ISRN Mathematical Physics

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 530473, 12 pages

doi:10.5402/2012/530473

Research Article

Resolution of the Identity of the Classical Hardy Space by Means of Barut-Girardello Coherent States

Zouhaïr Mouayn

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Technics (M'Ghila), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco

Received 11 April 2012; Accepted 31 May 2012

Academic Editors: V. Moretti and W.-H. Steeb

Copyright © 2012 Zouhaïr Mouayn. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We construct a one-parameter family of coherent states of Barut-Girdrardello type performing a resolution of the identity of the classical Hardy space of complex-valued square integrable functions on the real line, whose Fourier transform is supported by the positive real semiaxis.

1. Introduction

The study of Hardy spaces, which originated during the 1910s in the setting of Fourier series and complex analysis in one variable, has over time transformed into a rich and multifaceted theory, providing basic insights into such topics as maximal functions, Hankel operators, Hilbert transforms, and wavelets analysis [1]. In physics, Hardy spaces are central in the rigged Hilbert space or Gel’fand triplet theory and play a crucial role in time-asymmetric quantum mechanics [2]. These spaces are usually involved in causality problems. Indeed, a Hardy function is important in signal processing because it may be used as signal filter [3].

In this paper, our aim is to construct an integral transform that connects the classical Hardy space of complex-valued square integrable functions on the real line, whose Fourier transform is supported by the positive real semi-axis, with a one-parameter family of weighted Bergman spaces consisting of analytic functions on the complex plane, which are square integrable with respect to the measure where , denotes the MacDonald function and is the Lebesgue measure on . These spaces have been considered by Barut and Girardello while introducing a class of coherent states associated with noncompact groups [4]. The constructed integral transform enables us to obtain a resolution of the identity of the Hardy space by means of a set of coherent states of Barut-Girardello type.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review briefly the formalism of coherent states we will be using. Section 3 deals with some basic facts on the classical Hardy space . In Section 4, we recall the definition of the weighted Bergman spaces as well as some of their needed properties. In Section 5, we construct a coherent state transform mapping the Hilbert space of square integrable functions on the positive real half-line into the space and we compose it with a Fourier transform to get a new transform connecting the space with the Hardy space . In Section 6, we deduce a set of coherent states of Barut-Girardello type by means of which a resolution of the identity of the Hardy space is achieved. Section 7 is devoted to a summary.

2. Coherent States

The first model of coherent states was the “nonspreading wavepacket” of the harmonic oscillator, which has been constructed by Schrödinger [5]. In suitable units, wave functions of these states are of the form

for every , where determines the mean values of coordinate and momentum according to and . The variances and have equal values, so their product assumes the minimal value permitted by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The coherent state in (2.1) have been also obtained by Glauber [6] from the vacuum state by means of the unitary displacement operator as

where , are annihilation and creation operators defined by

Following [7], it was Iwata [8] who used the well-known expansion over the Fock basis to give an expression of as

Actually, various generalizations of coherent states have been proposed. Here, we will focus on a generalization of (2.4), according to a construction starting from a measure space “as a set of data” as presented in [9] or [10, pages 72–76]. Precisely, let be a measure space, and let be a closed subspace of infinite dimension. Let be an orthogonal basis of satisfying, for arbitrary ,

where . Therefore, the function

defined on is a reproducing kernel of the Hilbert space so that we have , . Let be another (functional) Hilbert space with and an orthonormal basis of , which will play the role of a Fock basis. The coherent states labelled by points are defined as the ket-vectors

Now, by definition (2.7), it is straightforward to show that and that the coherent state transform

defined by

is an isometry. Thus, for , we have

Thereby, we have a resolution of the identity of that can be expressed in Dirac’s bra-ket notation as

where appears as a weight function.

For introductory papers on coherent states, we refer to [6] by Glauber for the radiation field and [11] by Arecchi et al. for atomic states. For an overview of this theory, we refer to early papers by Klauder (as [12]) and the survey of Dodonov [7] that contains a list of 451 references.

3. The Hardy Space

Recall that the classical Hardy space on the upper half of the complex plane consists of all functions analytic on such that

Any function has a unique boundary value on the real line . That is,

which is square integrable on . Thus, a function uniquely determines a function . Conversely, any function can be recovered from its boundary values on the real line by means of the Cauchy integral [13] as follows:

being the function representing the boundary values of . The linear space of all functions is denoted by . Since there is one-to-one correspondence between functions in and their boundary values in , we identify these two spaces. Moreover, using a Paley-Wiener theorem [14, page 175], one can characterize Hardy functions by the fact that their Fourier transform

is supported in . That is,

This last definition of the Hardy space has been used in the context of the affine group and wavelets analysis [15]. Finally, it is well known that the Fourier transform is a linear isometry from onto under which the Hardy space is mapped onto the Hilbert space . The latter admits a complete orthonormal system given by the functions

in terms of the associated Laguerre polynomial defined by

which leads to the expansion of functions in with respect to the (see [16]).

