ISRN Analytical ChemistryVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 790382, 7 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790382

Research Article

Spectrophotometric Determination of Zolmitriptan in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceuticals Using Vanillin as a Reagent

Kudige N. Prashanth, Kanakapura Basavaiah, and Madihalli S. Raghu

Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka 570006, India

Received 25 February 2013; Accepted 25 March 2013

Academic Editors: T. Macko and A. Przyjazny

Copyright © 2013 Kudige N. Prashanth et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

An accurate and precise spectrophotometric method is presented for the determination of zolmitriptan (ZMT) based on the formation of a red color product with vanillin in presence of concentrated H₂SO₄, with the chromogen being measured at 580 nm. The reaction proceeds quantitatively at room temperature in 10 min. The calibration curve is linear over the range 5.0–90.0 μg mL⁻¹ and described by the regression equation with a regression coefficient of 0.9994 . The calculated molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity values are 3.3 × 10³ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and 0.0872 μg cm⁻², respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated as per ICH guidelines are 1.26 and 3.81 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. The within-day accuracy expressed as relative error was better than 1.78% with precision (RSD) ranging from 0.83 to 1.45%. The between-day accuracy ranged from 1.21 to 1.84% with a precision less than 1.66%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of one brand of tablet containing zolmitriptan. The results obtained were in agreement with those obtained by published reference method. The accuracy was also checked by placebo blank and synthetic mixture analyses besides recovery study via standard addition procedure.

1. Introduction

The antimigraine drug zolmitriptan (Figure 1) is a selective agonist of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) type 1B and 1D receptors and chemically known as (4S)-4-[[3-[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl]-1H-indol-5-yl] methyl]-2-oxazolidinone. Zolmitriptan (ZMT) binds with high affinity to human 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors leading to cranial blood vessel constriction. The therapeutic activity of ZMT for the treatment of migraine headache can most likely be attributed to the agonist effects at the 5HT1B/1D receptors on intracranial blood vessels (including the arteriovenous anastomoses) and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system, which result in cranial vessel constriction and inhibition of proinflammatory neuropeptide release [1].

Figure 1: Structure of ZMT.

ZMT is not included in any pharmacopeia. Literature survey reveals that few analytical methods have been published for analysis of ZMT in human plasma and include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric [2], mass spectrometric detection [3–5], and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [1, 6, 7].

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection has been widely used for the quantitative determination of ZMT in pharmaceuticals [8–15]. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [16], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [17], voltammetry [18], and UV-spectrophotometry methods [19–21] are the other techniques applied for the assay of ZMT in pharmaceuticals.

Only three visible spectrophotometric methods have been reported for the assay of ZMT in pharmaceuticals. The first method reported by Raza et al. [22] is based on the charge-transfer reaction of ZMT with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in acetonitrile medium to form a colored product. The other two methods reported by Aydogmus and Inanli [23] are based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complexes between ZMT and tropaeolin OO (TPOO) and bromothymol blue (BTB), which were extracted into chloroform and measured at 411.5 and 410 nm, respectively.

Most of the reported methods [8–21] require expensive instrumental setup, expertise personnel, and complicated procedure. Two of the reported visible spectrophotometric methods [23] require liquid-liquid extraction and strict pH control. The aim of the present work is to develop simple, sensitive and cost-effective spectrophotometric method for the determination of ZMT in pharmaceutical formulation. The method makes use of vanillin as the reagent in presence of concentrated H₂SO₄ and has been demonstrated to be superior to the existing spectrophotometric methods in terms of simplicity, speed, working conditions, and accuracy and precision.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Apparatus

A Systronics model 106 digital spectrophotometer provided with 1 cm matched quartz cells was used for absorbance measurements.

2.2. Reagents and Materials

All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade, and distilled water was used to prepare solutions.

Vanillin (4%). The solution was prepared by dissolving 4 g of vanillin (Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India) in 100 mL methanol (Merck Ltd., Mumbai, India).

Sulphuric Acid. Concentrated H₂SO₄ (Merck, Mumbai, India; sp. gr. 1.84) was used as such.

