International Journal of Photoenergy
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 583052, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/583052

Research Article

Photostability of Loratadine Inclusion Complexes with Natural Cyclodextrins

Patricia Elizabeth Rivas-Granizo, Leandro Giorgetti, and Humberto Gomes Ferraz

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago 250, Prédio Semi-Industrial, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, 05508-080 São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Received 20 October 2015; Accepted 10 December 2015

Academic Editor: Iqbal Ahmad

Copyright © 2015 Patricia Elizabeth Rivas-Granizo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the photostability of inclusion complexes of the histamine antagonist loratadine (LORA) with -, -, and -cyclodextrins (CDs). Accordingly, binary drug-CD complexes were prepared using the coevaporation method at 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3 stoichiometric ratios, which were characterized by thermal analysis. Subsequently, solutions of the complexes at 500 μg mL⁻¹ in HCl 0.1 M were subjected to irradiation in a photostability chamber for 12 hours, and the content of the remaining active ingredient was quantified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. It is possible to observe the presence of two products originating from photodegradation (P1 and P2), which were identified in solutions of loratadine with - and -CD. By means of statistical analysis, we conclude that the drug:-CD and drug:-CD (1 : 1) complexes proved to be more efficient in the photostability assay, obtaining a nonsignificant level of degradation and full recovery of LORA.

1. Introduction

Photodegradation, in the context of pharmaceutical sciences, is used to describe how a drug compound responds to light exposure, including not only the effect of degradation or breakdown of the molecule, but also processes as oxidation, for example. This phenomenon can lead to a loss of therapeutic power of the active substance or even to the appearance of toxic molecules. Since hundreds of drugs are susceptible to light degradation, it is necessary to find mechanisms during the development phase of the formulation in which irradiation does not interfere with the stability of the molecule [1].

Among the photoprotection strategies available for active substances, the formulation of drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes has proven to be a very promising alternative [2–4]. Cyclodextrins (CD) are oligosaccharides derived from starch, comprising units of -D-glucopyranose joined by , 1–4 bonds, with a structure similar to a truncated cone. Inside this structure, the cavity interacts with the drug, thus forming a protective barrier against external factors, such as light [5]. Due to their low toxicity, availability, and accessible costs, cyclodextrins are being used more and more frequently, especially in drug photoprotection studies. Several studies have shown a significant reduction in photodegradation in inclusion complexes of cyclodextrins containing methotrexate [3], quercetin [4], isradipine [6], ibuprofen [7], and some dihydropyridines [8, 9].

Loratadine (LORA) is a second-generation benzene cycloheptane antihistamine, used for the treatment of skin and eye allergies, as well as rhinitis [10–13]. It is presented as a white powder, poorly soluble in water, but soluble in HCl 0.1 M. Its formula is C₂₂H₂₃CIN₂O₂ and its molecular weight is 382.8 g mol⁻¹. It is usually sold in the form of tablets and syrups. The chemical structure of LORA (Figure 1) presents organic groups which when exposed to ultraviolet light tends to cause and transitions, which result in a breakdown of chemical bonds, creating photodegradation products [1].

Figure 1: Chemical structure of loratadine. The chemical groups susceptible to light degradation are indicated.

The formation of inclusion complexes of LORA with CDs and an assessment of their structure and effect on the increase in solubility of the drug have already been the focus of studies. Among the studies researched, LORA presented satisfactory complexation with natural -, -, and -cyclodextrins [14, 15], hydroxypropyl--CD [14–17], and dimethyl--CD [18, 19]. These inclusion complexes were obtained by means of coevaporation techniques, freeze-drying, and others.

However, it is interesting to note that no scientific studies were found in literature in which the photostability of LORA was evaluated in the presence of CDs. Accordingly, there is no knowledge of the possibility of using these as agents for protecting the drug from light.

Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of complexation of LORA with natural CDs, more specifically -cyclodextrin (-CD), -cyclodextrin (-CD), and -cyclodextrin (-CD) on the photostability of the drug.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Reagents

Loratadine (Chemo Lugano Branch, Switzerland), HPLC grade acetonitrile, potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄) and ethanol (Merck, Germany), and deionized water were used.

