ISRN ZoologyVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 860768, 24 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/860768

Research Article

Contribution to the Taxonomy and Distribution of Six Shark Species (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Gulf of Thailand

Simon Weigmann

Biocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany

Received 22 November 2011; Accepted 2 January 2012

Academic Editors: D. Park, J. D. Reimer, D. Russo, and P. Scaps

Copyright © 2012 Simon Weigmann. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

A collection of nine shark specimens from six different species, obtained in 1993 from the Gulf of Thailand, was examined in this study. The sharks were determined, morphometrically and meristically analyzed, photographically documented, and compared with relevant literature. Additionally, further available material from the fish collections of the Zoological Museum Hamburg, the Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt, and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, was examined by way of comparison. Contrary to most references, prominent dorsal ridges were detected in several specimens of Chiloscyllium griseum. Additionally, one of the specimens had a very unusual big ocellar blotch on the head which had not been reported for this genus before. For Paragaleus randalli, it could be proven that the teeth morphologically deviate strongly from those shown in literature due to having much larger cusps. Furthermore, the known distribution area of Paragaleus randalli could be extended considerably eastwards by about 2000 km. For a seventh species, Paragaleus tengi, differences between the actual morphology of upper lateral teeth and those drawn in the original description were detected.

1. Introduction

About 500 of the more than 1200 globally known species of Chondrichthyes are sharks, including the world’s biggest fish species [1]. The highest diversity of Chondrichthyes can be found in the East Indian Ocean [2–4], where the catches of elasmobranch fishes have increased significantly over the last decades from 18 600 t in 1950 to 77 700 t in 1997 [5]. Today Indonesia has the world’s largest chondrichthyan fishery [3]. Extensive targeted fishery and bycatch belong to the most important reasons for the recent decline of the populations of many elasmobranch species [6, 7]. Sharks are especially susceptible to population declines because the lifestyle of many species is characterized by late attainment of sexual maturity, slow growth, and low reproductive output [2, 8, 9]. Due to the numerous population declines, it is very important to develop management and protection programs for many elasmobranch species, which require well-founded knowledge about the taxonomy, distribution, and abundance of the species. However, although many new elasmobranch species have been described in recent years [1, 10–13], the knowledge on many known species is still scarce due to the often very old and sketchy original descriptions like those by Müller and Henle [14]. Another reason for the gaps in knowledge is the often insufficient declaration of elasmobranch catches by fishermen, who classify most caught specimens simply as “diverse Elasmobranchii” or “small sharks” instead of making a more detailed determination [5, 15].

In order to make a contribution to the filling of these knowledge gaps, a collection of nine shark specimens from the Gulf of Thailand and many comparative specimens were examined in this study. Thailand was the fifth most important chondrichthyan fishing nation in the East Indian Ocean in 1997 with 5600 t officially landed [5]. The examined Thai specimens belong to the Carcharhinidae species Carcharhinus dussumieri, the two Hemigaleidae species Hemigaleus microstoma and Paragaleus randalli, the Sphyrnidae species Sphyrna lewini and the two Hemiscyllidae species Chiloscyllium griseum and C. punctatum.

The Carcharhinidae is by far the most speciose shark family in Thai and adjacent waters with 30 species [16]. Its members are characterized by two nonspiny dorsal fins, nasoral grooves and barbles, an under, or beyond-the-eyes located mouth and nictitating eyelids [17] as well as a precaudal pit and an intestinal valve of scroll type [18]. The second most speciose family in this region is the family Triakidae with only seven species [16]. The family Hemigaleidae is represented in the region by four species [16]. It is morphologically similar to the family Carcharhinidae, but all of its members have an intestinal valve of spiral type [18]. The Sphyrnidae, represented by four species in Thai and adjacent waters [16], have a cephalofoil, a uniquely formed head with lateral, bladelike expansions [18]. The Hemiscyllidae with four species in the region [16] are—like all Orectolobiformes—characterized by the presence of an anal fin, two equal-sized, nonspiny dorsal fins, barbles, nasoral grooves, and a short mouth that ends in front of the eyes [19]. The species of Hemiscyllidae in particular have a slender, conical body, large spiracles, and short barbles [17].

This study provides extensive morphometrical analyses for six shark species for most of which such detailed morphometrics have not been published before. Additionally, tooth row counts are given for all specimens from the Thailand collection as well as morphological descriptions and comparisons with relevant literature.

A morphologically correct image of upper anterolateral teeth of Paragaleus randalli is shown here for the first time. Furthermore, the known distribution area of Paragaleus randalli is extended.

2. Material and Methods

The examined Thai collection of nine sharks from six different species was collected by Matthias Stehmann during a Thailand expedition that took place from the 5th to the 11th December 1993 after the fourth Indo-Pacific Fish Conference (IPFC). The specimens were acquired from local fishermen in the two Thai harbors shown in the map in Figure 1: Cha-Am (12°49′N, 100°E) and Pak Phanang (8°20′N, 100°15′E). According to the fishermen, the sharks were caught nearby those harbors. All specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution soon after the catch and preserved in 70% ethanol afterwards.

Figure 1: Map of Thailand showing the two harbors Cha-Am and Pak Phanang in which sharks were acquired.

The map was generated using ArcMap 9.3.1 by ESRI [20] and based on the Global Relief Model ETOPO 1 of the National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA) [21]. The country borders were visualized by means of the shapefiles supplied by ESRI for the ArcExplorer-Java Edition for Education 2.3.2 (AEJEE) [22]. Land below the sea level was colorized in the color of the lowest land elevation class using Adobe Photoshop CS 4 [23].

Additionally to the nine specimens from the Thai collection, the following material from the fish collections of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH), the Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt (SMF) and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN) was examined by way of comparison.

2.1. Carcharhinus dussumieri

ZMH 2137: male postembryo, 264 mm total length (TL) and female postembryo, 335 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 8 Sep. 1911, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 2149: male postembryo, 247 mm TL, male postembryo, 262 mm TL and female postembryo 246 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 9 Sep. 1904, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 25479: female postembryo, 260 mm TL, Indonesia: Sumatra.

2.2. Carcharhinus sealei

ZMH 103117 (ISH 145-1965): female, 855 mm TL (with two female embryos of 365 and 373 mm TL) and female, 875 mm TL, off Pakistan: 22°10′N, 68°34′E, RV “Meteor” station 230a/65, Indian Ocean Exped., 8 Mar. 1965, 45–56 m deep, Kutter Trawl, uncataloged material: juvenile male, 530 mm TL, Sokotra Islands: 12°39′N, 53°27′E–12°36′N, 53°20′2′′E, RV “Vityaz” cruise 17 station 2567, 28 Oct. 1988, 41–43 m deep, BOT 30 m. Adult male, 850 mm TL, Sokotra Islands: 12°04.8′N, 53°12.6′E–12°09.2′N, 53°10.1′E, RV “Vityaz” cruise 17 station 2829, 15 Jan. 1989, 36–40 m deep, 29 m-Shrimp Trawl.

2.3. Hemigaleus microstoma

ZMH 120307 (ISH 57-1982): juvenile male, 540 mm TL, Indonesia: Moyo Island: 8°18′S, 117°35′E, RV “Jurong”, Jun. 1981, 150 m deep, Bottom Trawl, T. Gloerfelt-Tarp.

2.4. Paragaleus randalli

Paratype ZMH 103119 (ISH 150-1965): adolescent male, 590 mm TL, Arabian Sea: 22°01-02′N, 68°10-15′E, RV “Meteor” station 229a/65, Indian Ocean Exped., 7 Mar. 1965, 88–94 m deep. Paratype SMF 28109: adult male, 685 mm TL, Arabian Gulf: Kuwait: 28°42.88′N, 48°26.30′E–28°44.07′N, 48°27.64′E, 24 Apr. 1995.

2.5. Sphyrna lewini

ZMH 5326: female postembryo 385 mm TL, female postembryo 410 mm TL, and female postembryo 415 mm TL, Thailand: Kokra, RV “Meteor”, 14 May 1966, 25 m deep, Trawl. ZMH 10212: juvenile male, 473 mm TL, China: Prov. Fokien, 18 Dec. 1905, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 22417: head only, width of cephalofoil: 223 mm, Gold Coast: Lahou, 14 Mar. 1929. ZMH 25482: female postembryo, 329 mm TL and female postembryo, 356 mm TL, Tonga, Palze. ZMH 101459 (ISH 139-1962): juvenile female, 510 mm TL, Guinea: 8°50′–9°47′N, 13°38′–14°05′W, fishing boat “Hilda”, Oct./Nov. 1962, 13–40 m deep, Bottom Trawl. ZMH 101553 (ISH 201-1963): female embryo 188 mm TL, female embryo 198 mm TL, female embryo 203 mm TL, male embryo 197 mm TL, male embryo 204 mm TL, male embryo 205 mm TL, and male embryo 206 mm TL, Guinea: Conakry: 09°45′N, 14°05′W, fishing boat “Hilda”, 4 Feb. 1963, 10–13 m deep, Kutter Trawl. ZMH 104704 (ISH 1019-1966): juvenile male, 563 mm TL, South Brasil: 32°45′S, 51°02′W, RV “Walter Herwig” station 218/66, 10 Jun. 1966, 75 m deep, 140′-Ground Trawl. ZMH 113340 (ISH 266–1975): juvenile male, 1060 mm TL, Pacific: North Mexico: 24°02′N, 111°04′W, RV “Weser” station 187, 6 Jan. 1975, 70 m deep, Bottom Trawl. Uncataloged material: juvenile female, 615 mm TL, without data. juvenile female, 820 mm TL, Northwest Madagascar: 12°34′2”S, 48°39′1′′E, RV “Vityaz” cruise 17 station 2591, 11 Nov. 1988, 53 m deep, BOT 30 m.