Standard Drug Solution. Pharmaceutical grade ZMT (99.80% pure) was kindly provided by Jubilant life Sciences, Mysore, India, and was used as received. A stock standard solution equivalent to 200 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT was prepared by dissolving 50 mg of pure drug in methanol and diluting to 250 mL in calibrated flask with the same solvent.

2.3. Construction of Calibration Curves

2.3.1. General Procedure

Different aliquots ( mL) of 200 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT solution were accurately measured and transferred into a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks, and the total volume was brought to 4.5 mL with methanol. To each flask 1 mL of 4% vanillin was added followed by 1 mL of concentrated H₂SO₄ and kept aside for 10 minutes; finally the volume was brought up to mark with methanol. The absorbance was measured at 580 nm versus reagent blank. A calibration graph was prepared by plotting the measured absorbance versus concentration. The concentration of the unknown was read from the calibration graph or computed from the regression equation derived using the Beer’s law data.

2.3.2. Procedure for Tablets

Twenty tablets were weighed and pulverized into a fine powder. An amount of tablet powder equivalent to 20 mg of ZMT was weighed into a 100 mL calibrated flask, 40 mL of methanol added, and the mixture shaken for 20 min; then the volume was made up to the mark with the same solvent, mixed well and filtered using Whatman no. 42 filter paper. The filtrate equivalent to 200 μg mL⁻¹ was subjected to analysis using the procedure described previously.

2.3.3. Procedure for the Analysis of Placebo Blank and Synthetic Mixture

A placebo blank containing starch (50 mg), acacia (45 mg), hydroxyl cellulose (60 mg), sodium citrate (70 mg), lactose (20 mg), talc (60 mg), magnesium stearate (55 mg), and sodium alginate (60 mg) was prepared, and 10 mg of the placebo blank was extracted with 5 mL methanol, and the solution was made as described under “procedure for tablets” and then subjected to analysis.

A synthetic mixture was prepared by adding 20 mg of ZMT to about 20 mg of the placebo blank prepared previosly homogenized, and the solution was prepared as done under “procedure for tablets.” The filtrate was collected in a 100 mL flask. The synthetic mixture solution was subjected to analysis by using the previous procedure.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemistry

Enamines are formed by a condensation reaction between a secondary amine and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of an acid catalyst [24, 25]. The formation of enamine forms the basis for the spectrophotometric determination of compounds of pharmaceutical significance. Vanillin, an aromatic aldehyde, has been applied to the quantification of drugs with primary or secondary amine in acidic medium using spectrophotometry [26]. The proposed method is based on the formation of chromogenic enamine between the secondary amino group of ZMT and aldehyde group of vanillin. The most probable condensation step for the formation of enamine between ZMT and vanillin is presented in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1: The proposed reaction pathway for enamine formation.

3.2. Spectral Characteristics

The absorption spectrum of the chromogen formed between ZMT and vanillin was recorded between 400 to 760 nm against respective reagent blank and the same is shown in Figure 2. The red-colored enamine exhibits at 580 nm. The reagent blank showed negligible absorbance at 580 nm. The measurements were thus made at this wavelength.

Figure 2: Absorption spectra of the colored product (40 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT).

3.3. Optimization of Experimental Variables

Various experimental variables were optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity.

3.3.1. Effect of Vanillin

Vanillin is insoluble in water and H₂SO₄. In methanol, both vanillin and ZMT were found to dissolve, and the red-colored reaction product was also obtained in this medium. Hence, methanol was used to prepare vanillin and ZMT solutions. The effect of vanillin on the sensitivity of the reaction was studied by using 4% vanillin, and it was observed that when 0.5–2 mL was used, the absorbance readings were nearly constant; below and above this range there was a decrease in absorbance (Figure 3). Hence, considering minimum blank absorption and maximum chromogen absorption, 1 mL of 4% vanillin was used as optimum in a total volume of 10 mL.

Figure 3: Effect of volume of 4% vanillin (40 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT).

3.3.2. Effect of Acid

The reaction was very slow in dilute acidic medium; thus concentrated sulphuric acid was used. The intensity of the red-colored product was found to remain constant when 0.5–2.0 mL concentrated sulphuric acid was added and even no change in intensity of blank was observed (Figure 4). Hence, 1 mL concentrated acid in a total volume of 10 mL was fixed as the optimum.

