ISRN CardiologyVolume 2014 (2014), Article ID 149243, 9 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/149243

Review Article

Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in the Elective and Emergent Setting in a Pooled Population of 37,781 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Dustin M. Thomas,¹ Edward A. Hulten,² Shane T. Ellis,³ David M. F. Anderson,³ Nathan Anderson,¹ Fiora McRae,¹ Jamil A. Malik,¹ Todd C. Villines,² and Ahmad M. Slim¹

¹Cardiology Service MCHE-MDC, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, San Antonio, TX 78234-6200, USA²Cardiology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA³Medicine, USUHS, 3551 Roger Brooke Dr, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA

Received 11 December 2013; Accepted 3 February 2014; Published 2 April 2014

Academic Editors: W. S. Aronow and F. Cademartiri

Copyright © 2014 Dustin M. Thomas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

Background. We evaluated the incidence of mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) in endovascular repair (EVAR) as compared to open aneurysm repair (OAR) in both elective and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA ) setting. Methods. We analyzed the rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day MI, and hospital length of stay (LOS) based on comparative observation and randomized control trials involving EVAR and OAR. Results. 41 trials compared EVAR to OAR with a total pooled population of 37,781 patients. Analysis of elective and ruptured AAA repair favored EVAR with respect to 30-day mortality with a pooled odds ratio of 0.19 (95% CI 0.17–0.20; ; ). There were a total of 1,835 30-day MI events reported in the EVAR group as compared to 2,483 events in the OAR group. The pooled odds ratio for elective AAA was 0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.96; ) in favor of EVAR. The average LOS was reduced by 296.75 hrs (95% CI 156.68–436.82 hrs; ) in the EVAR population. Conclusions. EVAR has lower rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day MI, and LOS in both elective and ruptured AAA repair.

1. Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a prevalent threat, affecting approximately 5% of males over the age of 65. Open aneurysm repair (OAR) has been performed since the 1950s with a 30-day mortality of 4–12% [1]. Since the early 1990s, endovascular repair (EVAR) of both elective and ruptured AAA has steadily increased. This was driven predominantly by early data reporting lower 30-day mortality rates of 1-2% [2]. Subsequent long-term follow-up data from both the EVAR 1 trial group as well as the DREAM trial suggested the mortality curves become equivalent as early as 1 year [3, 4]. Previous meta-analysis looked to address the 30-day mortality rates based on age and surgical experience as well as defining operative complications.

We performed a systemic review of the literature to analyze the rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day myocardial infarction, and hospital length of stay based on comparative observation and randomized control trials involving endovascular and open approach to elective and ruptured AAA repair.

2. Methods

2.1. Data Sources and Study Selection

Two reviewers independently conducted the literature search and extraction of relevant articles from MEDLINE database, Embasse database, and Cochrane library for English language studies in humans older than 18 years of age. The date of the last search was obtained on July 1, 2012. We used the text words and related Medical Subject Headings terms: EVAR, outcome, mortality, morbidity, and endovascular aortic repair. We also searched relevant references cited in reviewed articles. We followed the guidelines of the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Group in both the execution and the reporting of our findings [5]. Initial phase included review of the title and abstract of potentially relevant articles for inclusion in the review before retrieval of the full articles. We included observational studies and randomized control trials in adults which compared EVAR to OAR for repair of either ruptured or elective AAA (Figure 1). We included articles which reported rates of 30-day mortality, perioperative myocardial infarction rates, and hospital length of stay. We excluded duplicate publications or serial publications reporting on the same study population. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.

Figure 1: Flow diagram of articles evaluated that did not meet inclusion/exclusion criteria during the search period.

2.2. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

The following characteristics of the study were extracted: author, year, design, sample size, elective or ruptured AAA, AAA diameter, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, operative time, estimated operative blood loss, perioperative transfusion requirement, and age. Outcomes abstracted included incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI), acute kidney injury (AKI), colon ischemia, leg ischemia, operative conversion rates to open repair, rates of endograft leak (specifically type 1 and type 2 endoleaks), and 30-day mortality.

All statistics were performed using Stata (Version 11, College Station, Texas). Two reviewers independently abstracted data and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Two reviewers independently rated study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of observational studies [6].

2.3. Data Synthesis

Our principal abstracted measure of effect was the odds ratio of a given outcome comparing EVAR to OAR. Univariate unadjusted outcomes were used and combined odds ratios were calculated to pool the odds ratio of individual study outcomes within the respective groups. Studies with no outcome event in either group were included for estimation of absolute incidence but could not be considered for calculation of the pooled odds ratio. Outcomes were pooled using a random effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model.

Heterogeneity was assessed by using the statistic. The statistic provides an estimate of the amount of variance due to heterogeneity rather than chance and is based on the traditional measure of variance, the Cochrane statistic. We conducted stratified analyses in order to assess potential confounders’ contribution to heterogeneity, including age, gender, and study quality (≤ or > the median overall Newcastle-Ottawa score as well as individual component analysis). Publication bias was assessed using Begg and Egger’s method. All values were two-sided with an alpha of 0.05.

3. Results

Baseline demographic data from the articles analyzed are included in Table 1 to include median patient age, AAA mean diameter, and study population size when reported. Forty-one trials (Figure 2) compared EVAR to OAR in elective AAA patients (7–46). A total of 1,594 deaths were reported in the EVAR population (506 deaths in the elective group) and mortality at 30 days favored EVAR with a pooled odds ratio of 0.34 (95% CI 0.31–0.38; %; ). Eleven trials (Figure 2) compared EVAR to OAR in ruptured AAA patients [7–18]. EVAR was superior to OAR in the ruptured AAA population as well with a pooled odds ratio of 0.11 (95% CI 0.10–0.12; %; ). Overall analysis of elective and ruptured AAA repair favored EVAR with respect to 30-day mortality with a pooled odds ratio of 0.19 (95% CI 0.17–0.20; %; ). Looking specifically at 30-day mortality rates in the 4 randomized controlled trials included in the elective analysis, EVAR was favored with a pooled odds ratio of 0.50 (95% CI 0.28–0.88; ; ; ) (Figure 3) [2, 19–21].