2.6. Chiloscyllium arabicum

ZMH 1370: juvenile male, 361 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Maharashtra State, off Alibag, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 25 Nov. 1955, v. Maydell. ZMH 1371: male postembryo, 115 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Karnataka State, North Kanara, off Karwar, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 14 Feb. 1956, v. Maydell. ZMH 25397 (ISH 1–1961): juvenile male, 320 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Maharashtra State, off Alibag, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 25 Nov. 1955, v. Maydell.

2.7. Chiloscyllium griseum

ZMH 1372: juvenile female, 175 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Maharashtra State, off Alibag, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 25 Nov. 1955, v. Maydell. ZMH 1373: juvenile male, 149 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Karnataka State, North Kanara, off Karwar, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 14 Feb. 1956, v. Maydell. ZMH 10114: juvenile male, 515 mm TL, Ceylon (Sri Lanka): Colombo, 27 Jul. 1904, John Hagenbeck. ZMH 100420 (ISH 229-1962): juvenile male, 205 mm TL, Arabian Sea: India, Karnataka State, North Kanara, off Karwar, German Indian Ocean Expedition, 14 Feb. 1956, v. Maydell. Paralectotypes MNHN 1009: adult male, 453 mm TL, female, 520 mm TL and adult male, 548 mm TL, India: Kerala State, Malabar, Dussumier. Lectotype MNHN 1010: juvenile male, 374 mm TL, India: Kerala State, Malabar, Dussumier. Paralectotype MNHN 1011: female, 524 mm TL, India: Kerala State, Malabar, Dussumier.

2.8. Chiloscyllium indicum

ZMH 5325: adult male, 415 mm TL, Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan, 13 Oct. 1965, 40 m deep, Trawl. ZMH 10121: female, 445 mm TL, Singapore.

2.9. Chiloscyllium plagiosum

ZMH 10115: female, 470 mm TL and female postembryo, 138 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 1 Jun. 1911, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 10116: female, 555 mm TL (with abnormal caudal, first dorsal, and anal fin) and female, 580 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 1 Apr. 1905, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 10117: juvenile male, 538 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 18 Dec. 1905, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 10119: female, 499 mm TL, China: Canton. ZMH 10122: juvenile female, 267 mm TL, Manila, 1878. ZMH 22303: adult male, 650 mm TL, China: Futschau, Fokien, 1906, Cons. G. Siemssen. ZMH 22307: juvenile male, 447 mm TL, Bohol, 1874, Semper.

2.10. Chiloscyllium punctatum

ZMH 5324: juvenile male, 322 mm TL and juvenile female, 335 mm TL, Thailand: Prachuap Khiri Khan, 22 Nov. 1965, 40 m deep, Otter Trawl. ZMH 120168 (ISH 53-1982): semiadult male, 720 mm TL and adult female, 900 mm TL, Indonesia: South Java: 7°28′S, 109°12′E, RV “Jurong”, 1981, 45 m deep, Bottom Trawl, T. Gloerfelt-Tarp.

Descriptions in literature were analyzed for a seventh species, Paragaleus tengi. Morphometrics and meristics were done following Compagno [24] with very minor modifications. The habitus photographs were taken with a Nikon D90 and a Nikkor 18–105 mm zoom lens and afterwards reworked using Adobe Photoshop CS4 [23]. Detail photographs were taken using a Canon EOS 350D, a Tamron 28–200 mm zoom lens, and a Soligor Extension Tube. For verifying the tooth row counts, radiographs were taken of all specimens from the Thai collection with a 1979 launched MG 101 X-ray equipment for radiography by Philips.

3. Results

The nine examined Thai specimens represent six different shark species from two orders, four families, and five genera. Their classifications, numbers of individuals, and catch locations are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Classifications, numbers, and locations of the examined specimens from the Thai collection.

Class
Subclass
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Number
Harbor

Chondrichthyes

—
Elasmobranchii

—
—
Carcharhiniformes

—
—
—
Carcharhinidae

—
—
—
—
Carcharhinus

—
—
—
—
—
dussumieri
1
PP

—
—
—
Hemigaleidae
—
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
Hemigaleus
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
microstoma
1
PP

—
—
—
—
Paragaleus
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
randalli
1
PP

—
—
—
Sphyrnidae
—
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
Sphyrna
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
lewini
2
PP

—
—
Orectolobiformes
—
—
—
—
—

—
—
—
Hemiscyllidae
—
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
Chiloscyllium
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
griseum
2
CA

—
—
—
—
—
punctatum
2
PP

The abbreviations of the harbors stand for CA: Cha-Am and PP: Pak Phanang.

The following species descriptions refer to the specimens from the Thai collection if not otherwise stated. However, the available comparative specimens were always checked for correspondence in the described characters.

Typical characteristics which proved to be important for the determination are provided, as well as comparisons with relevant literature and—in the case of more complex determination procedures—differences to similar species. Furthermore, comments about aberrations in the examined specimens from the descriptions in literature and possible mistakes or problems in the references including taxonomically problematic cases are given. These themes are not part of the conclusion chapter, but have been included directly in the results chapter to allow direct comparisons with the species descriptions. Three habitus photographs are shown for each of the nine examined specimens from the Thai collection. A distribution map is given for Paragaleus randalli due to the newly discovered occurrence. For distribution maps of the other examined species, see for example Compagno et al. [17]. Measurements of all nine specimens from the Thai collection can be found in Tables 2–10. A collection of 24 batoids from the same expedition was described by the author in a previous paper [25].

3.1. Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller and Henle) [14]

Carcharhinus dussumieri is a common, but heavily fished species, which is distributed from the Arabian Sea over the shelf areas of the northern and eastern Indian Ocean until South Japan in the north [17].

The specimen of Carcharhinus dussumieri (ZMH 25683) was caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Pak Phanang on the 7th December 1993. It is a 75 cm long male with fully developed claspers (Figure 2(c)) and thus can be considered to be adult. Following Compagno et al. [17], Carcharhinus dussumieri reaches a maximal total length of 100 cm.

Figure 2: Carcharhinus dussumieri, ZMH 25683: (a) lateral view, (b) dorsal view, (c) ventral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm.

Three habitus photographs of specimen ZMH 25683 are shown in Figure 2 and its measurements in Table 2.

Table 2: Measurements of Carcharhinus dussumieri, ZMH 25683. Weight: 1831 g, sex: male.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
750
100.0

FOR, fork length
614
81.9

PRC, precaudal length
555
74.0

PD2, pre-D2-length
458
61.1

PD1, pre-D1-length
250
33.3

HDL, head length
160
21.3

PG1, prebranchial length
121
16.1

PDP, prespiracular length
—
—

POB, preorbital length
59
7.9

PP1, prepectoral length
147
19.6

PP2, prepelvic length
325
43.3

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
343
45.7

PAL, preanal fin length
457
60.9

IDS, interdorsal space
181
24.1

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
62
8.3

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
152
20.3

PAS, pelvic—anal space
82
10.9

ACS, anal—caudal space
59
7.9

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
193
25.7

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
400
53.3

PRN, prenarial length
22
2.9

POR, preoral length
45
6.0

EYL, eye length
16.4
2.2

EYH, eye height
13.6
1.8

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
38
5.1

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
17
2.3

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
20
2.7

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
21
2.8

GS4, 4th gill slit height
20.3
2.7

GS5, 5th gill slit height
14
1.9

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
118
15.7

P1B, pectoral base length
41
5.5

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
44
5.9

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
90
12.0

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
99
13.2

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
79
10.5

SOD, subocular pocket depth
6
0.8

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
190
25.3

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
92.5
12.3

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
88
11.7

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
40
5.3

CFW, caudal fork width
54
7.2

CFL, caudal fork length
59
7.9

CST, subterminal C margin length
19
2.5

CSW, subterminal caudal width
18
2.4

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
41
5.5

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
53
7.1

D1L, D1 total length
118
15.7

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
120
16.0

D1B, D1 base length
78
10.4

D1H, D1 vertical height
73
9.7

D1I, D1 inner margin length
39
5.2

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
74
9.9

D2L, D2 total length
76
10.1

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
47
6.3

D2B, D2 base length
44
5.9

D2H, D2 vertical height
26
3.5

D2I, D2 inner margin length
31
4.1

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
42
5.6

P2L, pelvic total length
70
9.3

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
51.5
6.9

P2B, pelvic base length
39
5.2

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
34
4.5

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
22
2.9

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
39
5.2

ANL, anal fin total length
73
9.7

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
46
6.1

ANB, anal fin base length
41
5.5

ANH, anal fin vertical height
24
3.2

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
33
4.4

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
39.5
5.3

HDH, head height at P origin
80
10.7

TRH, trunk height at P base end
87
11.6

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
100
13.3

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
68
9.1

CPH, caudal peduncle height
29
3.9

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
70
9.3

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
70
9.3

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
70
9.3

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
110
14.7

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
3
0.4

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
5
0.7

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
35
4.7

MOW, mouth width
50
6.7

ULA, upper labial furrow length
—
—

LLA, lower labial furrow length
—
—

NOW, nostril width
12
1.6

INW, internarial width
30.5
4.1

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
3.5
0.5

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
60
8.0

SPL, spiracle length
—
—

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
79
10.5

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
76
10.1

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
67
8.9

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
54
7.2

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
25
3.3

CLO, clasper outer margin length
73
9.7

CLI, clasper inner margin length
78
10.4

CLB, clasper base width
10
1.3

Barbel length
—
—

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

As described for this species by Last and Stevens [1], it has a conspicuous black tip to the second dorsal fin while all other fins do not have distinct markings (Figures 2(a), 2(b)). Additionally, the species has a low interdorsal and no lateral ridge on the tail stock, the first dorsal-fin origin is over, or slightly anterior to, the free rear tips of the pectoral fins and the second dorsal fin originates over, or usually a little bit behind, the anal fin origin [1].