2.2. Preparation of the LORA Sample Solution

The LORA sample solution (500 μg mL⁻¹) was prepared by transferring 25 mL from a 1 mg mL⁻¹ stock solution to a 50 mL volumetric flask, topped up with HCl 0.1 M. The solution was homogenized and an aliquot was filtered through a 0.45 μm Millex membrane, with a prior discard of 2 mL, in order to saturate the filter.

2.3. Obtaining Cyclodextrin Complexes

The cyclodextrins evaluated in this study were , , and , all provided by Wacker Chemie, Germany. The complexation procedure comprised preparation of LORA solutions in ethanol (10 mL) and of each of the CDs in water, which were mixed at a ratio of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3 and maintained under magnetic shaking at 500 rpm for 48 hours. The complexes were obtained by means of rotaevaporation in a TE 210 apparatus (Tecnal, Brazil) and subsequent drying in a forced-air oven (Fabber-Primar, Brazil).

2.4. Thermal Analysis

For physicochemical characterization of the complexes obtained, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used. DSC analyses were conducted using a DSC 2920 (TA Instruments, New Castel, USA) apparatus and a hermetically sealed crucible containing about 2 mg of sample, which was submitted to heating at a range of 25°C to 300°C, under a dynamic N₂ atmosphere, with a flow of 50 mL·min⁻¹ and a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹.

The TG curves were obtained using a TGA 2950 (TA Instruments, New Castel, USA) apparatus and a platinum crucible with approximately 10 mg of sample submitted to a heating range of 25°C to 500°C, under a dynamic N₂ atmosphere, with a flow of 100 mL·min⁻¹ and a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹. For improved comprehension of the weight loss phenomenon, the derivative (DTG) of each curve obtained was calculated.

2.5. Photostability of the Complexes

In order to evaluate photostability, drug complex-CD solutions were prepared at 500 μg mL⁻¹, previously filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane. The solutions were placed in quartz cuvettes, with a 1 cm optic pathway. Furthermore, control samples were prepared, which were fully wrapped in tin foil. All the containers were exposed to light in a FARMA 424 photostability chamber (Nova Ética, Brazil), under a controlled temperature of 25°C ±  0.5 for 12 hours. The light sources in the chamber correspond to option 2 of the Q1B guide issued by the International Conference on Harmonisation [20] and they were adequately calibrated and qualified. After irradiation, the remaining LORA content was evaluated using a chromatographic method.

2.6. Chromatographic Conditions

The remaining drug content was quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, previously developed and validated for linearity and precision. The assays were conducted with a LaChrom Elite chromatograph (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), consisting of a L-2130 pump, L-2200 automatic sampler, L-2300 oven, and a diode-array detector (DAD) L-2455.

The chromatograph method was developed for loratadine in the presence of cyclodextrins, from a Lichrospher 100 RP-18, 4.6 × 250 mm column, and 5 μm particle (Merck, Germany), maintained at 25°C in a mobile phase, comprising acetonitrile and ammonium acetate 0.01 M under a flow of 1.5 mL·min⁻¹. Elution followed 30 : 70 (0–5 min), 40 : 60 (5–10 min), 50 : 50 (10–25 min), and 30 : 70 (25–30 min) gradients. The injection volume used was 10 μL, and the wavelength was adjusted to 235 nm. The chromatograms (and their respective data) were generated using the EZChrom Elite 3.1.7 software program (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA).

2.7. Statistical Evaluation of the Results

In order to statistically evaluate the efficiency of LORA complexation with cyclodextrins and its impact on the photosensitivity of the drug, the type of CD used (, , or ) and the ratio (1 : 1, 1 : 2, or 1 : 3) were defined as independent variables within an experimental design of the factorial 3² type, which considered loss of mass of the binary complex of the drug after the photosensitivity assay. The results in the form of variance analysis and surface response were obtained using the Statistica 12.7 software program.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Evaluation of the Formation of Drug-CD Complexes

Figure 2 presents the DSC curves of the LORA:-CD, LORA:-CD, and LORA:-CD complexes in the three ratios tested. The isolated drug presented a characteristic endothermic event, corresponding to a melting peak at 136.01°C. When compared to the complexes with -CD in the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 ratios, significant shifts were observed in the melting peak, from 127.23°C to 132.45°C, respectively. This fact is evidence of the inclusion of the drug within the CD cavity. However, at the ratio of 1 : 3 there is no considerable shift in the drug peak, which appears at 135.0°C. Several other characteristic events of -CD were observed between 70.67°C and 188.15°C.

