ISRN OncologyVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 829486, 10 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/829486

Research Article

Clinical Stages in Patients with Primary and Subsequent Cancers Based on the Czech Cancer Registry 1976–2005

Edvard Geryk,¹ Radim Štampach,² Petr Dítě,³ Jiří Kozel,² Teodor Horváth,⁴ and Petr Kubíček²

¹Department of Science and Research, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic²Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic³Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic⁴Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Received 13 April 2013; Accepted 9 June 2013

Academic Editors: N. Fujimoto, O. Hansen, R. Nahta, K. Sonoda, M. Stracke, and K. van Golen

Copyright © 2013 Edvard Geryk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Of 1,486,984 new cancers registered in the Czech Cancer Registry in 1976-2005, 290,312 (19.5%) were multiple malignant neoplasms (MMNs), of which there were 65,292 primary and 89,796 subsequent cases in men and 59,970 primary and 75,254 subsequent cases in women. The duplicities were higher in women, and the triplicities and others (3–6 MMNs) were higher in men. The most frequent diagnoses were the primary cancers of skin, gastrointestinal and urinary tract, male genital organs, respiratory tract in men, and cancers of skin, breast, female genital organs, and gastrointestinal tract in women. The analysis of the early and advanced clinical stages shows that the number of subsequent advanced stages increased after primary advanced stages. Their time-age-space distributions visualized maps of MMNs in 14 Czech regions. These results support the improvement of algorithms of dispensary care for the early detection of the subsequent neoplasms.

1. Introduction

The health status of the Czech population can be seen as very vulnerable, mainly because of the high risk of cancer especially in younger age. This fact is confirmed by data in Globocan 2008 [1]. Cancer diagnoses are registered since 1959. The IARC criteria are used were for their notificationed since May 1976 by criteria of the IARC. The annual surveys of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic [2] confirmed the continued trend of cancer occurrence, observed in the Czech areas from 1905 [3] and continuously described from 1933 [4]. The cancer incidence increased from 24,471 (254.4/100,000) in 1959 over 35,407 (347.5/100,000) in 1977 to 78,846 (751.5/100,000) in 2009 [2]. In view of new diagnostic and treatment modalities, the prevalence of cancers (ICD-10: C00-97, D00-09) increased from 174,311 (1,682.2/100,000) in 1989 to 461,545 (4,510/100,000) in 2005. Under the conditions of continuous diagnostics, treatment, medical surveillance, and cancer evidence, the survivors can reach in 2015 nearly 317,000 cases in men (of which 33.2% in age 35–64 years) and 434,000 in women (of which 42.6% in age 35–64 years) [5]. The differences between the numbers of cases and numbers of persons indicated the multiple malignant neoplasms (MMNs). After the preliminary report of their trend [6], this paper is another contribution to this issue.

2. Methods

The data of MMNs were based on the number of cancers reported to the Czech Cancer Registry between May 1976 and December 2005 and were verified and anonymised up to October 17, 2007. The percentage of multiple cancers of all diagnoses (ICD-10: C00-97, D00-09, D37-48, i.e. including the skin cancer) in males and females was compared with the number of newly diagnosed cases in the same codes. The primary and subsequent cancers were prepared in contingency tables and analysed by age, time and space distribution, and clinical stages of early (ST I, II), advanced (ST III, IV), and unknown cases. Their input data correspond with the classification of diseases at the time of diagnosis and with the level of cancer evidence in 14 Czech regions.

3. Results

A total of 1,486,984 new malignant neoplasms (50.9% men, 49.1% women) were registered in the Czech Cancer Registry between 1976 and 2005. This number includes 1,430,458 (96.2%) cancers (C00-97), 42,630 (2.9%) neoplasms in situ (D00-09), and 13,896 (0.9%) neoplasms of uncertain behaviour (D37-48). Of all newly registered cancers, there were notified 290,312 (19.5%) MMNs. In men were diagnosed 65,292 primary and 89,796 subsequent cancers and in women 59,970 primary and 75,254 subsequent cancers. A total of 84% duplicities were higher in women than 79.6% in men, while triplicities and others (3–6 MMNs) were in 19.1% cases of men and 15.4% of women. In men, there were the most frequent primary cancers of skin 46%, gastrointestinal 13.5% and urinary tract 9.6%, male genital organs 8.1% and respiratory tract 7.7%; in women, there were cancers of skin 39.4%, breast 17.3%, female genital organs 14.7%, and gastrointestinal tract 9.8%. The most frequent MMNs were 53,616 primary and 70,119 subsequent cancers of skin as a warning sign for the risk of following neoplasms. The most frequent subsequent diagnoses following primary cases were 26,790 cancers of gastrointestinal tract (54.6% men, 45.4%), 12,801 of respiratory tract (76.9% men, 23.1% women), 10,704 of urinary tract (66.6% men, 33.4% women), 9,394 of breast (0.9% men, 99.1% women), 5,284 of lymphoid and haematopoietic tissue (54.3% men, 45.7% women), and 6,804 of male and 9,309 of female genital organs (Table 1).