The most obvious character, the dark tip to the second dorsal fin, is also present in diverse other species of the genus Carcharhinus, but there is only one further species, Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann) [26], in which all fins except the second dorsal fin are plain and without blotches [18]. However, contrary to Carcharhinus sealei, the teeth of the examined specimen have no cusplets and the first dorsal fin is triangular (Figure 2(a)), whereas it is falcate in Carcharhinus sealei [18]. Furthermore, the examined specimen has—as described for Carcharhinus dussumieri by Compagno [18]—semifalcate pectoral fins (Figure 2(a)), while those of C. sealei are strongly falcate. Additionally, the mouth width of the examined specimen is 6.9% of its total length. Following Compagno [18] the mouth width is 6.4 to 8.3% of total length in Carcharhinus dussumieri, whereas it is 4.2 to 6.6% in C. sealei.

The examined specimen ZMH 25683 has 26 tooth rows each in the upper and lower jaw. Last and Stevens [1] list 25 to 28 (seldom 24–31) tooth rows in the upper and also 25 to 28 (sometimes 22–32) in the lower jaw for Carcharhinus dussumieri. Fowler [27] specifies 24 to 25 tooth rows per jaw for this species. Carcharhinus sealei usually has 26 tooth rows in the upper and 25 rows in the lower jaw [28].

3.2. Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker [29]

Despite the intensive commercial use of this species, populations are growing due to rapid reproduction rates. However, the known distribution area is patchy: it consists of the Red Sea, South India, parts of Southeast Asia, and East China [17].

The specimen of Hemigaleus microstoma (ZMH 25682) was caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Pak Phanang on the 7th December 1993. It is a mature male of 79 cm total length with fully developed claspers (Figure 3(b)). This corresponds with the description by Compagno et al. [17], after whom this species matures at about 60 cm total length and reaches a maximal length of 94 cm.

Figure 3: Hemigaleus microstoma, ZMH 25682: (a) dorsal view, (b) ventral view, (c) lateral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm.

Three habitus photographs of specimen ZMH 25682 are shown in Figure 3 and its measurements in Table 3.

Table 3: Measurements of Hemigaleus microstoma, ZMH 25682. Weight: 1490 g, sex: male.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
790
100.0

FOR, fork length
660
83.5

PRC, precaudal length
605
76.6

PD2, pre-D2-length
475
60.1

PD1, pre-D1-length
220
27.8

HDL, head length
155
19.6

PG1, prebranchial length
119
15.1

PDP, prespiracular length
80
10.1

POB, preorbital length
56
7.1

PP1, prepectoral length
146
18.5

PP2, prepelvic length
340
43.0

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
355
44.9

PAL, preanal fin length
490
62.0

IDS, interdorsal space
205
25.9

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
76
9.6

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
190
24.1

PAS, pelvic—anal space
120
15.2

ACS, anal—caudal space
72
9.1

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
220
27.8

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
435
55.1

PRN, prenarial length
25
3.2

POR, preoral length
54
6.8

EYL, eye length
20
2.5

EYH, eye height
16
2.0

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
37
4.7

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
22
2.8

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
25
3.2

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
24
3.0

GS4, 4th gill slit height
23
2.9

GS5, 5th gill slit height
17
2.2

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
119
15.1

P1B, pectoral base length
34
4.3

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
37
4.7

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
82
10.4

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
100
12.7

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
68
8.6

SOD, subocular pocket depth
6
0.8

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
178
22.5

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
84
10.6

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
79.5
10.1

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
33
4.2

CFW, caudal fork width
42
5.3

CFL, caudal fork length
54
6.8

CST, subterminal C margin length
21
2.7

CSW, subterminal caudal width
16
2.0

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
44
5.6

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
58
7.3

D1L, D1 total length
110
13.9

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
118
14.9

D1B, D1 base length
82
10.4

D1H, D1 vertical height
60
7.6

D1I, D1 inner margin length
25.5
3.2

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
55
7.0

D2L, D2 total length
78
9.9

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
67
8.5

D2B, D2 base length
56
7.1

D2H, D2 vertical height
38
4.8

D2I, D2 inner margin length
22
2.8

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
41
5.2

P2L, pelvic total length
68
8.6

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
65
8.2

P2B, pelvic base length
43
5.4

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
41
5.2

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
27
3.4

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
40
5.1

ANL, anal fin total length
62
7.8

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
52
6.6

ANB, anal fin base length
44
5.6

ANH, anal fin vertical height
29
3.7

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
19
2.4

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
30
3.8

HDH, head height at P origin
69
8.7

TRH, trunk height at P base end
79
10.0

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
86
10.9

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
56
7.1

CPH, caudal peduncle height
22.5
2.8

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
90
11.4

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
78
9.9

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
85
10.8

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
112
14.2

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
10
1.3

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
2
0.3

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
16
2.0

MOW, mouth width
44
5.6

ULA, upper labial furrow length
12
1.5

LLA, lower labial furrow length
7.8
1.0

NOW, nostril width
14.5
1.8

INW, internarial width
29
3.7

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
5.3
0.7

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
48
6.1

SPL, spiracle length
2
0.3

ESL, eye—spiracle space
8
1.0

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
63
8.0

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
68
8.6

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
61
7.7

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
52
6.6

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
17.5
2.2

CLO, clasper outer margin length
56
7.1

CLI, clasper inner margin length
63
8.0

CLB, clasper base width
8
1.0

Barbel length
—
—

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

Contrary to the genera Chaenogaleus and Hemipristis, the cusps of the lower anterolateral teeth of all Hemi- and Paragaleus species do not protrude from the mouth and the gill slits are clearly shorter compared to the eye length [18]. In contrast to the species of the genus Paragaleus, both described Hemigaleus species have—following Compagno [18]—anterolateral teeth with short cusps in their upper jaws (Figure 4) as well as strongly falcate pelvic and dorsal fins and a falcate ventral lobe of the tail fin (Figure 5(a–d)).

Figure 4: Hemigaleus microstoma, ZMH 25682: anterolateral teeth from the right upper jaw.

Figure 5: Hemigaleus microstoma, ZMH 25682: (a) pelvic fins, (b) second dorsal and anal fin, (c) first dorsal fin, (d) ventral lobe of caudal fin.

Additionally, the two species of Hemigaleus have 6 to 20 tooth rows more in the lower than in the upper jaw, whereas all Paragaleus species have between one less and five more.

The examined specimen has 25 tooth rows in the upper and 37 rows in the lower jaw.

Due to the lateral white blotches on its body (Figure 3(c)) and the white margins of the dorsal and pelvic fins as well as the anal fin and the ventral part of the caudal fin (Figure 5(a–d)), the examined specimen was determined as Hemigaleus microstoma, which has about 32 tooth rows in the upper jaw according to Fowler [27]. The other species of Hemigaleus, H. australiensis White, Last and Compagno [30], has a plain body and, instead of the white fin margins, a second dorsal and caudal fin with dark margins and tips [17].

3.3. Paragaleus randalli Compagno, Krupp and Carpenter [31]

Paragaleus randalli is an inshore species, which lives in shallow water to 18 m depth on the continental shelf. Abundance and commercial use are unknown. The known distribution area includes only few small regions in the northern Indian Ocean, which partially are far away from each other: the Arabian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, India, and Sri Lanka [17].

The specimen of Paragaleus randalli (ZMH 25681) was caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Pak Phanang on the 7th December 1993. Therefore, this specimen was caught about 2000 km more easterly than the former easternmost record from East India. The fully developed claspers (Figure 6(a)) of the 75 cm long specimen show that it is mature, which corresponds with the total length of at least 81 cm and maturing size of 60–70 cm, which are mentioned by Compagno et al. [17].

Figure 6: Paragaleus randalli, ZMH 25681: (a) ventral view, (b) dorsal view, (c) lateral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm.

Three habitus photographs of specimen ZMH 25681 are shown in Figure 6. A distribution map for Paragaleus randalli is pictured in Figure 7, in which the distribution area after Compagno et al. [17] is marked in red and white stripes and the catch location of specimen ZMH 25681 as a blue spot. Its measurements can be found in Table 4.

