ISRN Organic Chemistry

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 526867, 4 pages

doi:10.5402/2012/526867

Research Article

New Way of Direct Nitrogen Atom Phenylation in Quinoline Derivatives

Nadezhda E. Shchepina,¹ Viktor V. Avrorin,² Gennady A. Badun,³ Scott B. Lewis,⁴ and Sergey N. Shurov⁵

¹Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Natural Sciences Institute, Perm State University, Perm 614990, Russia

²Chemistry Department, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky Pr., Petrodvorets, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia

³Radiochemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia

⁴Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA

⁵Department of Organic Chemistry, Perm State University, Perm 614990, Russia

Received 20 April 2012; Accepted 15 May 2012

Academic Editors: A. Hajra and J. A. Palenzuela

Copyright © 2012 Nadezhda E. Shchepina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Comparison of ion-molecular reactions of free-phenyl cations generated by tritium β-decay with 2-methyl- and 2-phenylquinolines has been investigated. The reaction of direct nitrogen atom phenylation with the help of nucleogenic phenyl cations has been fulfilled for the first time and a new one-step synthesis of tritium-labeled N-phenyl-2-phenylquinolinium salt—lipophilic radioactive biological marker has been elaborated.

1. Introduction

Among wide variety of heterocyclic compounds, special status undoubtedly belongs to six-ring nitrogen containing heterocycles-pyridine derivatives [1–3]. Ability of nitrogen atom to form lipophilic quaternary onium compounds, the so-called pyridinium salts, together with alterations in its chemical behavior brings new unique possibilities of biological and medicinal applications of these derivatives [4–8]. It was found that in some cases quinolinium compounds reveal essential increase in biologically active properties [9, 10]. Additional introduction of electron-donor methyl group in quinolinium derivatives causes electronic and steric changes in heterocyclic molecule and therefore variation of biological properties [11, 12].

As a result of the manifold aspects of quinolinium compounds’ biological application, considerable importance arises in elaboration of new untraditional ways for synthesis of such derivatives together with preparation of radioactive markers containing quinolinium fragment for the detail investigations of chemical and biological processes. It is well-known that classical organic syntheses could not provide the realization of direct nitrogen atom phenylation in pyridine and quinoline derivatives [13, 14]. Previously, we have been shown that application of free nucleogenic phenyl cations generated by tritium -decay within tritium-labeled benzene allows unknown direct nitrogen atom phenylation with the formation of N-pyridinium and quinolinium salts [15–17].

In the given work we present comparative investigations of ion-molecular reactions of nucleogenic phenyl cations with aliphatic and aromatic-substituted quinolones.

2. Results and Discussions

Scheme of the investigated ion-molecular interactions might be presented in the following way (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1: Proposed ion-molecular interactions of nucleogenic phenyl cations with 2-methyl- and 2-phenylquinolines.

Nucleogenic phenyl cations were generated by tritium -decay in ditritium benzene. Double labeling gives simultaneously an opportunity to investigate the pathways of proceed reactions with the radioactive label and simple one-step synthesis of tritium-labeled compounds as biological markers. The formed phenylium ions are strong nucleophiles which attack n-electrons along with - and -bonds. Interactions of phenyl cations with the investigated R-quinolines are going through electrophilic addition reaction on unshared electron pair of nitrogen atom (quinolinium salts formation) and also through electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene and heterocyclic rings of quinoline (different phenyl substituted quinolines formation). Besides this, the additional ways of interactions might be substitution on methyl group with appearance of benzyl derivatives (in the case of 2-methylquinoline) and substitution on phenyl group in the case of 2-phenylquinoline.

The ion-molecular reactions of R-quinolines with the tritium-labeled benzene were carried out in sealed glass ampoules by standard methodic of nuclear-chemical synthesis [15]. The ampoules contained a large excess of a stabilizing salt (KBF₄). Ditritium-labeled benzene used for this study was synthesized from p-dibromobenzene by catalytic exchange with molecular tritium [18]. After an appropriate accumulation time for the determination of products by radioactivity (approximately one month) the reaction mixtures were subjected to TLC analysis. Radiochromatography of tritium-labeled compounds and comparison with the reference compounds (unlabeled N-phenylquinaldinium tetrafluoroborate prepared by classical method [19] was used as a reference compound in both cases) allowed determination of the yields of the products.

