International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 782843, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/782843

Research Article

Polymerization of Oriental Lacquer (Urushi) with Epoxidized Linseed Oil as a New Reactive Diluent

Takahisa Ishimura¹ and Takashi Yoshida1,2

¹Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
²Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan

Received 24 February 2015; Accepted 31 May 2015

Academic Editor: Wen Shyang Chow

Copyright © 2015 Takahisa Ishimura and Takashi Yoshida. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A hybrid lacquer (HBL) paint prepared by combining a natural kurome lacquer (KL) paint and an amino silane reagent, for example, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (AATES), produced a polymerized film faster than the KL paint alone. However, the viscosity of the HBL paint was too viscous for easy handling. Addition of 10 wt% of an epoxidized linseed oil, ELO-6, with 6.4 mol% epoxidation as a reactive diluent to the HBL paint decreased the viscosity by 1/2 from 25476 mPas to 12841 mPas and improved the ease of coatability. The polymerization mechanism was elucidated by NMR measurements of extracts from the resulting polymerization films, suggesting that amino groups in the HBL paint reacted with epoxy groups of ELO-6 in the lacquer matrix, and then the complex reacted with double bonds of the urushiol side-chain by autooxidation and cross-linking reactions to give a hard polymerized film with a high quality of color and gloss. These results indicate that the addition of ELO-6 improved the polymerizability of both KL and HBL paints without decreasing the quality of the resulting films.

1. Introduction

Oriental lacquer (urushi) sap collected from lacquer trees has traditionally been the only natural product that is polymerized by an enzyme, laccase, without any volatile compounds to give a cross-linked polymerized film. Therefore, the lacquer has been used as a natural coating material for containers, tableware, and furniture with high durability and a beautiful glossy surface for more than several thousand years in Japan and other Asian countries [1–3]. Natural lacquer is also expected to be an environment-friendly paint for the next generation.

Lacquer trees are of Asian origin and are known to comprise mainly three species, Rhus verniciflua in East Asia (Japan, China, and Korea), Rhus succedanea in South Asia (Vietnam and Taiwan), and Melanorrhoea usitata in South East Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar) [1, 2]. The lacquer tree sap is a W/O type emulsion and consists of lipids (urushiol, laccol, and thiol) as the main components, acetone-insoluble components (polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and enzymes) as emulsifiers and dispersing agents, and water [4].

In the polymerization of lacquer, urushiol, which is a mixture of 3-alkenylcatechols, is radically polymerized by laccase in the first stage, and then the polymer is autooxidized by air in the second stage to give cross-linked polymers [5–7]. However, the polymerization is affected by temperature and humidity, and the polymerization conditions are limited; that is, 30°C temperature and 70% humidity are necessary over a polymerization time of more than one month. The moisture is necessary for the reoxidation of laccase in the polymerization films with oxygen in the air. Furthermore, the autooxidation in the second-stage polymerization is inhibited by the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the catechol ring. These phenolic hydroxyl groups, which act as an antioxidant, are decreased by the enzymatic oxidation in the first-stage polymerization, and this polymerization obstructs contact with unsaturated side-chains [8]. Therefore, a long time is necessary to complete polymerization.

Recently, we developed a hybrid lacquer (HBL) paint to improve the polymerizability of kurome lacquer (KL) paint [9]. When an amine-functionalized organic silane compound (amino silane regent), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (AATMS), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (AATES), or N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane (AAMDMS), was added to the KL paint, the polymerization time was shortened to 6 h in humidity below 55% and temperature at 20°C [10, 11]. Therefore, the HBL paint is expected to increase the production of lacquer wear. However, the HBL paint had higher viscosity than the original KL paint due to the increase of polymerized and polycondensed compounds in the first-stage polymerization [12]. Viscosity of lacquer paint, in general, decreases the handling properties compared to that of other coating methods of spraying, dipping, and painting by brush.