Table 4: Measurements of Paragaleus randalli, ZMH 25681. Weight: 1026 g, sex: male.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
750
100.0

FOR, fork length
620
82.7

PRC, precaudal length
570
76.0

PD2, pre-D2-length
450
60.0

PD1, pre-D1-length
215
28.7

HDL, head length
150
20.0

PG1, prebranchial length
111
14.8

PDP, prespiracular length
75
10.0

POB, preorbital length
52.5
7.0

PP1, prepectoral length
140
18.7

PP2, prepelvic length
320
42.7

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
335
44.7

PAL, preanal fin length
470
62.7

IDS, interdorsal space
195
26.0

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
85
11.3

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
160
21.3

PAS, pelvic—anal space
110
14.7

ACS, anal—caudal space
75
10.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
225
30.0

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
430
57.3

PRN, prenarial length
32
4.3

POR, preoral length
46.5
6.2

EYL, eye length
17
2.3

EYH, eye height
9.5
1.3

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
38
5.1

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
17.5
2.3

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
18.5
2.5

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
21
2.8

GS4, 4th gill slit height
21.5
2.9

GS5, 5th gill slit height
17
2.3

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
93
12.4

P1B, pectoral base length
30
4.0

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
38
5.1

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
55
7.3

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
78
10.4

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
67
8.9

SOD, subocular pocket depth
8.5
1.1

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
165
22.0

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
66
8.8

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
77
10.3

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
20
2.7

CFW, caudal fork width
39
5.2

CFL, caudal fork length
49.5
6.6

CST, subterminal C margin length
24
3.2

CSW, subterminal caudal width
15.7
2.1

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
39
5.2

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
53
7.1

D1L, D1 total length
89
11.9

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
83
11.1

D1B, D1 base length
67
8.9

D1H, D1 vertical height
50
6.7

D1I, D1 inner margin length
25
3.3

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
59
7.9

D2L, D2 total length
66
8.8

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
52
6.9

D2B, D2 base length
50
6.7

D2H, D2 vertical height
32
4.3

D2I, D2 inner margin length
21
2.8

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
43.5
5.8

P2L, pelvic total length
65
8.7

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
56
7.5

P2B, pelvic base length
37
4.9

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
32
4.3

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
17
2.3

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
31
4.1

ANL, anal fin total length
57
7.6

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
44
5.9

ANB, anal fin base length
40.5
5.4

ANH, anal fin vertical height
22
2.9

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
18
2.4

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
25.5
3.4

HDH, head height at P origin
63
8.4

TRH, trunk height at P base end
72
9.6

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
71
9.5

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
54
7.2

CPH, caudal peduncle height
21
2.8

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
75
10.0

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
73
9.7

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
70
9.3

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
122
16.3

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
8
1.1

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
1
0.1

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
18
2.4

MOW, mouth width
32
4.3

ULA, upper labial furrow length
12
1.6

LLA, lower labial furrow length
8
1.1

NOW, nostril width
9
1.2

INW, internarial width
23.5
3.1

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
3.5
0.5

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
42
5.6

SPL, spiracle length
1
0.1

ESL, eye—spiracle space
7
0.9

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
52
6.9

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
58
7.7

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
51
6.8

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
43
5.7

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
16
2.1

CLO, clasper outer margin length
55
7.3

CLI, clasper inner margin length
61
8.1

CLB, clasper base width
9
1.2

Barbel length
—
—

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

Figure 7: Paragaleus randalli. Distribution area after Compagno et al. [17] as well as the catch location of specimen ZMH 25681 marked as a blue spot.

The distribution map for Paragaleus randalli was generated using ArcMap 9.3.1 [20] and based on the shapefiles supplied by ESRI for the ArcExplorer-Java Edition for Education 2.3.2 (AEJEE) [22]. The distribution area and catch location were drawn with Adobe Photoshop CS4 [23].

Contrary to the genera Chaenogaleus and Hemipristis, the cusps of the lower anterolateral teeth of all Para-and Hemigaleus species do not protrude from the mouth (Figure 6(c)), and the gill slits are clearly shorter compared to the eye length [18]. The examined specimen differs from the genus Hemigaleus—following Compagno [18]—in having anterolateral upper teeth with long cusps (Figure 8(a)), whereas they have short cusps in both Hemigaleus species. Additionally, the pelvic and dorsal fins and the ventral lobe of the caudal fin are not falcate in the examined specimen (Figure 6(c)), while these fins are falcate in Hemigaleus [18]. A further character that classifies the examined individual clearly to the genus Para-and not Hemigaleus is the number of tooth rows: the examined specimen has 29 tooth rows each in the upper and lower jaw. According to Compagno [18], the genus Paragaleus possesses one less to five more tooth rows in the upper than in the lower jaw, whereas there are 6 to 20 tooth rows more in the upper than in the lower jaw in Hemigaleus.

Figure 8: (a) Paragaleus randalli, ZMH 25681: anterolateral teeth from the left upper jaw, (b) anterolateral tooth from the left upper jaw of Paragaleus randalli, SMF 28109 after Compagno et al. [31].

The examined specimen was determined as Paragaleus randalli because its second dorsal fin and the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin have light margins (Figure 6(b)), which is not present in any other species of the genus following Compagno et al. [17]. Furthermore, the examined specimen has two narrow black lines ventrally on the snout (Figure 6(a)). According to Compagno et al. [17], the only Paragaleus species that have such lines are P. randalli and P. tengi (Chen) [32]. The studied specimen was not determined as Paragaleus tengi because it has—like described for P. randalli by Compagno et al. [31]—a long and narrowly rounded prenarial snout, whereas it is rounded in P. tengi and has clearly larger pectoral fins than those described for P. tengi (Figure 6(a)).

The ratio length of the longest gill slit to the eye length is 1.2 in the examined specimen. According to Compagno et al. [17], this ratio would be suggestive of Paragaleus tengi, because they specify a ratio of 1.2 to 1.3 for P. tengi and about 1 for P. randalli. However, when analyzing the original description of Paragaleus randalli [31], one can see that already in only 14 measured specimens the longest gill slit is between 0.9 and 1.3 times as long as the eye of the respective animal. Accordingly, the specimen ZMH 25681 is in line with Paragaleus randalli even in this character and the information in Compagno et al. [17] should be extended correspondingly.

The fact that male Paragaleus tengi specimens mature not until 78–88 cm total length [17] is another criterion for the exclusion of P. tengi in the determination of the 75 cm long mature Thai specimen.

As already mentioned, the examined specimen of Paragaleus randalli (ZMH 25681) has 29 tooth rows per jaw. Following Compagno et al. [31], this species has 28–30 rows in the upper and 28–33 in the lower jaw. Paragaleus tengi, in contrast, has 26 tooth rows in the upper and 27 in the lower jaw [32].

It appears that the drawing of a left, anterolateral tooth from the upper jaw of the paratype SMF 28109 of Paragaleus randalli (Figure 8(b), white arrow) in the original description [31] and, therefore, also in Compagno et al. [17] is inaccurate: the drawn tooth looks similar to the anterolateral teeth of Hemigaleus microstoma (Figure 4) due to its short cusp, which is much shorter than in the examined specimen ZMH 25681 (Figure 8(a), white arrow). The examination of paratype SMF 28109 proved that the cusps are not really shorter than in specimen ZMH 25681. Possibly a blunt tooth was drawn by Compagno et al. [31], because the intact teeth have clearly longer cusps than in their drawing. Hence, their morphology is very similar to that of the teeth of the examined specimen ZMH 25681 (Figure 8(a)) as well as to that of the teeth of paratype ZMH 103119 (ISH 150-1965), which was also examined by way of comparison.

A comparison of the upper teeth of the mentioned Paragaleus randalli specimens with the tooth drawings in the original description of P. tengi [32] reveals conspicuous morphological differences because the drawn upper teeth of P. tengi hardly bear cusplets (Figure 9). However, the photograph of upper teeth of Paragaleus tengi in Compagno [33] indicates that the drawing of Chen [32] is apparently imprecise, because the teeth pictured in Compagno [33] do have distinct cusplets (Figure 10) and, hence, look very similar to those of P. randalli.

Figure 9: Paragaleus tengi. Teeth from the right upper jaw after Chen [32].

Figure 10: Paragaleus tengi. Teeth from the left upper jaw after Compagno [33].

3.4. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith) [34]

Sphyrna lewini can be found in shelf regions as well as adjacent deep water areas to over 275 m depth. However, this species lives mainly inshore. It is found worldwide in all warm temperate and tropical seas. Although it is still common and widespread, it is extremely heavily fished in most regions [17] so that, without catch limitations, strong population decreases can be expected.

The two specimens of Sphyrna lewini (ZMH 25679 and ZMH 25680) were caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Pak Phanang on the 7th December 1993. Considering the maximal total length of 420 cm and the size at birth of 42 to 55 cm of this species [17], the two examined specimens with total lengths of 51.3 cm and 58 cm, respectively, are young juveniles caught shortly after birth.

