3
1.810-10

0.5
10.04
4.210-24

0.48
15.6
2.610-55

heavy fog attenuation=190.9 db/km visibility=0.05 km
0.375
6.3
1.610-10

0.37
7.45
3.810-14

0.35
14.3
1.610-46

Table 5: Results for 4TX/4RX FSO at different weather conditions for λ= 1550 nm.

Weather conditions
Range
Max Q Factor
Min BER

clear air
attenuation=0.2 db/km
visibility=23km
125
6.5
3.310-11

0.12
8.1
2.210-16

0.11
12.4
1.410-35

Haze
attenuation=2.8 db/km
visibility=2 km
15.5
6.2
2.510-10

15
8.15
1.510-16

14.5
10.6
1.1110-26

Rain
attenuation=6.5 db/km
visibility=1 km
7.6
6.4
8.410-11

7.5
7.2
2.310-13

7
13.06
2.0510-39

light fog
attenuation=8.5 db/km
visibility=0.8 km
6
6.8
3.310-12

5.8
9.4
2.210-21

5.6
12.7
1.610-37

Moderate fog attenuation=11.9 db/km visibility=0.6 km
4.5
6.7
6.0110-12

4.3
10.5
4.610-26

4
19.25
5.210-83

dust fog
attenuation=14.7 db/km visibility=0.5 km
3.7
7.7
4.0510-15

3.5
13.08
1.610-39

3.4
16.7
1.710-63

dense fog
attenuation=90 db/km visibility=0.1 km
0.765
6.4
8.410-11

0.75
8.14
1.710-16

0.74
9.5
6.210-22

heavy dust attenuation=132.8db/km visibility=0.07 km
0.542
6
8.410-10

0.52
10.1
2.110-24

0.5
15.7
8.410-56

heavy fog
attenuation=190.9 db/km visibility=0.05 km
0.39
6.11
4.3510-10

0.38
8.6
3.310-18

0.37
11.9
5.1110-33

Table 6: Results for 1/1 FSO at different weather conditions for 850 nm wavelength.

Weather conditions
Range (km)
Max Q Factor
Min BER

clear air
attenuation=0.42 db/km
visibility=23km
79
6.2
3.410-10

75
8.7
1.510-18

70
13.08
1.610-39

haze
attenuation=5.3 db/km
visibility=2 km
9.7
6.1
4.710-10

9
12.1
3.710-34

8.5
18.9
8.510-81

rain
attenuation=11.3 db/km
visibility=1 km
5
6.7
5.810-12

4.7
12.4
5.310-36

4.5
18.2
4.110-74

light fog
attenuation=14.4 db/km
visibility=0.8 km
4
7.7
4.810-15

3.9
10.02
5.210-24

3.8
12.8
3.210-38

Moderate fog
attenuation=19.7 db/km
visibility=0.6 km
3.1
6.3
1.710-10

3
9
9.710-20

2.9
12.7
3.410-37

dust fog
attenuation=23.9 db/km
visibility=0.5 km
2.6
6.7
7.910-12

2.5
10.3
1.810-25

2.4
15.5
1.810-54

dense fog
attenuation=130db/km
visibility=0.1 km
0.579
6.05
6.610-10

0.55
11.7
4.9110-32

0.54
14.5
7.810-48

heavy dust
attenuation=188.2db/km
visibility=0.07 km
0.41
6.9
1.810-12

0.4
9.6
2.310-22

0.39
13.2
5.610-40

heavy fog
attenuation=266.5 db/km
visibility=0.05 km
0.3
6.5
4.210-11

0.29
10.29
3.110-25

0.28
15.8
8.410-57

Table 7: Results for 2/2 FSO at different weather conditions for 850 nm wavelength.

Weather conditions
Range
Max Q Factor
Min BER

clear air
attenuation=0.42 db/km
visibility=23km
90
6.4
5.510-11

85
9.7
8.210-23

80
14.4
1.910-47

Haze
attenuation=5.3 db/km
visibility=2 km
10.6
6.6
1.710-11

10.5
7.3
1.210-13

10
11.77
2.1310-32

Rain
attenuation=11.3 db/km
visibility=1 km
5.5
6.28
1.510-10

5
16.8
4.0510-64

4.9
20.2
4.310-91

light fog
attenuation=14.4 db/km
visibility=0.8 km
4.4
7.06
7.410-13

4.3
9.2
2.110-20

4
18.88
5.9810-80

Moderate fog
attenuation=19.7 db/km
visibility=0.6 km
3.3
8.05
3.510-16

3.2
11.4
2.410-30

3
21.5
2.0810-103

dust fog
attenuation=23.9 db/km
visibility=0.5 km
2.8
7.4
4.910-14

2.6
16.7
1.910-63

2.5
24.3
2.510-131

dense fog
attenuation=130db/km
visibility=0.1 km
0.62
6.2
2.710-10

0.6
9.8
4.810-23

0.58
15
310-51

heavy dust
attenuation=188.2db/km
visibility=0.07 km
0.443
6.08
5.3510-10

043
9.4
3.210-21

0.425
10.97
2.310-28

heavy fog
attenuation=266.5 db/km
visibility=0.05 km
0.322
6.08
5.210-10

0.31
10.6
1.210-26

0.3
16.2
1.210-59

Table 8: Results for 4/4 FSO at different weather conditions for λ= 850 nm.