Figure 4: Effect of volume of conc. HCl solution (40 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT).

3.3.3. Reaction Time

The resulting red-colored enamine was developed completely in 10 min (Figure 5) and remained stable for another 20 min thereafter.

Figure 5: Effect of reaction time (40 μg mL⁻¹ ZMT).

3.4. Method Validation

3.4.1. Linearity and Sensitivity

A linear relation was found to exist between absorbance and the concentration of ZMT in the range 5.0–90.0 μg mL⁻¹. The calibration graph is described by: where is the absorbance, is the intercept, is the slope, and is the concentration in μg mL⁻¹, obtained by the method of least squares. Correlation coefficient, intercept, and slope for the calibration data are summarized in Table 1. Sensitivity parameters such as apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity values and the limits of detection and quantification calculated as per the current ICH guidelines [27] are compiled in Table 1 and are indicative of the excellent sensitivity of the method. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated according to the same guidelines using the formulae where is the standard deviation of five reagent blank determinations and is the slope of the calibration curve.

Table 1: Regression and analytical parameters.

Parameter
Proposed method

, nm
580

Beer’s law limits (g mL⁻¹)
5.0–90.0

Molar absorptivity (L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹)
3.3 × 10³

Sandell sensitivity* (g cm⁻²)
0.0872

Limit of detection (g mL⁻¹)
1.26

Limit of quantification (g mL⁻¹)
3.81

Regression equation, ** Intercept, ()
−0.0101

Slope, ()
0.0117

Correlation coefficient ()
0.9994

Standard deviation of intercept ()
0.0098

Standard deviation of slope ()
0.0002

*Limit of determination as the weight in µg per mL of solution, which corresponds to an absorbance of A = 0.001 measured in a cuvette of cross-sectional area 1 cm² and l = 1 cm. **, where is the absorbance, a is the intercept, b is the slope, and is the concentration in g mL⁻¹.

3.4.2. Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy was evaluated as percentage relative error between the measured concentrations and taken concentrations for ZMT (Bias %). The results obtained are compiled in Table 2 and show that the accuracy is good. The precision of the method was calculated in terms of intermediate precision (intraday and interday). Three different concentrations of ZMT were analyzed in replicates during the same day (intra-day precision) and five consecutive days (inter-day precision). The %RSD values of intra-day and inter-day studies showed that the precision was good (Table 2).

Table 2: Evaluation of intraday and interday precision and accuracy.

ZMT taken (μg mL⁻¹)
Intraday ()
Interday ()

ZMT founda (μg mL⁻¹)
%RSDb
%REc
ZMT founda (μg mL⁻¹)
%RSDb
%REc

20.0
19.70
1.45
1.49
19.68
1.66
1.61

40.0
40.71
0.83
1.78
40.73
0.89
1.84

60.0
60.61
1.22
1.02
60.72
1.55
1.21

aMean value of five determinations; brelative standard deviation (%); crelative error (%).

3.4.3. Robustness and Ruggedness

Method robustness was tested by making small incremental changes in concentrated sulphuric acid concentration and reaction time. To check the ruggedness, the analysis was performed by four different analysts and on three different instruments by the same analyst. The robustness and the ruggedness were checked at three different drug levels. The intermediate precision, expressed as %RSD, which is a measure of robustness and ruggedness was within the acceptable limits as shown in the Table 3.

Table 3: Robustness and ruggedness.

ZMT taken, μg mL⁻¹
Robustness
Ruggedness

Volume of acida
Reaction timeb
Interanalysts (%RSD),
Interinstruments (%RSD),

()
()
()
()

20.0
1.15
1.78
1.83
1.97

40.0
1.43
2.19
1.64
2.13

60.0
2.01
2.85
1.55
1.89

aThe volumes of conc. H₂SO₄ solution were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 mL; breaction times were 9, 10, and 11 min.

3.4.4. Selectivity

The selectivity of the proposed method for the analysis of ZMT was evaluated by placebo blank and synthetic mixture analyses. The recommended procedure was applied to the analysis of placebo blank, and the resulting absorbance readings were the same as that of the reagent blank, confirming no interference from the placebo.