Three habitus photographs of each of the specimens ZMH 25679 and ZMH 25680 are shown in Figures 11 and 12 and their measurements in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5: Measurements of Sphyrna lewini, ZMH 25679. Weight: 766 g, sex: female.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
580
100.0

FOR, fork length
425
73.3

PRC, precaudal length
385
66.4

PD2, pre-D2-length
325
56.0

PD1, pre-D1-length
140
24.1

HDL, head length
135
23.3

PG1, prebranchial length
101
17.4

PDP, prespiracular length
—
—

POB, preorbital length
38
6.6

PP1, prepectoral length
125
21.6

PP2, prepelvic length
253
43.6

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
265
45.7

PAL, preanal fin length
315
54.3

IDS, interdorsal space
119
20.5

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
40
6.9

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
116
20.0

PAS, pelvic—anal space
44
7.6

ACS, anal—caudal space
34
5.9

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
110
19.0

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
318
54.8

PRN, prenarial length
26
4.5

POR, preoral length
39
6.7

EYL, eye length
13
2.2

EYH, eye height
11
1.9

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
38
6.6

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
16
2.8

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
19
3.3

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
21
3.6

GS4, 4th gill slit height
19.4
3.3

GS5, 5th gill slit height
15
2.6

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
73.5
12.7

P1B, pectoral base length
32
5.5

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
26
4.5

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
46
7.9

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
60.5
10.4

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
55
9.5

SOD, subocular pocket depth
5
0.9

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
185
31.9

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
69.5
12.0

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
122
21.0

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
33.5
5.8

CFW, caudal fork width
49
8.4

CFL, caudal fork length
46
7.9

CST, subterminal C margin length
16
2.8

CSW, subterminal caudal width
13
2.2

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
25.5
4.4

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
34
5.9

D1L, D1 total length
87
15.0

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
99
17.1

D1B, D1 base length
63
10.9

D1H, D1 vertical height
68
11.7

D1I, D1 inner margin length
23
4.0

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
62
10.7

D2L, D2 total length
51
8.8

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
27
4.7

D2B, D2 base length
22
3.8

D2H, D2 vertical height
15
2.6

D2I, D2 inner margin length
30
5.2

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
31
5.3

P2L, pelvic total length
47
8.1

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
33
5.7

P2B, pelvic base length
31
5.3

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
29
5.0

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
31
5.3

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
34
5.9

ANL, anal fin total length
54
9.3

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
32
5.5

ANB, anal fin base length
33
5.7

ANH, anal fin vertical height
17
2.9

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
23
4.0

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
32
5.5

HDH, head height at P origin
69
11.9

TRH, trunk height at P base end
73
12.6

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
66.5
11.5

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
59
10.2

CPH, caudal peduncle height
28.5
4.9

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
42
7.2

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
72
12.4

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
53
9.1

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
68
11.7

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
10
1.7

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
3
0.5

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
20
3.4

MOW, mouth width
40
6.9

ULA, upper labial furrow length
—
—

LLA, lower labial furrow length
1.5
0.3

NOW, nostril width
11.8
2.0

INW, internarial width
109.5
18.9

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
147
25.3

SPL, spiracle length
—
—

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
54
9.3

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
55
9.5

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
48
8.3

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
40
6.9

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
17
2.9

CLO, clasper outer margin length
—
—

CLI, clasper inner margin length
—
—

CLB, clasper base width
—
—

Barbel length
—
—

Width of cephalofoil
153
26.4

Table 6: Measurements of Sphyrna lewini, ZMH 25680. Weight: 500 g, sex: female.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
513
100.0

FOR, fork length
384
74.9

PRC, precaudal length
345
67.3

PD2, pre-D2-length
300
58.5

PD1, pre-D1-length
140
27.3

HDL, head length
118
23.0

PG1, prebranchial length
91
17.7

PDP, prespiracular length
—
—

POB, preorbital length
30
5.8

PP1, prepectoral length
112
21.8

PP2, prepelvic length
230
44.8

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
240
46.8

PAL, preanal fin length
285
55.6

IDS, interdorsal space
115
22.4

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
37
7.2

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
98
19.1

PAS, pelvic—anal space
33
6.4

ACS, anal—caudal space
31
6.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
87
17.0

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
271
52.8

PRN, prenarial length
23
4.5

POR, preoral length
36
7.0

EYL, eye length
11.5
2.2

EYH, eye height
12.5
2.4

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
29
5.7

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
14
2.7

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
15
2.9

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
17
3.3

GS4, 4th gill slit height
15
2.9

GS5, 5th gill slit height
13
2.5

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
63
12.3

P1B, pectoral base length
25
4.9

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
21
4.1

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
39
7.6

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
52
10.1

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
44
8.6

SOD, subocular pocket depth
3
0.6

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
164
32.0

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
60
11.7

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
99
19.3

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
22
4.3

CFW, caudal fork width
39
7.6

CFL, caudal fork length
40
7.8

CST, subterminal C margin length
15
2.9

CSW, subterminal caudal width
12.5
2.4

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
21.5
4.2

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
30
5.8

D1L, D1 total length
73
14.2

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
88
17.2

D1B, D1 base length
57.5
11.2

D1H, D1 vertical height
56
10.9

D1I, D1 inner margin length
18
3.5

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
45
8.8

D2L, D2 total length
46
9.0

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
24
4.7

D2B, D2 base length
21
4.1

D2H, D2 vertical height
11.5
2.2

D2I, D2 inner margin length
25
4.9

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
25
4.9

P2L, pelvic total length
42
8.2

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
33
6.4

P2B, pelvic base length
27
5.3

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
25.5
5.0

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
16.5
3.2

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
25
4.9

ANL, anal fin total length
49
9.6

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
31
6.0

ANB, anal fin base length
29.5
5.8

ANH, anal fin vertical height
18
3.5

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
21
4.1

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
24
4.7

HDH, head height at P origin
52
10.1

TRH, trunk height at P base end
60
11.7

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
67
13.1

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
49
9.6

CPH, caudal peduncle height
23
4.5

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
20
3.9

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
58
11.3

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
47
9.2

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
57
11.1

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
14
2.7

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
2
0.4

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
17
3.3

MOW, mouth width
31.5
6.1

ULA, upper labial furrow length
—
—

LLA, lower labial furrow length
2
0.4

NOW, nostril width
11
2.1

INW, internarial width
93
18.1

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
125
24.4

SPL, spiracle length
—
—

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
43
8.4

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
47
9.2

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
38
7.4

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
33
6.4

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
17
3.3

CLO, clasper outer margin length
—
—

CLI, clasper inner margin length
—
—

CLB, clasper base width
—
—

Barbel length
—
—

Width of cephalofoil
132
25.7

Figure 11: Sphyrna lewini (a)–(c) ZMH 25679: (a) dorsal view, (b) lateral view, (c) ventral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm. (d) ZMH 25680: dorsal view. Scale bar (d) 5 cm.

Figure 12: Sphyrna lewini, ZMH 25680: (a) lateral view, (b) ventral view. Scale bar (a)–(b) 5 cm.

The posterior margins of the lateral blades of head are arching posterolaterally in the examined specimens as described for Sphyrna lewini by Compagno [18]. As typical for this species following Compagno et al. [17], the broadly arched and narrow-bladed head of the examined specimens has a central notch and two smaller lateral indentations (Figures 11(a), 11(c), 11(d), and 12(b)). Further characteristics according to Compagno et al. [17] are the only moderately high first dorsal fin and the dark-tipped lower caudal fin lobe, second dorsal fin, and pectoral fins (Figures 11(b), 11(d)).

Both examined specimens (ZMH 25679 and ZMH 25680) have 33 tooth rows each in their upper and in their lower jaws. Last and Stevens [1] list 32 to 33 (seldom 32 to 36) for the upper and 31 to 33 (sometimes 30 to 34) for the lower jaw of Sphyrna lewini. Following Bass et al. [35], this species has 32 tooth rows in the upper and 31–33 rows in the lower jaw.

3.5. Chiloscyllium griseum Müller and Henle [14]

Chiloscyllium griseum is an inshore and quite common shark species that lives on rocks and in lagoons from 5 to 80 m depth. Its distribution area ranges from Pakistan and India over most parts of Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea in the south and East China and South Japan in the north [17].

The two specimens of Chiloscyllium griseum (ZMH 25675 and ZMH 25676) were caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Cha-Am in about 30 m depth on the 5th December 1993. The maximal total length of Chiloscyllium griseum is about 77 cm, and the males mature at a total length of about 45 cm [17]. Hence, the two examined specimens with total lengths of 56 cm and 59.5 cm, respectively, are probably adult.

Three habitus photographs of each of the specimens ZMH 25675 and ZMH 25676 are shown in Figure 13 and their measurements in Tables 7 and 8.