Plant oil, linseed oil, has been often used as a diluent to decrease the viscosity of lacquer paint and to increase the gloss of the resulting polymerized lacquer film [13, 14]. After polymerization, however, linseed oil sometimes oozes out of the polymerized film. Thus, improvements in polymerizability are required for the general use of lacquer paints and materials in the future. In this paper, we report a new reactive diluent prepared by the epoxidation of linseed oil [15–21]. We found that the epoxidized linseed oil ELO-6 with 6.4 mol% epoxidation worked effectively in polymerization of both HBL and natural KL paints without any volatile components. The drying properties and hardness after polymerization of the HBL and KL paints with epoxidized linseed oils as reactive diluents are reported. The polymerization mechanism of HBL and KL paints with the epoxidized linseed oil was evaluated by NMR measurements of acetone extracts from the corresponding polymerization films.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Kurome lacquer (KL) paint was purchased from Dohichu Shoten (Osaka, Japan). The KL paint used here was composed of urushiol (89.6%), water (4.1%), and acetone-insoluble compounds (6.3%) such as polysaccharides, glycoprotein, and laccase. N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (AATES) was obtained from Shin-Etsu Silicone Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The linseed oil (LO) used was reagent grade.

2.2. Measurements

The drying of lacquer paints was evaluated by using drying time recorder (Taiyu Equipment, Osaka, Japan) according to the JIS-K-5400 standards. The hardness of polymerized films was determined using mechanical pencil hardness tester (Yoshimitsu Seiki, Tokyo, Japan) according to the JIS-K-5600 standards. Viscosity was measured by Brookfield cone-plate type viscometer DV-II+. The 500 MHz ¹H NMR spectrum in CDCl₃ as a solvent at 25°C was obtained by using JEOL JNM-ECA500 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane as a reference (0.00 ppm). Color scales of polymerization films were determined by the color standard ( system) using BYK-Gardner Gmbh colorimeter (Germany). Spectroguide 45/0 was used. The symbols, , , and , mean brightness and the ratios of red (+) to green (−) and yellow (+) to blue (−), respectively. The gloss of the polymerized films was measured by a gloss meter PG-1M (Nippon Denshoku, Japan). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the polymerized films was performed using Shimadzu DTG-60 thermoanalyser at the heating rate of 10°C/min under atmosphere. The glass transition temperature () of polymerization films was recorded using a rigid-body pendulum-testing machine RPT-3000W (A&D Co., Ltd., Japan).

2.3. Synthesis of Epoxidized Linseed Oil [21]

A typical procedure for the epoxidation of linseed oil, ELO-6, with 6.4 mol% epoxidation is as follows. To a solution of linseed oil (44.0 g, 50.0 mmol) in CHCl₃ (150 mL) were added 0.6 g of phosphotungstic acid (0.02 mmol) and 0.215 g of cetylpyridinium chloride (0.06 mmol). After 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (5.67 g, 50.0 mmol) was added, the mixture was refluxed for 6 hours with vigorous stirring. After cooling to room temperature, the separated CHCl₃ layer was washed by distilled water twice and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration and evaporation to remove sodium sulfate and CHCl₃, respectively, epoxidized linseed oil (ELO-6) (42.0 g) with 6.4 mol% epoxidation was obtained in 95% yield. The epoxidized linseed oil was used without further purification.

2.4. Polymerization of Hybrid Lacquer Paint with ELO-6

To the KL paint (10.0 g) was added 1.0 g of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO-6) as a reactive diluent. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature and then 0.5 g of hydrolyzed AATES that had been prepared by addition of water was added. The mixture was further stirred for 30 min and then coated at 76 μm thickness on a glass plate by using a film applicator. The lacquer-coated glass plate was maintained at 25°C under 60% humidity for the enzymatic and autooxidative polymerization.