The analysis of synthetic mixture solution yielded percent recoveries, which ranged between 98.38 and 101.7 with standard deviation of 1.06–1.93. The results of this study show that there is no interference from the commonly added excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and confirmed the selectivity of the method.

3.4.5. Application to the Analysis Tablets

In order to evaluate the analytical applicability of the proposed method to the quantification of ZMT in commercial tablets, the results obtained by the proposed method were compared to those of the reference method [10] by applying Student’s -test for accuracy and -test for precision. The reference method describes chromatographic separation of ZMT with UV-detection at 225 nm. The results (Table 4) show that the Student’s - and -values at 95% confidence level are less than the theoretical values, indicating that there is a good agreement between the results obtained by the proposed method and the reference method with respect to accuracy and precision.

Table 4: Results of analysis of tablets by the proposed methods.

Tablet brand name
Label claim
Found (percent of label claim ± SD)a

mg/tablet
Reference method
Proposed method

Zomig-2.5
2.5
100.59 ± 0.90
99.22 ± 1.50

t = 1.75

F = 2.77

aMean value of five determinations.

Tabulated -value at the 95% confidence level is 2.78.

Tabulated -value at the 95% confidence level is 6.39.

3.4.6. Recovery Studies

The accuracy and validity of the proposed method were further ascertained by performing recovery studies. Preanalyzed tablet powder was spiked with pure ZMT at three levels (50, 100, and 150% of that found in tablet powder), and the total was determined by the proposed method. The percent recovery of pure ZMT added was in the range of 101.4–102.3% with standard deviation of 0.82–1.45 (Table 5), indicating that the recovery was good and that the coformulated substance did not interfere in the determination.

Table 5: Results of recovery study by standard addition method.

Tablets studied
ZMT in tablets, μg mL⁻¹
Pure ZMT added, μg mL⁻¹
Total found, μg mL⁻¹
Pure ZMT recovered*, percent ± SD

Zomig-2.5
19.84
10.0
30.01
101.7 ± 0.82

19.84
20.0
40.13
101.4 ± 1.12

19.84
30.0
50.52
102.3 ± 1.45

*Mean value of three determinations.

4. Conclusions

The proposed method is selective as aromatic secondary amino group present in ZMT selectively condensed with the aromatic aldehyde group present in the vanillin. One of the previously reported methods requires expensive reagent [22], and the other two methods [23] involve extraction step and strict pH control and require large quantity of organic solvents. In contrast, the present method is free from rigid experimental conditions and is characterized by simplicity, reasonable sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and use of easily available chemicals when compared to the existing spectrophotometric methods. Selectivity of the reaction is reflected in satisfactory recovery of ZMT in the presence of excipients in pharmaceuticals. The reaction is rapid compared to previously reported extractive spectrophotometric methods. The method can be useful in the quality control of bulk drug and tablet dosage form.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Cipla India Ltd., Mumbai, India, for providing the gift sample of zolmitriptan. One of the authors (Kudige N. Prashanth) also wishes to thank the authorities of the University of Mysore for giving permission and facilities to carry out the research work. The authors do not have any conflict of interests with the commercial identities mentioned in the paper.

References

B. Kilic, T. Ozden, S. Toptan, and S. Ozilhan, “Simultaneous LC-MS-MS determination of zolmitriptan and its active metabolite N-desmethylzolmitriptan in human plasma,” Chromatographia, vol. 66, pp. S129–S133, 2007.

E. M. Clement and M. Franklin, “Simultaneous measurement of zolmitriptan and its major metabolites N-desmethylzolmitriptan and zolmitriptan N-oxide in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 766, no. 2, pp. 339–343, 2002.

J. Yao, Y. Qu, X. Zhao et al., “Determination of zolmitriptan in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry and study on its pharmacokinetics,” Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 25–28, 2005.

Z. Zhang, F. Xu, Y. Tian, W. Li, and G. Mao, “Quantification of zolmitriptan in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 813, no. 1-2, pp. 227–233, 2004.

D. Wang, D. S. Ouyang, Z. R. Tan et al., “HPLC-MS determination of zolmitriptan in human plasma and research of its bioequivalence,” Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171–173, 2007.

H. H. Zhou, X. J. Peng, Z. R. Tan, D. S. Ouyang, L. J. Liu, and L. L. Dai, “LC-MS/MS determination of zolmitriptan and its active metabolite N-desmethyl-zolmitriptan in human plasma,” Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1407–1411, 2010.