Figure 2: DSC curves of LORA, CDs, and LORA:-CD, LORA:-CD, and LORA:-CD complexes (ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3), obtained under a dynamic N₂ (50 mL·min⁻¹) atmosphere and a heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹.

Similarly, -CD complexes were observed to present modifications in the melting events. However, the presence of characteristic drug peaks shifted to 126.63°C (1 : 1), 128.18°C (1 : 2), and 126.84°C (1 : 3) and -CD peaks, shifted to 162.79°C (1 : 1), 149.59°C (1 : 2), and 160.62°C, (1 : 3) were observed. The peak shift, even at a smaller temperature scale, is evidence of possible drug complexation.

However, for the drug:-CD complexes, it is possible to observe complexation through a shift in the drug peak to 125.89°C (1 : 1), 134.87°C (1 : 2), and 125.31°C (1 : 3) shown as melting of the CD and drug events, resulting in wide peaks and complex formation characteristics.

The thermogravimetric curves of the LORA complexes with -CD, -CD, and -CD (ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3) presented mass-loss events that were visually perfected with the calculation of the derivative (DTG), as presented in Figure 3. It is possible to note the presence of two events in all the curves, corresponding to loss of water molecules (I) and degradation of the compounds under analysis. The results contained in Table 1 show that the mass loss of event II is reduced in the complexes, compared to that observed for the isolated drug and cyclodextrins.

Table 1: Loss of mass obtained by DTG (TG derivative) of LORA, of the -CD, -CD, and -CD complexes (ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3).

Sample
Loss of mass I % (°C)
Loss of mass II % (°C)

LORA
—
99.94 (322.68)

-CD
9.04 (84.49)
77.37 (325.83)

Ratio 1 : 1
6.61 (84.43)
64.14 (336.84)

Ratio 1 : 2
7.06 (84.00)
64.23 (337.63)

Ratio 1 : 3
7.34 (84.86)
68.27 (336.30)

-CD
13.83 (89.04)
73.02 (335.68)

Ratio 1 : 1
9.84 (77.64)
66.35 (353.52)

Ratio 1 : 2
10.11 (73.90)
72.24 (349.45)

Ratio 1 : 3
11.07 (79.53)
70.99 (342.38)

-CD
8.85 (76.54)
77.22 (346.61)

Ratio 1 : 1
12.13 (51.57)
64.71 (346.18)

Ratio 1 : 2
10.60 (65.22)
71.33 (357.42)

Ratio 1 : 3
12.65 (66.86)
73.15 (342.11)

Figure 3: DTG curves for LORA, CDs, and LORA:-CD, LORA:-CD, and LORA:-CD complexes (ratios 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3). Loss of masses (I) and (II), obtained under a dynamic N₂ atmosphere (100 mL·min⁻¹) and heating rate of 10°C min⁻¹.

Finally, the statistical analysis of these results, demonstrated by means of a surface-response graph (Figure 4), indicates that the drug : CD ratio has a greater impact on complexation than the type of cyclodextrin used. In fact, 1 : 1 samples present less mass loss compared to the 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 ratios, thus suggesting that complexation is better from a mixture of an equivalent amount of loratadine and cyclodextrin.

Figure 4: The resulting surface-response graph of the statistical analysis of the impact of the drug-CD ratio and the type of CD on the mass loss in the thermogravimetric assay.

3.2. Photostability of the Complexes

The chromatographic method used to quantify the drug after the photostability study of the complexes was also validated in the presence of CDs, which led to a change in the retention time of the LORA peak. Even so, the method developed was considered adequate, in accordance with the parameters established in the ICH Q2(R1) guide [21].