A typical radiochromatogram of the obtained tritiated products from the ion-molecular reactions of tritiated benzene with 2-methyl- and 2-phenylquinolines is presented on Figures 1, 2.

Figure 1: Radiochromatogram of products in the case of C₆H₄T₂—2-methylquinoline—KBF₄.

Figure 2: Radiochromatogram of products in the case of C₆H₄T₂—2-phenylquinoline—KBF₄.

Tritium -radioactivity has been measured by liquid scintillation counter. Relative yields of ion-molecular reactions products were determined as a ratio of the radioactivity of an individual compound towards the sum of all tritium labeled products. Since a wide spectrum of different hardly available labeled substitution-reaction products is formed in both ion-molecular reactions identification and comparison has been done only for the main product of direct nitrogen atom phenylation—N-phenylquinolinium salts. Radiochemical yields of quinolinium derivatives are presented in the Table 1.

Table 1: Radiochemical yields of N-phenylquinolinium derivatives.

Substrate
Yield, % (AdE)

Quinoline
[16]

2-Methylquinoline
[16]

2-Phenylquinoline

Methyl substituent into position 2 (2-methylquinoline) slightly decreases the yield of onium derivative (Table 1) due to the steric hindrances of nitrogen atom. Appearance of spatially large phenyl group into α-position (2-phenylquinoline) essentially shielding nitrogen atom in heterocyclic ring causes harp decrease in quaternary salt yield (11%, Table 1). At the same time electron-donor substituents presented in heterocyclic ring dramatically shift interactions of nucleogenic phenyl cations which are in singlet form towards electrophilic substitution reaction. This fact becomes certainly evident from the radiochromatograms of the tritiated products (existence of large amount of peaks on the right side of the chromatograms).

3. Conclusion

In spite of relatively small yield of onium derivative in the case of 2-phenylquinoline, it is worth to mention that reaction of direct nitrogen atom phenylation with the help of free-phenyl cations generated by tritium -decay has been fulfilled for the first time and a new one-step synthesis of tritium-labeled N-phenyl-2-phenylquinolinium salt—lipophilic radioactive biological marker has been elaborated.

4. Experimental Section

4.1. General Experimental for Nuclear-Chemical Synthesis

All ion-molecular reactions were carried out in sealed glass ampoules (~0.5 cm³) containing the source of nucleogenic phenyl cations (ditritium-labeled benzene), the investigated nucleophiles (2-methyl-, 2-phenylquinolines), and an inorganic salt to serve as a stabilizing anion (KBF₄). In the case of solid 2-phenylquinoline it was previously dissolved in ether or benzene and a solution added to the ampoule with the salt present. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to coat the salt and finally, ditritiated benzene was added. The molar ratio for ditritium-labeled benzene and substrate was 1 : 1000 (1 μL of hexane solution of tritium double-labeled benzene 1 Ci/cm³ and 7.4 μL of 2-methylquinoline or 11.3 mg of 2-phenylquinoline). The ampoules were sealed cold and kept at 0–5°C during accumulation time (about 1 month). After this period, the radioactivity of the obtained products is enough for the detection. The ampoules were opened, unreacted benzene was removed, solvent with unlabeled reference compound added (acetone), and the mixture subjected to TLC analysis on glass plates (reverse phase C18 silica, fluorescent indicator, CH₃CN). Radioactivity of the sorbent layer was measured using a scintillation spectrometer RackBeta 1215 (LKB Wallac, Finland).

4.2. Synthetic Preparation of p-Ditritium benzene

The reaction of catalytic substitution of halogen atoms by tritium in a molecule of p-dibromobenzene serves as a basis for synthesis of tritium double-labeled benzene: from 3.4 mg (0.014 mmol) of dibromobenzene, 5.0 μL (0.020 mmol) tributylamine diluted in 200.0 μL of hexane (addition of tributylamine is necessary for binding of the formed hydrogen bromide), and 3.3 Ci (0.054 mmol) of gaseous tritium by hydrogenation at room temperature on 5% Pd/BaSO₄ catalyst during 1 h, the solution of tritium double-labeled benzene has been obtained. The chemical purity was not less than 99%. The volume specific activity of the synthesized benzene in hexane solution was 1 Ci/cm³.

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project no. 10-03-00685a).

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