Table 7: Measurements of Chiloscyllium griseum, ZMH 25675. Weight: 704 g, sex: female.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
560
100.0

FOR, fork length
—
—

PRC, precaudal length
425
75.9

PD2, pre-D2-length
320
57.1

PD1, pre-D1-length
220
39.3

HDL, head length
125
22.3

PG1, prebranchial length
90
16.1

PDP, prespiracular length
51.5
9.2

POB, preorbital length
43.5
7.8

PP1, prepectoral length
97
17.3

PP2, prepelvic length
205
36.6

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
211
37.7

PAL, preanal fin length
400
71.4

IDS, interdorsal space
41
7.3

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
52
9.3

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
67
12.0

PAS, pelvic—anal space
160.5
28.7

ACS, anal—caudal space
0
0.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
214.5
38.3

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
353
63.0

PRN, prenarial length
13.3
2.4

POR, preoral length
27
4.8

EYL, eye length
11.4
2.0

EYH, eye height
6
1.1

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
34.5
6.2

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
12.5
2.2

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
14.5
2.6

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
15.7
2.8

GS4, 4th gill slit height
13.5
2.4

GS5, 5th gill slit height
14
2.5

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
77.5
13.8

P1B, pectoral base length
40
7.1

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
37
6.6

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
55
9.8

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
67
12.0

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
74.5
13.3

SOD, subocular pocket depth
—
—

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
136
24.3

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
—
—

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
—
—

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
—
—

CFW, caudal fork width
—
—

CFL, caudal fork length
—
—

CST, subterminal C margin length
20
3.6

CSW, subterminal caudal width
17
3.0

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
23
4.1

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
31
5.5

D1L, D1 total length
66.5
11.9

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
63
11.3

D1B, D1 base length
50.5
9.0

D1H, D1 vertical height
43.5
7.8

D1I, D1 inner margin length
20
3.6

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
34.5
6.2

D2L, D2 total length
69
12.3

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
64
11.4

D2B, D2 base length
51
9.1

D2H, D2 vertical height
35.5
6.3

D2I, D2 inner margin length
17
3.0

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
29.5
5.3

P2L, pelvic total length
70.5
12.6

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
54
9.6

P2B, pelvic base length
28
5.0

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
44.5
7.9

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
24
4.3

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
42
7.5

ANL, anal fin total length
59
10.5

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
—
—

ANB, anal fin base length
54.5
9.7

ANH, anal fin vertical height
14.5
2.6

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
6.5
1.2

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
—
—

HDH, head height at P origin
59
10.5

TRH, trunk height at P base end
64
11.4

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
35.5
6.3

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
39
7.0

CPH, caudal peduncle height
17
3.0

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
117
20.9

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
50
8.9

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
48
8.6

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
94.5
16.9

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
85
15.2

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
87
15.5

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
—
—

MOW, mouth width
35.5
6.3

ULA, upper labial furrow length
12
2.1

LLA, lower labial furrow length
8
1.4

NOW, nostril width
3
0.5

INW, internarial width
22.5
4.0

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
25
4.5

SPL, spiracle length
9.5
1.7

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
74
13.2

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
68
12.1

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
32
5.7

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
36
6.4

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
13
2.3

CLO, clasper outer margin length
—
—

CLI, clasper inner margin length
—
—

CLB, clasper base width
—
—

Barbel length
13
2.3

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

Table 8: Measurements of Chiloscyllium griseum, ZMH 25676. Weight: 774 g, sex: female.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
595
100.0

FOR, fork length
—
—

PRC, precaudal length
450
75.6

PD2, pre-D2-length
340
57.1

PD1, pre-D1-length
225
37.8

HDL, head length
130
21.8

PG1, prebranchial length
94.5
15.9

PDP, prespiracular length
52
8.7

POB, preorbital length
44
7.4

PP1, prepectoral length
109
18.3

PP2, prepelvic length
220
37.0

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
232
39.0

PAL, preanal fin length
420
70.6

IDS, interdorsal space
47
7.9

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
58
9.7

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
80
13.4

PAS, pelvic—anal space
171
28.7

ACS, anal—caudal space
0
0.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
245
41.2

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
380
63.9

PRN, prenarial length
14.5
2.4

POR, preoral length
27
4.5

EYL, eye length
11
1.8

EYH, eye height
6.6
1.1

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
38
6.4

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
14.3
2.4

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
15
2.5

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
16
2.7

GS4, 4th gill slit height
14
2.4

GS5, 5th gill slit height
14
2.4

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
81.5
13.7

P1B, pectoral base length
41.5
7.0

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
37
6.2

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
59
9.9

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
69
11.6

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
76
12.8

SOD, subocular pocket depth
—
—

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
145
24.4

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
—
—

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
—
—

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
—
—

CFW, caudal fork width
—
—

CFL, caudal fork length
—
—

CST, subterminal C margin length
18
3.0

CSW, subterminal caudal width
16
2.7

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
21
3.5

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
22.5
3.8

D1L, D1 total length
74.5
12.5

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
70
11.8

D1B, D1 base length
55
9.2

D1H, D1 vertical height
43
7.2

D1I, D1 inner margin length
19
3.2

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
37
6.2

D2L, D2 total length
70.5
11.8

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
66
11.1

D2B, D2 base length
55
9.2

D2H, D2 vertical height
36
6.1

D2I, D2 inner margin length
17
2.9

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
33
5.5

P2L, pelvic total length
70
11.8

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
56
9.4

P2B, pelvic base length
27
4.5

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
45
7.6

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
29
4.9

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
40
6.7

ANL, anal fin total length
66
11.1

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
—
—

ANB, anal fin base length
61
10.3

ANH, anal fin vertical height
14
2.4

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
5.4
0.9

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
—
—

HDH, head height at P origin
58
9.7

TRH, trunk height at P base end
70
11.8

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
37.5
6.3

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
38
6.4

CPH, caudal peduncle height
16.5
2.8

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
125
21.0

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
59
9.9

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
52
8.7

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
103
17.3

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
90
15.1

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
99
16.6

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
—
—

MOW, mouth width
38
6.4

ULA, upper labial furrow length
12
2.0

LLA, lower labial furrow length
9
1.5

NOW, nostril width
2.5
0.4

INW, internarial width
24
4.0

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
20.5
3.4

SPL, spiracle length
7.5
1.3

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
73
12.3

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
70
11.8

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
35
5.9

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
40
6.7

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
12.5
2.1

CLO, clasper outer margin length
—
—

CLI, clasper inner margin length
—
—

CLB, clasper base width
—
—

Barbel length
13
2.2

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

Figure 13: Chiloscyllium griseum: (a)–(c) ZMH 25675: (a) ventral view, (b) dorsal view, (c) lateral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm. (d)–(f) ZMH 25676: (d) lateral view, (e) ventral view, (f) dorsal view. Scale bar (d)–(f) 5 cm.

Contrary to the similar species Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov [36], the two examined specimens have faded stripes on their caudal fin and the base of the second dorsal fin is not longer than that of the first dorsal fin (Figures 13(b), 13(c), and 13(f)). The rudimentary dark and light bands clearly show that the two examined specimens do not belong to Chiloscyllium arabicum because this species is plain-colored in all stages without any color patterns. Additionally, Chiloscyllium arabicum has only been reported from the northwestern Indian Ocean, from the Persian Gulf to the western coast of India [17]. A striped pattern of alternating dark and light bands (which is very distinct in juveniles but pales almost completely into plain brown or gray when maturing) is only present in three species of Chiloscyllium: C. griseum, C. hasseltii Bleeker [29], and C. punctatum Müller and Henle [14]. Of these species Chiloscyllium punctatum can be excluded from the determination of the two examined specimens because in this species the posterior margins of the dorsal fins are concave and the free rear tips are elongated [37], whereas in the specimens ZMH 25675 and ZMH 25676 the dorsal fins have convex posterior margins and not elongated free rear tips (Figures 13(c), 13(d)).

The two examined specimens differ from Chiloscyllium hasseltii in having only pale dark bands compared to the light bands as well as broader and, therefore, fewer light bands. In Chiloscyllium hasseltii the dark bands are more distinct and black edged and there are more and narrower light bands [19]. Furthermore, the height of the first dorsal fin is 7.8% of total length in specimen ZMH 25675 and 7.2% in ZMH 25676. Following Dingerkus and DeFino [37] and Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola [38], this ratio is over 6.6% in Chiloscyllium griseum and less than that in C. hasseltii. Additionally, the height of the second dorsal fin compared to the total length is 6.3% in ZMH 25675 and 6.1% in ZMH 25676. This ratio is over 5.8% in Chiloscyllium griseum and less than 5.8% in C. hasseltii [37, 38]. The same values for these two ratios are given by Compagno [19] in his key to species. However, in his detailed descriptions of both species the values for the first and second dorsal fins are interchanged in each species because the height of the first dorsal fin is specified as being smaller than that of the second one. In the Thai and comparative specimens as well as following Compagno et al. [17], Compagno [24] and Dingerkus and DeFino [37], the first dorsal fins are higher than the second ones in both species.

The third proportion mentioned by Compagno [19] is the ratio between the interdorsal space and the total length. In specimen ZMH 25675 this ratio is 7.3% and in ZMH 25676 it is 7.9%. Compagno [19] lists a ratio of 8.7–11.5% for Chiloscyllium griseum and 6.6–11.1% for C. hasseltii. Therefore, both examined specimens are rather accord with the description of Chiloscyllium hasseltii than with that of C. griseum regarding this ratio. However, this proportion seems to be rather insignificant due to its high margin of variation.

In contrast to Compagno [19], who indicates that the base of the first dorsal fin is longer than that of the second one in Chiloscyllium griseum, the bases of both fins are about equal in length in each of the two examined specimens. The only species of Chiloscyllium, in which the first dorsal fin base is not longer than the second one, are C. arabicum and C. punctatum, which can be excluded from the determination due to the earlier mentioned differences. In Chiloscyllium arabicum the base of the second dorsal fin is even longer than that of the first one [17, 19, 24].

Although the dorsal ridges of Chiloscyllium griseum are not prominent following Compagno [19, 24] or even absent after Compagno et al. [17], both examined specimens have distinct pre—and interdorsal ridges. The Chiloscyllium griseum specimens which were examined by way of comparison also have quite prominent to prominent ridges pre—and interdorsally. According to Compagno [19, 24] and Compagno et al. [17], only Chiloscyllium arabicum, C. indicum, and C. plagiosum have prominent dorsal ridges but these species can be excluded from the determination of the examined Thai specimens by means of other, unambiguous differences. Dingerkus and DeFino [37] specify the dorsal ridges of Chiloscyllium griseum at least as quite prominent, but slightly less pronounced than in C. arabicum.