The chromatographic analysis of loratadine 500 μg mL⁻¹ (Figure 5) shows that after 12 hours of irradiation several photodegradation products form, which are eluded at between 8 and 15 minutes. On the other hand, when the drug is complexed with CDs, these products are not eluded, which suggests that the drug inside the cyclodextrin is protected against luminous irradiation. It is worth emphasizing, however, the detection of two peaks, called P1 and P2, which may be related to photodegradation structures, since they are not eluded in control samples, which were protected from light. Since the P1 and P2 standards were not available, the degradation of LORA was evaluated by the percentage of remaining drug, compared to the initial concentration (ICH, 2006). Furthermore, the areas of the P1 and P2 were calculated and compared to the drug peak, according to Table 2.

Table 2: Percentage of LORA recovered from binary complexes with α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD, obtained by coevaporation, after 12 hours of irradiation in solution. The values correspond to the average of five determinations ± relative standard deviation (±DPR).

Complex
-CD
-CD
-CD

LORA
P1
P2
LORA
P1
P2
LORA
P1
P2

1 : 1
96.36 ± 0.06
0.57 ± 2.95
0.46 ± 3.22
93.63 ± 0.15
1.16 ± 1.36
1.36 ± 0.44
99.15 ± 0.04
0.27 ± 2.83
0.48 ± 1.84

1 : 2
94.64 ± 1.01
0.84 ± 2.12
0.77 ± 3.67
92.29 ± 1.19
1.49 ± 4.41
2.10 ± 0.54
96.11 ± 0.16
0.71 ± 1.15
0.65 ± 1.73

1 : 3
93.86 ± 0.10
0.99 ± 2.66
0.92 ± 1.55
89.80 ± 0.75
1.18 ± 3.12
1.66 ± 1.14
94.29 ± 0.41
0.81 ± 4.47
0.71 ± 3.05

Figure 5: LORA chromatograms and complexes with -CD, -CD, and -CD, after irradiation. The photodegradation products (P1 and P2) for the binary complexes are highlighted.

According to the results presented, the LORA--CD complex after exposure to light was the one that presented the greatest percentage of recovery of the drug. Similarly, the percentages of P1 and P2 proved to be slightly larger compared with the assays executed with other complexes. Compared to other cyclodextrins, this indicates that -CD is not the most adequate for ensuring the photoprotection of LORA in solution, even though it may have presented satisfactory complexation efficiency with the drug.

The binary LORA--CD complexes presented quantities of P1 and P2 of less than 1% and drug recovery reached the maximum value in the 1 : 1 mixture (96.36%). The drop in the amount of remaining drug in the 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 mixtures, which is observed in all complexes tested, could be explained by the fact that the excess of cyclodextrins led to an increase of photodegradation of the drug, acting as catalysts in the reaction with regard to luminous radiation [22].

It is also worth emphasizing that the amount of LORA recovered in assays with complexes employing -CD at the ratio of 1 : 1 was 99.15%. Furthermore, it is almost not possible to detect P1 and P2, contrary to what occurs in the analysis of other complexes. This shows that, besides the satisfactory complexation efficiency, already demonstrated in the thermal analysis assays, the -CD acts as an excellent photoprotector agent of the drug in solution, compared to other cyclodextrins tested.

These results were confirmed by statistical analysis, which shows that both the type of CD used and the ratio employed have an impact on the photoprotection of LORA. The surface-response graph (Figure 6) indicates that - and -CD are in fact better photoprotector agents, especially when complexed with the drug at a ratio of 1 : 1.

Figure 6: The resulting surface-response graph of the statistical analysis of the impact of the drug-CD ratio and the type of CD on recovery of LORA after photostability assay.

Even with small differences found between the complexes, it can be observed that the recovery of loratadine is at least 90%, regardless of the CD and the stoichiometric ratio used. This fact, together with the nondetection of degradation products, shows that the attainment of LORA-CD binary complexes is an interesting strategy for the photoprotection of the drug in solution.

4. Conclusions

The use of cyclodextrins has proven to be a very promising resource for the improvement of photostability of LORA. After exposure to light for 12 hours, recovery of the active pharmaceutical ingredient is at least 97% in the drug:-CD and drug:-CD complexes at a ratio of 1 : 1, which indicates the photoprotector effect of this excipient.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the grant it provided and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for its financial support.

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