2.5. Extraction of Polymerization Films by Acetone

To investigate the polymerizability of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO-6), the polymerization films of the KL paint with ELO-6 and AATES after polymerization for 2 h, 24 h, and 168 h (7 days), respectively, were extracted by acetone. The extracts were identified by the ¹H NMR measurements. The results are shown in Figure 3.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of Epoxidized Linseed Oils

In general, a small amount of oil of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is used as a diluent of KL paint to decrease the viscosity and improve the gloss of the surface of the polymerized film. However, linseed oil often oozes out of the polymerization film. Therefore, epoxidized linseed oils as a new reactive diluent were synthesized by the epoxidation of linseed oil with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and heteropoly acid-CPC system as a catalyst. Table 1 shows the viscosity of the KL paint with ELOs in the weight proportion of 10 : 1. The viscosity of the KL paint was 4598 mPas (number 6). Linseed oil decreased its viscosity to 2983 mPas (number 5), but a phase separation occurred at that proportion. When ELO-6 with 6.4 mol% epoxidation was used, the viscosity of the KL paint was found to decrease to 2382 mPas (number 1), and no phase separation occurred at that proportion. The viscosity of the KL paint increased gradually as the degree of epoxidation of the added linseed oil increased. ELO-43 (number 1) with 43 mol% epoxidation gave almost the same viscosity (4246 mPas) as that of the KL paint (4598 mPas), as shown in number 6, and phase separation occurred. With proportions of ELOs higher than 10 wt% being added to the KL paint, a phase separation of the KL paint occurred except with ELO-6. Therefore, ELO-6 was used as a reactive diluent for both KL and HBL paints in this work.

Table 1: Viscosity of kurome lacquer paint with epoxidized linseed oil.

Epoxidized linseed oil
Viscosity of mixtureb
mPa·s

Number

Degree of epoxidationa
%
Viscosity  
mPa·s

1
ELO-6
6.4
51.4
2382

2
ELO-25
24.8
109.9
3866

3
ELO-43
42.6
183.1
4246

4
ELO-100
100
601.7
6904

5
LO
—
51.0
2983c

6
None

—
4598

The degree of epoxidation was calculated from ¹H NMR spectra.

bEpoxidized linseed oils (ELO) were mixed in the kurome lacquer (KL) paint in the weight proportion of 1 : 10 and then viscosity was measured by the DV-II+ viscometer at room temperature.

cPhase separation occurred.

3.2. Polymerization of KL and HBL Paints with ELO-6

Table 2 shows the results of polymerization of the KL and HBL paints with and without ELO-6. The polymerization times of the paints and the color and gloss of the resulting polymerized films were quantitatively compared to those of the polymerized film of the KL paint. The glass transition temperature and thermostability were also compared. The HBL paint that was obtained from the KL paint and hydrolyzed AATES in the weight proportion of 10 : 0.5 had high viscosity of 25476 mPas, so that the HBL paint could not be used directly as paint. When 10 wt% of ELO-6 was added to both KL and HBL paints in the proportion of 1 : 10 (numbers 2 and 4), the viscosities decreased by half of the original to 2382 and 12841 mPas, respectively, suggesting that ELO-6 worked effectively as a diluent.

Table 2: Polymerization of lacquer paints with epoxidized linseed oil ELO-6.

Painta
Polymerization timeb
Polymerization film after 7 daysc

Number
ELO-6
Viscosity
TF
HD
Pencil
Color scale
Gloss

Weight loss at 20%
Residue at 600°C

mPa·s
h
hardness

60°
°C
°C
%

1
KL
—
4598
4.4
8.6
HB
3.41
13.00
4.41
88.5
90.1
406
0.8

2
KL
◯
2382
2.3
3.8
F
1.39
5.42
1.78
84.3
95.5
377
17.7

3
HBL
—
25476
1.2
2.0
F
0.95
0.61
0.56
76.2
101.8
419
29.6

4
HBL
◯
12841
1.1
2.0
F
0.59
0.38
9.47
86.9
131.8
380
28.7

The KL (kurome lacquer) and HBL (hybrid lacquer) paints with ELO-6 (6.4 mol% epoxidation) were prepared in the weight proportions as follows.

KL: EOL-6 = 10 : 1 for number 2, KL: hydrolyzed AATES = 10 : 1 for number 3, and KL : hydrolyzed AATES : ELO-6 = 10 : 1 : 0.25 for number 4, respectively.

Viscosity was measured by the DV-II+ viscometer at room temperature.

bPolymerization time was measured by touch-free (TF) polymerization state and hard (HD) polymerization state under 20–25°C at 55–60% humidity.

cPencil hardness was recorded by the JIS-K 5400 drying recorder. Color scale was measured by the BYK-Gardner according to the spectro-guide 45/0.

means brightness, means +red/−green, and means +yellow/−blue, respectively. The gloss (60°) of polymerized film was obtained by the PG-1M glossmeter.