One highly unusual character can be found in the specimen ZMH 25676, which has a very big ocellar blotch on the head (Figure 13(f)). Such a blotch has not been described before for a species of the genus Chiloscyllium and is probably the remains of an untypical juvenile color pattern.

Specimen ZMH 25675 has 29 tooth rows in the upper and 27 rows in the lower jaw, specimen ZMH 25676 has 31 and 27 tooth rows. Fowler [27] lists 30 to 32 tooth rows per jaw for Chiloscyllium griseum.

3.6. Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller and Henle [14]

Chiloscyllium punctatum lives in coral reefs and, possibly, also in offshore soft bottoms to at least 85 m depth. Its distribution area ranges from East India over most parts of Southeast Asia to the whole northern coast of Australia in the south and East China and South Japan in the north [17].

The two specimens of Chiloscyllium punctatum (ZMH 25677 and ZMH 25678) were caught by local fishermen in the Gulf of Thailand near Pak Phanang on the 7th December 1993. Last and Stevens [1] list a maximal total length of at least 132 cm (144 cm in captivity) with the males maturing at 82 cm and the females at 87 cm total length. Accordingly, both examined specimens with total lengths of 56 cm and 61.7 cm, respectively, have to be considered as juveniles. This is also evidenced by the not-yet-well-developed claspers of the male specimen ZMH 25678 (Figure 14(f)).

Figure 14: Chiloscyllium punctatum: (a)–(c) ZMH 25677: (a) dorsal view, (b) lateral view, (c) ventral view. Scale bar (a)–(c) 5 cm. (d)–(f) ZMH 25678: (d) dorsal view, (e) lateral view, (f) ventral view. Scale bar (d)–(f) 5 cm.

Three habitus photographs of each of the specimens ZMH 25677 and ZMH 25678 are shown in Figure 14 and their measurements in Tables 9 and 10.

Table 9: Measurements of Chiloscyllium punctatum, ZMH 25677. Weight: 599 g, sex: female.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
560
100.0

FOR, fork length
—
—

PRC, precaudal length
422
75.4

PD2, pre-D2-length
310
55.4

PD1, pre-D1-length
210
37.5

HDL, head length
115
20.5

PG1, prebranchial length
85
15.2

PDP, prespiracular length
49
8.8

POB, preorbital length
43
7.7

PP1, prepectoral length
89
15.9

PP2, prepelvic length
183
32.7

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
195
34.8

PAL, preanal fin length
395
70.5

IDS, interdorsal space
57
10.2

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
57
10.2

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
64
11.4

PAS, pelvic—anal space
172
30.7

ACS, anal—caudal space
0
0.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
230
41.1

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
363
64.8

PRN, prenarial length
7
1.3

POR, preoral length
19
3.4

EYL, eye length
10
1.8

EYH, eye height
4
0.7

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
27
4.8

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
13
2.3

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
15
2.7

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
16
2.9

GS4, 4th gill slit height
16
2.9

GS5, 5th gill slit height
13.5
2.4

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
73
13.0

P1B, pectoral base length
30
5.4

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
35
6.3

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
40
7.1

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
64
11.4

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
61
10.9

SOD, subocular pocket depth
—
—

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
113
20.2

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
—
—

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
—
—

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
—
—

CFW, caudal fork width
—
—

CFL, caudal fork length
—
—

CST, subterminal C margin length
19
3.4

CSW, subterminal caudal width
15
2.7

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
25
4.5

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
30
5.4

D1L, D1 total length
79
14.1

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
74
13.2

D1B, D1 base length
54
9.6

D1H, D1 vertical height
47
8.4

D1I, D1 inner margin length
24.5
4.4

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
48
8.6

D2L, D2 total length
79.5
14.2

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
69
12.3

D2B, D2 base length
62
11.1

D2H, D2 vertical height
39.5
7.1

D2I, D2 inner margin length
20
3.6

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
42
7.5

P2L, pelvic total length
57
10.2

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
55
9.8

P2B, pelvic base length
23
4.1

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
37
6.6

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
22
3.9

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
35
6.3

ANL, anal fin total length
59
10.5

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
—
—

ANB, anal fin base length
53
9.5

ANH, anal fin vertical height
15.5
2.8

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
9
1.6

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
—
—

HDH, head height at P origin
55.5
9.9

TRH, trunk height at P base end
62.5
11.2

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
42
7.5

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
42
7.5

CPH, caudal peduncle height
20.5
3.7

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
110
19.6

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
45
8.0

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
44
7.9

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
88
15.7

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
79
14.1

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
75
13.4

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
—
—

MOW, mouth width
34
6.1

ULA, upper labial furrow length
9
1.6

LLA, lower labial furrow length
6
1.1

NOW, nostril width
2
0.4

INW, internarial width
21
3.8

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
22
3.9

SPL, spiracle length
8
1.4

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
62
11.1

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
65
11.6

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
35.5
6.3

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
39
7.0

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
14
2.5

CLO, clasper outer margin length
—
—

CLI, clasper inner margin length
—
—

CLB, clasper base width
—
—

Barbel length
11
2.0

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

Table 10: Measurements of Chiloscyllium punctatum, ZMH 25678. Weight: 670 g, sex: male.

Measurement
[mm]
[%TL]

TL, total length
617
100.0

FOR, fork length
—
—

PRC, precaudal length
495
80.2

PD2, pre-D2-length
352
57.1

PD1, pre-D1-length
225
36.5

HDL, head length
121
19.6

PG1, prebranchial length
91
14.7

PDP, prespiracular length
52
8.4

POB, preorbital length
45
7.3

PP1, prepectoral length
108
17.5

PP2, prepelvic length
210
34.0

SVL, snout—anterior vent length
220
35.7

PAL, preanal fin length
440
71.3

IDS, interdorsal space
71
11.5

DCS, dorsal (D2)—caudal space
58
9.4

PPS, pectoral—pelvic space
68
11.0

PAS, pelvic—anal space
200
32.4

ACS, anal—caudal space
0
0.0

PCA, pelvic—caudal space
255
41.3

VCL, anterior vent—caudal tip l.
399
64.7

PRN, prenarial length
12
1.9

POR, preoral length
23
3.7

EYL, eye length
11.5
1.9

EYH, eye height
5
0.8

ING, intergill length 1st to last slit
31
5.0

GS1, 1st gill slit height (unspread)
14.3
2.3

GS2, 2nd gill slit height
16.4
2.7

GS3, 3rd gill slit height
17.2
2.8

GS4, 4th gill slit height
16.8
2.7

GS5, 5th gill slit height
17
2.8

P1A, pectoral anterior margin l.
81
13.1

P1B, pectoral base length
28
4.5

P1I, pectoral inner margin length
40
6.5

P1P, pectoral posterior margin length
46
7.5

P1H, pectoral height (base end to tip)
70
11.3

P1L, pec. length (ant. base to post. tip)
64
10.4

SOD, subocular pocket depth
—
—

CDM, dorsal caudal margin length
140
22.7

CPV, preventral caudal margin length
—
—

CPU, upper postventral C margin l.
—
—

CPL, lower postventral C margin l.
—
—

CFW, caudal fork width
—
—

CFL, caudal fork length
—
—

CST, subterminal C margin length
17
2.8

CSW, subterminal caudal width
17
2.8

CTR, terminal caudal margin length
20.5
3.3

CTL, terminal caudal lobe length
28
4.5

D1L, D1 total length
89
14.4

D1A, D1 anterior margin length
89
14.4

D1B, D1 base length
65
10.5

D1H, D1 vertical height
44
7.1

D1I, D1 inner margin length
23.5
3.8

D1P, D1 posterior margin length
50
8.1

D2L, D2 total length
76
12.3

D2A, D2 anterior margin length
73
11.8

D2B, D2 base length
59
9.6

D2H, D2 vertical height
40
6.5

D2I, D2 inner margin length
18.5
3.0

D2P, D2 posterior margin length
39
6.3

P2L, pelvic total length
62
10.0

P2A, pelvic anterior margin length
62
10.0

P2B, pelvic base length
45
7.3

P2H, pelvic height = max. width
38
6.2

P2I, pelvic inner margin length
19
3.1

P2P, pelvic posterior margin length
39
6.3

ANL, anal fin total length
65
10.5

ANA, anal fin anterior margin length
—
—

ANB, anal fin base length
55
8.9

ANH, anal fin vertical height
17
2.8

ANI, anal fin inner margin length
9
1.5

ANP, anal fin posterior margin l.
—
—

HDH, head height at P origin
54
8.8

TRH, trunk height at P base end
58
9.4

ABH, abdomen height at D1B end
40
6.5

TAH, tail height at pelvic base end
40
6.5

CPH, caudal peduncle height
17
2.8

DPI, D1 midpoint—pectoral base end
132
21.4

DPO, D1 midpoint—pelvic origin
48
7.8

PDI, pelvic midpoint—D1 base end
61
9.9

PDO, pelvic midpoint—D2 origin
123
19.9

DAO, D2 origin—anal fin origin
88
14.3

DAI, D2 base end—anal base end
78
12.6

MOL, mouth length (arc radius)
—
—

MOW, mouth width
28
4.5

ULA, upper labial furrow length
9.7
1.6

LLA, lower labial furrow length
4.5
0.7

NOW, nostril width
2.5
0.4

INW, internarial width
22
3.6

ANF, anterior nasal flap length
—
—

INO, interorbital space, “bony”
22
3.6

SPL, spiracle length
9
1.5

ESL, eye—spiracle space
—
—

HDW, head width at middle gill slits
62
10.0

TRW, trunk width at P base ends
61
9.9

ABW, abdomen width at D1B end
29.5
4.8

TAW, tail width at pelvic base ends
36
5.8

CPW, C peduncle width at C origin
13.5
2.2

CLO, clasper outer margin length
15
2.4

CLI, clasper inner margin length
27
4.4

CLB, clasper base width
5
0.8

Barbel length
13
2.1

Width of cephalofoil
—
—

As described for Chiloscyllium punctatum by Last and Stevens [1]—and contrary to all other species of the genus—the examined specimens have dorsal fins with concave posterior margins and elongated free rear tips (Figures 14(b), 14(e)). Additionally, following Last and Stevens [1], the origin of the first dorsal fin is situated far anteriorly (over the anterior base of the pelvic fins), the bases of both dorsal fins are about equal in length, there are no lateral ridges on the body and the origin of the anal fin is situated about under or slightly behind the free rear tip of the second dorsal fin (Figures 14(b), 14(e)).