Weather conditions
Range (km)
Max Q Factor
Min BER

Clear Air
Attenuation=0.42 db/Km
Visibility=23km
96
6.4
8.910-11

95
6.9
1.910-12

90
10.4
1.210-25

Haze
Attenuation=5.3 db/Km
Visibility=2 Km
11.1
6.6
2.210-11

10.5
11.7
7.610-32

10
18.15
4.610-74

Rain
Attenuation=11.3 db/Km
Visibility=1 Km
5.7
6.8
6.210-12

5.6
8.3
410-17

5.5
10.15
1.310-24

Light Fog
Attenuation=14.4 db/Km
Visibility=0.8 Km
4.6
6.77
5.510-12

4.5
8.8
5. 810-19

4.4
11.3
5.210-30

Moderate Fog
Attenuation=19.7 db/Km
Visibility=0.6 Km
3.5
6.4
810-11

3.4
9.11
3.410-20

3.3
12.7
1.110-37

Dust Fog
Attenuation=23.9 db/Km
Visibility=0.5 Km
2.9
7.8
2.310-15

2.8
11.8
9.910-33

2.7
17.5
8.610-69

Dense Fog
Attenuation=130db/Km
Visibility=0.1 Km
0.642
6.06
6.1610-10

0.63
8
4.710-16

0.62
10.02
5.1410-24

Heavy Dust
Attenuation=188.2db/Km
Visibility=0.07 Km
0.455
6.6
1.310-11

0.45
7.9
1.610-15

0.44
10.8
1.0410-27

Heavy Fog
Attenuation=266.5 db/Km
Visibility=0.05 Km
0.332
6.2
2.410-10

0.32
10.77
1.810-27

0.315
13.4
3.710-41

Figure 7: The attenuation (db/km) and visibility (m) at different wavelengths (850nm-1550nm).

Figure 8: Max Q factor and range (m) at λ of 850nm and attenuation of 266.5 db/km (heavy fog).

Figure 9: Max Q factor and range (m) at λ=1550nm and attenuation=190.9 db/km (heavy fog).

In Figure 8, it is obvious that at distance=300 m between transmitter and receiver and wavelength=850 nm using 1/1 the Max Q factor obtained=6.47, while using 2/2 the Max Q factor obtained=16.23, and while using 4/4 the Max Q factor obtained=24.5 (best result using 4/4).

At distance of 300 m between transmitter and receiver with λ=1550 nm using 1/1 the Max Q factor obtained=27.26, while using 2/2 the Max Q factor obtained=58.76, and while using 4/4 the Max Q factor obtained=84.8 (best result using 4/4) as shown in Figure 9. One can depict distances (from 0 to 150 m); the value of Q factor at wavelength=850 is better than at wavelength=1550nm, but at long distance the value of Q factor at wavelength=1550 is better than at wavelength=850nm. So at long distance it is preferred to use wavelength=1550 nm. When we increase the power of laser above 20 dbm at heavy fog we can improve the system performance as shown in Figures 10 and 11.

Figure 10: Power (mw) and max range (m) at wavelength=850nm and attenuation=266.5 db/km (heavy fog).

Figure 11: Power (mw) and max range (m) at λ=1550nm and α=190.9db/km (heavy fog).

Figure 10 shows that increasing laser power to 25 dbm at wavelength=850 nm using 1/1 the max distance obtained=318 m, while using 2/2 the max distance obtained=339 m, and while using 4/4 the max distance obtained=350m (best result using 4/4).

Increasing laser power to 25 dbm at wavelength=1550 nm using 1/1, the max distance obtained=370 m, while using 2/2 the max distance obtained=400 m, and while using 4/4 the max distance obtained=414m as shown in Figure 11.

5. Conclusion

The influence of environmental parameters such as rain, fog, haze, snow, and dust on free space optical links has been simulated and discussed. According to obtained results, the MIMO techniques have been used to enhance the system performance. In this case optimal design has been done by using four transmitters and four receivers (4Tx/4Rx) free space optical system with wavelength of 1550nm. The obtained results have been confirming the significantly dependence between the atmospheric attenuation, weather condition, and operational wavelengths. The system performance at wave length of 1550nm is much better than 850nm wave length. In this paper, results for the Min BER, Max Q factor, and max range have been numerically evaluated and presented with different wavelengths (1550nm-850nm). The system BER is lower than 10⁻⁹ and Q factor is at least 6. The max range allowed to achieve in case of heavy fog is 390m and 332m at wave lengths of 1550nm and 850nm, respectively.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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