4. The Bergman Space

In [4, page 51] Barut and Girardello have considered a countable set of Hilbert spaces with , whose elements are analytic functions on . For each fixed , the inner product is defined by

with respect to the one-parameter measure

where and the MacDonald function [17, page 183]

is defined for . Precisely, consists of entire functions with finite norm . Note also that if is an entire function with power series , then the norm square in terms of the expansion coefficients is given by

An orthonormal basis function of is given by

for every and varying .

Lemma 4.1. Let . Then, the diagonal function of the reproducing kernel of the Hilbert space can be expressed in terms of the modified Bessel function as

for every .

Proof. By the general theory [18], the reproducing kernel of can be obtained form the orthonormal basis in (4.5) as

Replacing the by their expressions, then the sum in (4.7) reads

Here, we recall the confluent hypergeometric limit function [17, page 100]:

in which denotes the Pochhammer symbol defined by and

Making use of the relation [17, page 77]

being the Bessel function of order , and recalling the definition of the modified Bessel function of the first kind

we obtain, for , , and , the expression of the diagonal function of the reproducing kernel as in (4.6).

5. A Coherent State Transform

We are now in a position to apply the formalism in Section 2 in order to define a set of coherent states for the data of and where

(i),   and is the measure defined in (4.2),(ii) is the weighed Bergman space defined in Section 4,(iii) is the orthonormal basis in (4.5),(iv), (v) is the orthonormal basis in (3.6) with .

Definition 5.1. For each fixed , a set of coherent states labelled by points and belonging to the Hilbert space can be defined according to (2.7) through the ket-vectors

where the normalizing factor has the expression

which is the quantity given in Lemma 4.1.

Proposition 5.2. The coherent state transform (CST) associated with the coherent states in (5.1) is the isometry defined by

for every and .

Proof. According to (2.9), the coherent state transform of an arbitrary function is defined by

We make use of (5.1) to rewrite (5.4) as

Note that (5.5) can also be presented as

in terms of the kernel function

Replacing and by their expressions in (4.5) and (3.6), respectively, then (5.7) takes the form

Next, we make use of the formula [19, page 1002]

for . Therefore, (5.8) becomes

Finally, inserting the last expression of into (5.6), we arrive at the announced result.

Now, with the help of the CST we construct the following integral transform.

Theorem 5.3. Let be a fixed parameter. Then, the integral transform defined by composing the CST , with the Fourier transform as is an isometric map having the explicit form

for every and , where is the confluent hypergeometric function.

Proof. Let . Then, we have successively

Changing the order of integration, we rewrite (5.14) as

where we have introduced the integral

Next, we make appeal to the identity [19, page 706]

, for the parameters , , , and . Here,

is the confluent hypergeometric function [19, page 1023]. Therefore, the integral in (5.16) reads

Returning back to (5.16) and replacing by its expression (5.20), we arrive at the result (5.11).

6. A Resolution of the Identity of

Now, observe that if one starts with coherent states whose wave functions are expressed in a closed form, then one will be able to construct an isometric map between two functional Hilbert spaces and as discussed in Section 2. Here, we will take the opposite direction in the sense that we proceed to extract a set of coherent states of Barut-Girardello type belonging to the Hardy space from the expression of the isometric map in (5.11). We precisely establish the following result.

Theorem 6.1. Let be a fixed parameter. Then, the states labelled by points and defined by

with the wave functions

are coherent states of Barut-Girardello type in the classical Hardy space and satisfy the following resolution of the identity:

Proof. We first make use of the relation [16, page 349]

for the parameters , ,   , and , where denotes the Meixner polynomial. Therefore, the confluent hypergeometric function occurring in (6.2) can be expanded into the following series:

Next, we write the Meixner polynomial in terms of a terminating Gauss hypergeometric sum [16, page 346]:

Therefore, (6.5) takes the form

Taking into account (6.7), the wave function in (6.2) can be rewritten as

in terms of the functions

To check that , one can use the fact [3, Prop.1] that a function of moderate decrease is of class Hardy if and only if all its poles lie in the lower half-plane. The orthogonality of the functions can be deduced from the orthogonality relations of the Laguerre polynomials by applying the integral representation

,  , for the parameters , , and . In any way, if we use the Legendre duplication formula [19, page 896]

satisfied by the gamma function, then the constant in (6.9) reads

and, therefore, one can verify by [20, page 62] that the functions in (6.9) written in terms of the constant in the right-hand side of (6.12) constitute a complete orthonormal system of rational functions in the Hardy space . Finally, the resolution of the identity in (6.3) follows by a direct application of (2.11). This ends the proof.

7. Summary

We have constructed an integral transform that connects the Hardy space of complex-valued square integrable functions on the real line, whose Fourier transform is supported by the positive real semiaxis, with a one-parameter family of weighted Bergman spaces consisting of analytic functions on the complex plane, which are square integrable with respect to a measure involving the MacDonald function. These spaces are attached to the so-called Barut-Girardello coherent states. The constructed integral transform has enabled us to construct a set of coherent states that satisfy the resolution of the identity of the Hardy space.

Acknowledgment

The author is very grateful for Professor Josef Wichmann for sending him some remarks on the preprint version of this work.

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