Table 1: New cancers and multiple malignant cases based on the Czech Cancer Registry 1976–2005 (up to October 17, 2007, data in 1976 from May).

Malignant neoplasm
ICD-10
Men
Women

New MN
% (a)
MMNs
% (b)
New MN
% (a)
MMNs
% (b)

Oral cavity, pharynx
C00-14
20673
2,8
2070
3,2
6241
0,9
540
0,9

Gastrointestinal tract
C15-26
193547
25,6
8862
13,6
162077
22,2
5882
9,8

Respiratory tract
C30-39
162315
21,4
5093
7,7
32263
4,4
887
1,5

Bone, articular cartilage
C40-41
1765
0,2
70
0,1
1320
0,2
50
0,1

Melanoma of skin
C43
14331
1,9
1626
2,5
15327
2,1
1518
2,5

Skin
C44
134727
17,8
30012
46
129787
17,8
23604
39,4

Mesothelial, soft tissue
C45-49
5489
0,7
321
0,5
5177
0,7
267
0,4

Breast
C50
978
0,1
128
0,2
118546
16,2
10352
17,3

Female genital organs
C51-58
0
0
0
0
115912
15,9
8785
14,7

Male genital organs
C60-63
74560
9,8
5265
8,1
0
0
0
0

Urinary tract
C64-68
67530
8,9
6278
9,6
32807
4,5
2221
3,7

Eye, brain, nervous system
C69-72
10734
1,4
305
0,5
9130
1,3
286
0,5

Thyroid and other glands
C73-75
3248
0,4
222
0,3
9357
1,3
585
1

Unspecified sites
C76-80
13539
1,8
392
0,6
13951
1,9
323
0,5

Lymphoid, haematol. tissue
C81-96
40071
5,3
2667
4,1
35056
4,8
1697
2,8

In situ
D00-09
7438
1
1161
1,8
35192
4,8
2301
3,8

Uncertain behaviour
D37-48
6449
0,9
820
1,3
7447
1
672
1,1

Total sites
C00-D48
757394
100
65292
100
729590
100
59970
100

% (a): relevant diagnosis in percent of all new cancers.

% (b): relevant diagnosis in percent of all malignant neoplasms.

The yearly number of MMNs increased from 2,543 cases in 1976 to 17,091 in 2005, of which the primary cancers increased from 2,365 in 1976 to 5,411 in 1995 and then decreased to 1,983 in 2005, while the subsequent cancers increased from 178 in 1976 to 15,108 in 2005 (Figure 1). The predominance of unknown stages in both sexes over other stages lasted until 1994; from the next years their number decreased especially in the early stages of primary cancers. The percentage occurrence of stage IV was permanently higher in men than in women.

Figure 1: Trend of multiple malignant neoplasms in the Czech Republic 1976–2005.

Let us see the situation in age groups. The values of the primary cancers in age group up to 49 years are 8.3% cases in men and 15.7% in women, in group 50–69 years 52.4% in men and 47.8% in women, in group 70–79 years 31.3% in men and 26.7% in women, and in group over 80 years 8% in men and 9.8% in women. After the exclusion of unknown stages, the numbers of early stages were higher in men in group of 70–79 years, in women in group up to 49 years, and in group over 80 years. The numbers of advanced stages were higher in men in group of 50–79 years.

Of the total 65,292 primary cancers in men, were diagnosed 24,263 (37.1%) cases of early stages (of which 28.2% ST I) and 6,051 (9.3%) cases of advanced stages (of which 4.2% ST IV); the unknown stages featured 34,978 (53.6%) cases. Of the total 59,970 primary cancers in women were diagnosed 27,922 (46.6%) cases of early stages (of which 32.6% ST I), 5,707 (9.5%) cases of advanced stages (of which 3.2% ST IV); the unknown stages featured 26,341 (43.9%) cases. The specific position presents 22,607 subsequent cancers of advanced stages (ST III, IV), of which 6,172 cases (i.e. 12.4% of 49,717) followed primary ST I, 2,865 cases (i.e. 17.3% of 16,533) followed primary ST II, 1,905 cases (i.e. 24.1% of 7,890) followed primary ST III, 1,355 cases (i.e. 27.2% of 4,976) followed primary ST IV, and 10,310 cases (i.e. 12% of 85,934) followed primary unknown stages (Table 2). The number of subsequent advanced stages increased with the advanced stage of primary disease.

