ISRN High Energy PhysicsVolume 2012 (2012), Article ID 954272, 5 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/954272

Research Article

CP Violating Tri-Bimaximal-Cabibbo Mixing

D. V. Ahluwalia1,2

¹Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computation, IMECC-UNICAMP CP, 6065, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil²Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutherford Building, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

Received 8 August 2012; Accepted 3 September 2012

Academic Editors: K. Cho, S. I. Eidelman, H. Hayashii, and W. Li

Copyright © 2012 D. V. Ahluwalia. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

In view of the new data from the Daya Bay and RENO collaborations, King has presented a very natural deformation of tri-bimaximal mixing. Here, we show that L/E flatness of the e-like event ratio in the atmospheric neutrino data, when coupled with King's observation that the smallest neutrino mixing angle, , seems to be related to the largest quark mixing angle (the Cabibbo angle ), leading to a CP violating tri-bimaximal-Cabibbo mixing. King's tri-bimaximal-Cabibbo mixing follows as a leading order approximation from our result.

The precise form of the neutrino mixing matrix, , that defines the relationship between the flavour and mass eigenstates, and , respectively [1, 2], reads and the knowledge of the masses for the underlying mass eigenstates arises from yet unknown physics. Nevertheless, once the parameters that determine the mixing matrix and the mass-squared differences are deciphered from the data, one can derive their phenomenological consequences on supernova explosions [3–6], on the synthesis of elements [7], on the cosmic microwave background, and, the distribution of large-scale structure [8]. In particular, if the neutrino mixing angle , then one can obtain CP violation in the neutrino sector with many interesting physical consequences [9–11].

The T2K, MINOS, and Double Chooz indications that the smallest neutrino mixing angle may be nonzero [12–14] has now been confirmed by the results of the Daya Bay and RENO collaborations [15, 16]. King has made the observation [17] that the smallest neutrino mixing angle seems to be related to the largest quark mixing angle, the Cabibbo angle [18], or equivalently to the Wolfenstein parameter, [2, 19]: (It is worth noting that Mohapatra and Smirnov had earlier conjectured King’s observation [20, Section  3.1].) To this observation, we now add that the , where is the neutrino source-detector distance and is the neutrino energy, flatness of the -like event ratio observed for atmospheric neutrinos [21] requires that This observation was first made in reference [22]. The value of obtained in [22] was also introduced recently as an Ansatz in [23].

Global analysis of neutrino oscillation data by two independent groups shows: (a) to be for the normal mass hierarchy while allowing for the full range for the inverted mass hierarchy [24], (b) with no significant difference between the normal and inverted mass hierarchies [25]. A detailed study of these two papers reveals that there is no statistically significant indication which disfavours . Regarding : (a) the first of the mentioned groups obtains for the normal mass hierarchy and for the inverted mass hierarchy (these values are consistent with ), while (b) the second group finds a slight preference for .

Both groups agree with the tri-bimaximal mixing value for the remaining angle [24, 25] With all the angles and phases thus fixed, the neutrino mixing matrix for the choice in (3) takes the form Its counterpart, , for is obtained by letting in . As a measure of CP violation, following [2], we define the asymmetries and find where all symbols have their usual meaning. The sign holds for . For , or equivalently , the matrix reduces to the standard tri-bimaximal mixing matrix [26]. (This may be compared with [27, equation  ] that gives an interpolating matrix with as a variable. In one limit the interpolating matrix gives the bimaximal mixing [28–30] and in another it yields tri-bimaximal mixing [26].)

The result (7) is modified by matter effects [31, 32]. Its general features are studied in detail by various authors [11, 33–35]. In gravitational environment, the following argument suggests that one must expect a significant modification to the result (7). Neutrino oscillations provide us with a set of flavour oscillation clocks. These clocks must redshift according to the general expectations of the theory of general relativity. In gravitational environments of neutron stars, the dimensionless gravitational potential is (cf. for Earth, ). For a given source-detector distance and a given energy, the asymmetries for supernovae modeling must be accordingly modified [36–41] at the 20% level, or thereabouts.

An examination of the matrix immediately shows that the expectation values of the and masses are identical. To the obtained above reproduces King’s result [17, equation (8)] for . The presented matrix not only accommodates the implications of the Daya Bay and RENO collaborations, but also the flatness of the -like event ratio seen in the atmospheric neutrino data while respecting all other known data on neutrino oscillations.

Acknowledgments

The result presented here was obtained on 10 May, 2012 and was presented the next day at a MatScience Seminar. The author would like to thank the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (MatScience, Chennai, India) for its hospitality and for its vibrant scholarly environment. The author is equally thankful to the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computation (IMECC, Unicamp, Brazil) where the work was written during a sabbatical year.

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