The glass transition temperature () measurement was carried out with the RPT-3000W rigid-body pendulum-testing (RPT) machine.

Temperature of weight loss at 20 wt% and residue at 600°C were recorded by the DTG-60 thermoanalyser at the heating rate of 10°C under N₂ atmosphere.

The paint was coated on a glass plate at 76 μm thick by using a film applicator and then the polymerization time and pencil hardness were measured after polymerization. The original KL paint (number 1) was polymerized to touch-free (TH) and hard (HD) polymerization states in 4.4 and 8.6 h, respectively, as measured by the drying time recorder. Addition of ELO-6 to the KL paint accelerated the polymerization time to half in both touch-free (TH) and hard (HD) polymerization states (number 2). For the HBL paint (number 4), the polymerization time was the same whether or not ELO-6 was added, because the polymerization rate of the HBL paint was originally fast, but the viscosity of the HBL paint without ELO-6 was too high (number 3). These results indicate that ELO-6 increased the polymerizability of both KL and HBL paints and decreased the viscosity. After 7 days, the pencil hardness of the polymerized films (numbers 2–4) reached F.

The color scale, gloss, and thermal properties of the polymerized films were also measured and are shown in Table 2. The color scale was evaluated quantitatively by the brightness (), red-green (), and yellow-blue () proportions, respectively, using the BYK-Gardner apparatus. Larger numbers mean stronger proportions of brightness, red, and yellow, respectively. Figure 1 shows photos of polymerized films of the KL and HBL paints, in which Figure 1(a) is the polymerized film of the KL paint, Figure 1(b) is the KL paint with ELO-6 in the proportion by weight of 10 : 1, Figure 1(c) is the HBL paint, and Figure 1(d) is the HBL paint with ELO-6 in the proportion by weight of 10 : 1. For the KL paint (number 1 in Table 1), the values of color scale were relatively large, and the polymerized film seems to be light brown with a little red, as shown in Figure 1(a). For the HBL paint (number 3), the values were smaller, and the polymerization film showed a black color (Figure 1(c)). Addition of ELO-6 made the color slightly deeper as shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(d), respectively. The surface of the polymerized films (numbers 2–4) remained glossy because they had almost the same gloss values as the film of the KL paint (number 1).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1: Polymerized films of the KL and HBL paints. (a) KL paint, (b) KL paint with ELO-6 at 10 : 1 by weight, (c) HBL paint, and (d) HBL paint with ELO-6 at 10 : 1 by weight.

The glass transition temperature () of the films was measured by the rigid-body pendulum-testing apparatus, and the temperature of the loss of 20% weight and residual weights at 600°C were analyzed by the DTG thermal analyzer. The film of the HBL paint with ELO-6 (number 4) had the highest of 131.8°C and 20% of the weight was lost at 377° (number 2) and 380°C (number 4). We found that the HBL films with and without ELO-6 showed the highest thermal stability and the residues at 600°C still remained at 29.6% and 28.7% of the feed, respectively. One of the reasons why the thermal stability increased was assumed to be that the complex cross-linking which occurred radically between urushiol, the amino silane coupling reagent, epoxy group, and unsaturated double bonds of side-chains in ELO-6 by the autooxidation by air in the second stage of lacquer polymerization. The polymerization films gave no acetone extracts as described below.