Table 2: Primary and subsequent neoplasms by clinical stages 1976–2005 (Source: Czech Cancer Registry, up to October, 2007). Values of subsequent neoplasms in advanced stages are in bold.

Primary
Subsequent
Total
Men
Women

ST I
ST I
25936
13486
12450

ST II
5220
2429
2791

ST III
2731
1331
1400

ST IV
3441
1893
1548

Unknown
12389
6317
6072

Total

49717
25456
24261

ST II
ST I
5927
2534
3393

ST II
2728
1055
1673

ST III
1310
529
781

ST IV
1555
735
820

Unknown
5013
2175
2838

Total

16533
7028
9505

ST III
ST I
2163
953
1210

ST II
980
389
591

ST III
951
417
534

ST IV
954
473
481

Unknown
2842
1427
1415

Total

7890
3659
4231

ST IV
ST I
1040
644
396

ST II
441
260
181

ST III
341
191
150

ST IV
1014
559
455

Unknown
2140
1334
806

Total

4976
2988
1988

Unknown
ST I
26757
15184
11573

ST II
6653
3661
2992

ST III
4324
2483
1841

ST IV
5986
3807
2179

Unknown
42214
25530
16684

Total

85934
50665
35269

Total all sites

165050
89796
75254

The geographical distribution of MMNs by stages during 1976–2005 shows relevant maps (Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11). The most frequent values of primary-subsequent cancers of 14 regions reached the population of Northern Moravia—primary 12.7% and subsequent 13.7%, Prague—primary 11.8% and subsequent 11.8%, and Southern Moravia—primary 11.8% and subsequent 11.7%. The distribution of advanced stages presents two percentage values.

The comparison with total advanced stages in subsequent cancers was higher in regions nos. 11 (12.7%), 14 (12.1%), 4 (9.7%), and 1 (9.5%), while the comparison with all subsequent cancers in the relevant region was higher in regions nos. 6 (15.4%), 7 (14.7%), 4 (13.6%), 5 (13.6%) and 13 (12.4%) as an indicator of late diagnosis of subsequent cancer during medical surveillance (Table 3). Of the various comparisons are presented 9,037 advanced stages of subsequent cancers following primary neoplasms with higher value of 1603 (35.7%) gastrointestinal tract in men and 1718 (37.8%) in women, 1489 (33.2%) respiratory tract in men and 636 (14%) in women, 843 (18.5%) breast, 742 (16.3%), female genital organs, 498 (11.1%) male female genital organs, and 376 (8.4%) urinary tract in men and 218 (4.8%) in women (Figure 2).

Table 3: Advanced stages of subsequent neoplasms by regions 1976–2005 (Source: Czech Cancer Registry, up to October, 2007). Names of regions were changed to numbers because of anonymization.

Region
ADV-EAR
ADV-ADV
ADV-UNKN
Total
% (a)
% (b)

1
922
290
498
1710
9,5
8,8

2
781
295
455
1531
8,5
11,6

3
679
213
338
1230
6,8
10,6

4
818
357
564
1739
9,7
13,6

5
299
118
196
613
3,4
13,6

6
793
261
434
1488
8,3
15,4

7
375
112
186
673
3,7
14,7

8
284
106
232
622
3,5
8,5

9
321
99
217
637
3,5
8,7

10
391
180
309
880
4,9
11,3

11
1116
425
737
2278
12,7
11,8

12
675
186
409
1270
7,1
8

13
568
208
337
1113
6,2
12,4

14
1015
410
748
2173
12,1
9,6

ADV-EAR: advanced stages of subsequent cancers following early stages of primary cancers.

ADV-ADV: advanced stages of subsequent cancers following advanced stages of primary cancers.

ADV-UNKN: advanced stages of subsequent cancers following unknown stages of primary cancers.

% (a): percent of total advanced stages in subsequent cancers.

% (b): percent of subsequent cancers in the relevant region.

Figure 2: Subsequent diagnoses of advanced stages following primary neoplasms of early stages.