X. Chen, D. Liu, Y. Luan, F. Jin, and D. Zhong, “Determination of zolmitriptan in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: application to a pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 832, no. 1, pp. 30–35, 2006.

E. K. S. Vijayakumar, M. A. Samel, S. B. Bhalekar, and S. M. Pakhale, “A new stability indicating HPLC method for related substances in zolmitriptan,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 119–122, 2010.

M. M. Annapurna and B. Nanda, “Validated RP method for the determination of zolmitriptan—a serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist,” Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2011.

D. G. Sankar, A. Nagesh Babu, A. Rajeshwari, and M. Vamsi Krishna, “Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for estimation of zolmitriptan in tablet dosage forms,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 5019–5022, 2009.

M. K. Srinivasu, B. M. Rao, G. Sridhar, P. R. Kumar, K. B. Chandrasekhar, and A. Islam, “A validated chiral LC method for the determination of Zolmitriptan and its potential impurities,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 453–460, 2005.

P. V. Sagar, D. Kumar, S. Dey, and H. B. Samal, “Simultaneous estimation of rizatriptan, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan by RP-HPLC method in bulk,” Journal of Pharmacy Research, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 2930–2933, 2010.

M. Induri, R. M. Bhagavan, P. Y. Rajendra, R. K. Pavankumar, R. Boddu, and R. Sarva, “A validated RP-HPLC method for the quantification of zolmitriptan in tablet dosage form,” Der Pharma Chemica, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 351–357, 2010.

D. Rambabu, B. Bhoomaiah, R. S. C. Phani, and K. B. Krishna, “Validated RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Zolmitriptan in formulation,” Pharmacophore, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 150–155, 2011.

N. U. Rani, R. S. Rao, K. Saraswathi, and T. E. G. K. Murthy, “Development and validation of LC method for the estimation of Zolmitriptan in pharmaceutical dosage form,” Pharmacophore, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 195–200, 2011.

Y. K. Reddy, G. V. S. Reddy, and K. N. Jayaveera, “A new stability indicating RP-UPLC method for related substances in zolmitriptan,” African Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 50–62, 2011.

B. M. Rao, M. K. Srinivasu, G. Sridhar, P. R. Kumar, K. B. Chandrasekhar, and A. Islam, “A stability indicating LC method for zolmitriptan,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 39, no. 3-4, pp. 503–509, 2005.

B. Uslu and D. Canbaz, “Anodic voltammetry of zolmitriptan at boron-doped diamond electrode and its analytical applications,” Pharmazie, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 245–250, 2010.

S. K. Acharjya, M. E. B. Rao, B. V. V. R. Kumar, and M. M. Annapurna, “UV-spectrophotometric methods for the determination of zolmitriptan in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms,” Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 42–47, 2011.

T. E. G. K. Murthy and K. Veditha, “Spectrophotometric estimation of zolmitriptan,” Indian Pharmacist, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 57–60, 2011.

D. G. Sankar, A. N. Babu, A. Rajeswari, M. V. Krishna, and K. V. Devi, “Spectrophotometric determination of zolmitriptan in pharmaceutical dosage forms,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 4960–4962, 2008.

A. Raza, T. M. Ansari, and S. B. Niazi, “A novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of zolmitriptan in pharmaceutical formulations,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1413–1417, 2007.

Z. Aydogmus and I. Inanli, “Extractive spectrophotometric methods for determination of zolmitriptan in tablets,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 1237–1241, 2007.

B. L. Joseph and R. B. Wallace, “Condensations of secondary amines with aldehydes and naphthols,” Journal of American Chemical Society, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1655–1659, 1930.

M. A. Youngman and S. L. Dax, “Solidphase Mannich condensation of amines, aldehydes, and alkynes: investigation of diverse aldehyde inputs,” Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 469–472, 2001.

O. Z. Devi, K. Basavaiah, K. B. Vinay, and H. D. Revanasiddappa, “Sensitive spectrophotometric determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in dosage forms and spiked human urine using vanillin,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2011.

“Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonized Guideline, Q2 (R1), complementary guideline on methodology, London, UK, November 1996.