3.3. Estimated Polymerization Mechanism

To elucidate the polymerization mechanism of the KL and HBL paints with ELO-6, acetone extraction of the resulting films was performed 2 h and 24 h after coating on the glass plate. Figure 2 shows the weights of polymerization films after acetone extraction. The films of the KL paint with and without ELO-6 had weight loss of 6%. No weight loss of the film of the HBL paint with ELO-6 was observed. The structure of the acetone extracts from the polymerized film of the KL paint with ELO-6 was analyzed by the NMR measurement as shown in Figure 3. After 2 h polymerization, urushiol was the main extract and small signals due to ELO-6 appeared (Figure 3(a)); however, after 24 h, urushiol was completely polymerized and only ELO-6 was detected from the film of the KL paint with ELO-6 (Figure 3(b)). Polymerization of urushiol proceeds by two reaction stages; the first stage is the reaction by laccase to obtain urushiol oligomers and then, in the second stage, autooxidation by air occurred to afford cross-linked polymers. Based on the polymerization time of the KL paint with ELO-6, the double bonds of ELO-6-amino silane reagent-urushiol complex 2, as shown in Scheme 1, also reacted with urushiol double bonds in the second-stage polymerization to give cross-linked lacquer polymers composed of urushiol, amino silane reagent, and linseed oil. On the other hand, no extracts were obtained from the HBL paint with ELO-6 after 2 h and 24 h polymerization, indicating that ELO-6 reacted with the HBL paint to give a copolymerized film that consisted of HBL and ELO-6 units.

Scheme 1: Proposed polymerization mechanism of HBL paint with the epoxidized linseed oil ELO-6. The proportions of amino silane reagent and ELO-6 were 2.5 and 10 mol% of the KL paint, respectively.

Figure 2: Extraction of polymerized film by acetone. After 7 days of polymerization, the weight of the film of the HBL paint with ELO-6 in the weight proportion of 10 : 1 remained at more than 99 wt% after extraction with acetone, suggesting that the HBL paint with ELO-6 was completely copolymerized.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: 500 MHz ¹H NMR spectra of acetone extracts from polymerization films after (a) 2 h and (b) 24 h polymerization, respectively. The polymerization of the KL paint was carried out with ELO-6 in the weight proportion of 10 : 1. The spectra were obtained in CDCl₃ as solvent at 30°C.

Scheme 1 illustrates the proposed polymerization mechanism of the HBL paint with ELO-6. Based on the recent results on the polymerization of the HBL paint [11], the alcoholysis reaction of the amino silane reagent, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trialkylsilane, with a hydroxyl group of urushiol occurred rapidly to give hybrid product 1 and then the next urushiol continuously reacted with 1 to give hybrid oligomers. At the same time, enzymatic polymerization of urushiol by laccase and the subsequent autooxidation by air formed cross-linked polymerized film in shorter time than the polymerization of the original KL paint. On the other hand, the amino group of hybrid product 1 also reacted with the epoxy group of ELO-6 to produce product 2 by a covalent bond, which was polymerized in the lacquer emulsion containing urushiol oligomers 2 by the autooxidation by air to give the cross-linked polymerized films. Therefore, no acetone extracts were obtained from the HBL film with ELO-6, as shown in Figure 2.

4. Conclusion

The epoxidized linseed oil ELO-6 with 6.4 mol% epoxidation was found to work effectively as a reactive diluent in the HBL paint matrix. The viscosity and polymerization time of the HBL paint with ELO-6 decreased to half compared to those of the original HBL paint and polymerized films with pencil hardness of F were obtained. The surface was almost as glossy as that of the film polymerized by the original KL paint. The polymerization mechanism was shown by the NMR measurements of the acetone extracts of the polymerized films of the KL and HBL paints with ELO-6 after 2 h and 24 h, suggesting that the HBL paint reacted quickly with ELO-6 to give a polymerized film with hard and glossy surface. On the other hand, the reaction of the KL paint with ELO-6 was slow. These results indicate that the amino group of the HBL paint reacted rapidly with the epoxy group of ELO-6 and then the autooxidation by air occurred to produce the cross-linked polymerized film. Major difference of current and other papers is that our method gave both short polymerization time of urushiol and glossy polymerized surface of oriental lacquer by addition of alkoxy aminosilane compounds and reactive epoxidized linseed oil. Further studies to elucidate the polymerization mechanism and development of a new lacquer material are now under investigation.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding to the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors are sincerely grateful to Professor T. Miyakoshi and Dr. R. Lu of Meiji University for many discussions and help in this work. This work was partly supported by the Academic Frontier Project for Private Universities, a matching fund subsidy from MEXT (2007–2011), the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan, Research Project Grant B by Institute of Science and Technology, Meiji University, and Research Project Grant for Youth, Meiji University.

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