Figure 3: Advanced clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after early clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 4,488 males and 4,549 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 4: Advanced clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after advanced clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 1,640 males and 1,620 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 5: Advanced clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after unknown clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 6,290 males and 4,020 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 6: Early clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after early clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 19,504 males and 20,307 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 7: Early clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after advanced clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 2,246 males and 2,378 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 8: Early clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after unknown clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 18,845 males and 14,565 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 9: Unknown clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after early clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 8,492 males and 8,910 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 10: Unknown clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after advanced clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 2,761 males and 2,221 females in 1976–2005.

Figure 11: Unknown clinical stages of subsequent neoplasms after unknown clinical stages of primary neoplasms in regions of the Czech Republic in 25,530 males and 16,684 females in 1976–2005.

Up to October 17, 2007, there were registered of 65,292 primary cancers of men 18,887 (28.9%) surviving and 46,405 (71.1%) deaths, of 59,970 primary cancers of women 22,274 (37.1%) surviving and 37,696 (62.9%) deaths. Of total surviving cases were 54.7% early stages in men and 58% in women, 5% advanced stages in men and 5.2% in women; the unknown stages featured 40.3% in men and 36.9% in women. Of total deceased cases were 30% early stages in men and 39.8% in women, 11% advanced stages in men and 12.1% in women; the unknown stages featured 11% in men and 12.1% in women.

4. Discussion

From ongoing analysis of Cancer Registry database were published the results of the MMNs of breast [7], skin [8], prostate [9], gastrointestinal tract [10], brain [11], lung [12], head and neck [13], testis [14], and penis cancer [15]. We pointed to the current and future relationships of MMNs with ethical and economic burden of the Czech population [16]. We used experiences of more than 50 references, concerning the MMNs. Unfortunately the excellent source which analysed the MMNs of SEER database [17] did not contain data about clinical stages as well as the most of another recent reference [18].

Registered new cases of malignant neoplasms contain also other primary subsequent cancer diagnoses, first described by Billroth and von Winiwarer in 1889 [19]. As their possible causes were assessed the previous radiotherapy [20–23] and chemotherapy [24–28], dialysis [29], transplantation [30–32], and genetic predisposition [33, 34]. Their relationship for the risk of the MMNs was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, there is an agreement that the mutual coincidence of these causes can promote the occurrence of subsequent cancers with high burden on patients, their families, and oncologists, including the extraordinary difficulty of palliative care in the terminal period.

It can be assumed that the dispensary care can bring except the metastasis also other topographically and histologically different cancers. Their treatment has similar conditions by clinical stages even when the subsequent cancer can change the treatment scheme of the primary disease. 22,607 advanced stages, that is, 13.7% of all 165,050 subsequent cases during 29 years—is it high or low number? It is important to note that the number of subsequent advanced stages increased with advanced stage of primary disease. These results can contribute to the algorithms of dispensary care and early detection of the subsequent neoplasms. During 1977–2005, nearly every fifth cancer disease of the Czech population was associated with the occurrence of histologically different neoplasms.

The presented maps of MMNs by clinical stages are an example of using spatial analysis in our epidemiological research. Spatial epidemiology is the study of the geographical variation in disease risk, incidence, or prevalence [35]. As a growing field of research, spatial epidemiology provides new insights into multiple cancers as it pertains also to the management of permanent medical surveillance in cancer patients [36] and prevention in the health population by modern visualization [37].

5. Conclusion

Over 29 years, nearly one in five cancers registered in the Czech population was associated with additional cancer. A total of 165,050 subsequent neoplasms 13.7% were diagnosed in the advanced stage. The results suggest that information about multiple neoplasms and their clinical stages is necessary as a part of annual statistical cancer report. The most of subsequent advanced stages can be prevented by the therapeutic guidelines.

Authors’ Contribution

Edvard Geryk contributed in the analysis of input data and drafting of the paper, Radim Štampach was involved in the preparation of maps, Petr Dítě supervised the research design and execution of analysis, Jiří Kozel contributed in preparation of input anonymous data from source database, Teodor Horváth checked the codes of clinical stages, and Petr Kubíček supervised the maps and contributed in final draft. All authors read and approved the final version of the paper and declare that it is not under simultaneous consideration by any other publication.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict interests.

Acknowledgments

The source of cancer numbers was the database of Czech Cancer Registry which presented comprehensive information from May 1976 to October 2007 by notification of the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic in Prague, and the authors wish to thank Mrs. Eliška Vanková for her specifying information of cancer codes.

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