Both examined specimens show faded alternating dark and bright bands, which are remains of the distinct juvenile color pattern of this species (Figures 14(a), 14(b), 14(d), and 14(e)). Additionally, both specimens—especially specimen ZMH 25677—have black spots on the body (Figures 14(a), 14(b), 14(d), and 14(e)) as typical for older juveniles of the species following Dingerkus and DeFino [37]. Adult specimens of Chiloscyllium punctatum are almost plain brown, similar to those of C. arabicum, C. griseum, and C. hasseltii [37].

Specimen ZMH 25677 has 32 tooth rows in the upper and 31 in the lower jaw, and specimen ZMH 25678 has 31 and 30 tooth rows. Last and Stevens [1] specify between 31 and 33 tooth rows for the upper and 30 to 33 for the lower jaw of Chiloscyllium punctatum. Fowler [27] lists 30 tooth rows for the upper and 28 rows for the lower jaw of this species.

4. Conclusion

The results provide several new findings regarding the taxonomy and distribution of the examined species. Additionally, inaccuracies and errors from different references are described and clarified. As 26 to 73 million sharks get caught in commercial fishery each year [39], it is very important to improve our knowledge about these animals. In order to find out which species are particularly used commercially, it is very important to be able to identify the species quickly and accurately. A reliable determination is essential for effective protection and management programs. As mentioned before, detailed morphological information is scarce for several species due to the partially sketchy original descriptions like those by Müller and Henle [14]. Detailed morphological, morphometrical, and meristical descriptions as well as meaningful and detailed drawings are usually missing in their descriptions. Additionally, the margin of variation of a character or ratio in one species is often not fully known, as detected for example in Paragaleus randalli. Furthermore, extensive data about the abundance and the conservation status are not available for almost half of all Elasmobranchii [40]. The disagreement about the exact number of known cartilaginous fish species (1168 according to Fowler et al. [2], 1115 after Camhi et al. [40], over 1200 following Last and Stevens [1]) as well as the many newly described species in recent years [1, 10–13] also shows that there is still a huge need for further taxonomic and systematic research in sharks.

The knowledge deficits revealed in this study are, at least partially, based on short and imprecise original descriptions. Additionally, due to the many newly described species, data about similar, earlier described species have to be revalidated because they might include not only the intended, but also the newly described species.

More knowledge deficits become apparent in the not exactly known or patchy distribution areas of some species as well as the fact that the known distribution area for Paragaleus randalli could be extended eastwards significantly due to the examined Thai specimen. A similar extension could be found recently for another elasmobranch species, Rhinobatos formosensis Norman [41], the Taiwan Guitarfish [25].

Important information about distribution areas could eventually be provided by the observations of fishermen, but as mentioned before they are often not able to determine the exact species and simply declare most of their catches as “diverse Elasmobranchii” or “small sharks” [5, 15]. Easy- and fast-to-use identification keys like those by White et al. [3] or Daley et al. [42] could be very helpful for the determination. However, the exact determination of species from genera with many superficially similar species like, for example, most reef shark species (family Carcharhinidae) would still remain very difficult and time-consuming for nonscientists.

Additionally to the comments on literature in the results chapter of this paper, the author suggests to use another distinguishing feature for the differentiation of Carcharhinidae and Hemigaleidae in identification keys: Compagno [18] uses only the folding of the intestinal valve for the differentiation. However, the author suggests using the presence or absence of spiracles instead or additionally as distinctive feature for identification keys because the folding of the intestinal valve is difficult to check. The presence or absence of spiracles, in contrast, can easily be used because all Carcharhinidae with the exception of the unmistakable Tiger Shark Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur) [43] lack spiracles, whereas all Hemigaleidae do have spiracles.

When determining juvenile sharks, caution is advised in matters of possible ontogenetic changes in morphology or morphometrics. In this study the well-known morphological changes in the Hemiscyllidae species Chiloscyllium griseum and C. punctatum were found. However, some deviations from literature that were found in this study might result from ontogenetic changes, also. In an extreme case, ontogenetic changes can even lead to describing a different stage of life of a known species accidentally as a new species. This happened due to strong differences in terms of color in the Zebra Shark Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann) [44]: Seba [45] described the banded juvenile stage of this species as Squalus varius and Gmelin [46] described the spotted adult form as Squalus longicaudatus.

The results indicate that differences in tooth morphology, which have commonly been used for the distinction of Paragaleus randalli and P. tengi, are probably based on imprecise or inaccurate drawings in Compagno et al. [31] and Chen [32], respectively. Actually, both species have a very similar tooth morphology. Due to these new results, Paragaleus randalli and P. tengi should not be differentiated by means of their teeth only.

In Chiloscyllium griseum, variability in the size of the dorsal ridges between different references and the examined specimens was detected. Unfortunately there is no information about the dorsal ridges in the original description of Chiloscyllium griseum [14], but only a drawing in which no dorsal ridges are shown. This drawing is probably simply inexact or not generally appropriate as Müller and Henle [14] only examined seven individuals. It might be possible that Compagno [19, 24] and Compagno et al. [17] refer to this drawing in their description of the dorsal ridges. However, the drawing in Müller and Henle [14] actually shows a specimen of Chiloscyllium punctatum and not C. griseum, which is evidenced by the pronounced concave posterior margins and elongated free rear tips of the dorsal fins. Dingerkus and DeFino [37] guess that the specimen drawn by Müller and Henle [14] is the Chiloscyllium punctatum specimen RMNH 4178 due to similarities in body proportions and color pattern. In Compagno et al. [17] a similar mistake was made in the black and white drawing of Chiloscyllium griseum because its dorsal fins were erroneously drawn with concave posterior margins and elongated free rear tips like those of C. punctatum. However, the corresponding textual description is correct and describes straight to convex posterior margins as well as not elongated free rear tips. The color painting of Chiloscyllium griseum in Compagno et al. [17] is correct, also.

Altogether, it remains unclear if the size of the dorsal ridges is very variable in this species from not present to prominent or if some sources are imprecise about this character. Generally, Chiloscyllium griseum is considered a taxonomically complex species and the differentiation of several species of Chiloscyllium remains difficult due to strong ontogenetic changes and a high margin of variation in some morphometric ratios [19, 47].

In the future the pit organs might possibly be used in support of the determination of sharks, because the abundance and distribution of these free neuromasts vary widely among species according to Budker [48], Tester and Nelson [49] and Peach [50]. However, further research including the examination of more species is needed to verify if there are species-specific patterns of pit organs and, if so, to characterize the different typal patterns.

Due to the flourishing fin trade, further research is also desirable on the identification of shark species by means of their fins. Although good progress has been made in recent years, for example, by Clarke et al. [51] and Wong et al. [52] related to the genetic and by Deynat [53] regarding the morphological distinguishing, further research is still needed.

Acknowledgments

The author wants to thank Ralf Thiel for his advice during the work and his critical and very useful comments about the paper and Matthias Stehmann, who collected the examined specimens. He also provided information about the expedition and gave instructions for doing the measurements and meristics. Furthermore, the author is grateful to Irina Eidus for her help with the radiography and collection database, to Annelore Kröger for her assistance in taking the photographs with the Nikon-D90, to Anne Préviato and Bernard Séret (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) for providing photographs of the lectotype and paralectotypes of Chiloscyllium griseum, and to Matthias Schneider, Sven Tränkner, and Horst Zetzsche (Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt) for providing photographs of a paratype of Paragaleus randalli. Many thanks also to William White (CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Australia), Alec Moore (RSK Environment Ltd., U.K.), and Vivekanandan Elayaperumal (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India) for their comments about the examined Paragaleus specimen from Thailand and to William White and William N. Eschmeyer (California Academy of Sciences, USA) for their comments about the validity status of Chiloscyllium confusum. Additionally, the author is thankful to the company ESRI for providing an educational edition of ArcGIS 9 and to the Reference Division of Library, Tunghai University, Taiwan. The author confirms to have no conflict of interests by any relation to the commercial identities mentioned in this paper.

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