Table 1: Baseline article demographics separated based on trial design and elective versus ruptured repair.

Randomized control trials
Publication year
EVAR/OAR,
Age (EVAR/OAR)
AAA size, cm (EVAR/OAR)

Matsumura et al. [19]
2003
235/99

Becquemin et al. [20]
2011
150/149

Prinssen et al. [21]
2004
171/174

Greenhalgh et al. [2]
2004
626/626

Observational trials

Elective repairs

Hansman et al. [22]
2003
50/50

Hynes and Sultan [52]
2007
62/52

Mistry et al. [53]
2007
122/156
66/66

Moore et al. [23]
1999
100/100

May et al. [24]
1998
108/195
70/69
5.3/5.6

May et al. [25]
2001
148/135
72/69
NR

Moore et al. [54]
2003
573/111

NR

Paolini et al. [47]
2008
81/69

Porcellini et al. [26]
2007
11/14
71.3/69.6
5.9/6.8

Raval and Eskandari [27]
2012
1634/391
>80/>80
NR

Schermerhorn et al. [28]
2008
22830/22830
76/76
NR

Schouten et al. [29]
2005
55/69

6.0/6.0

Steinmetz et al. [30]
2010
148/134
78/76

Tefera et al. [31]
2004
61/23
74/74
6.0/6.0

Teufelsbauer et al. [55]
2002
206/248
73.4/70.6
NR

Turnipseed et al. [32]
2003
70/96
73/70
5.9/5.8

Wahlgren and Malmstedt [56]
2008
217/483

NR

Wang and Carpenter [57]
2008
2664/334

Zeebregts et al. [48]
2004
93/82

Aarts et al. [33]
2005
99/116
NR
5.8/6.0

Arko et al. [34]
2002
174/243

de Bruin et al. [35]
2010
173/178

NR

Becquemin et al. [36]
2000
73/107
70/69

Brown et al. [58]
2011
543/539

Bush et al. [49]
2007
788/1580

NR

Cao et al. [37]
2004
534/585
73/72
5.2/5.6

de Virgilio et al. [59]
1999
83/63
73/68
NR

Chan et al. [38]
2007
157/329
75/72
6.1/6.3

Chisci et al. [39]
2009
74/61

6.2/6.3

Criado et al. [40]
2003
240/126
75.5/70
5.70.96/NR

Elkouri et al. [41]
2004
94/261
77/73
5.7/5.7

García-Madrid et al. [42]
2004
53/30
73/70
6.2/6.4

Gawenda et al. [43]
2003
10/16
57/52.5
NR

Gouffic et al. [60]
2005
209/289

Gupta et al. [44]
2012
369/282
56/56
NR

Hill et al. [61]
2002
79/70

Diehm et al. [62]
2008
25/25

Hoshina et al. [45]
2012
326/247

Ruptured Repairs

Mcphee et al. [7]
2009
3179/24571
74.3/73
N/A

Nedeau et al. [8]
2012
19/55
78.2/76.3
N/A

Saqib et al. [9]
2012
37/111

N/A

Sarac et al. [10]
2011
32/128
80.5/72
N/A

Sharif et al. [11]
2007
52/74
74/74
N/A

Vaddineni et al. [12]
2005
9/15

N/A

Verhoeven et al. [13]
2008
36/89

N/A

Visser et al. [14]
2009
58/143

N/A

Alsac et al. [15]
2005
17/20

N/A

Coppi et al. [16]
2006
25/33

N/A

Bosch et al. [17]
2010
33/91
81/77
N/A

Franks et al. [18]
2006
21/22

N/A

Figure 2: Odd ratio of mortality risk in OAR as compared to EVAR in the elective as well as the emergent (ruptured) setting.

Figure 3: Odd ratio of mortality risk in OAR as compared to EVAR randomized clinical trials.

Twenty-nine trials of elective AAA repair and 9 ruptured AAA repair trials were included in the analysis of MI (Figure 4) [20, 22–45]. There were a total of 1,835 events (1,806 events in the elective AAA repair population) reported in the EVAR group compared with 2,483 events (2,388 events in the elective AAA repair population) in the OAR group. The pooled odds ratio for elective AAA was 0.74 (95% CI 0.58–0.96; ) in favor of EVAR. Ruptured AAA was 0.61 (95% CI 0.36–1.02; ) suggesting a trend in favor of EVAR though did not rise to the level of statistical significance [8–10, 14–18, 46]. Pooled analysis of both elective and ruptured studies give an overall odds ratio of 0.74 (95% CI 0.62–0.89; ; ).

Figure 4: Odd ratio of myocardial infarction risk in OAR as compared to EVAR in the elective as well as the emergent (ruptured) setting.

Sixteen trials were analyzed for the effect of surgical approach on hospital length of stay [6, 19, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 47–49]. An average decrease in hospital length of stay of 129.12 hrs (95% CI 104.29–153.96 hrs, ) was observed in the EVAR group undergoing elective AAA repair (Figure 5). Two trials addressing ruptured AAA repair and hospital length of stay were analyzed [18, 50]. The average decrease in length of stay was 296.75 hrs (95% CI 156.68–436.82 hrs; ) in the EVAR population when compared to open repair. Combined analysis of elective and open AAA repair with regard to hospital length of stay demonstrated a decrease in 136.21 hrs (95% CI 111.73–160.68 hrs; %; ) in favor of an endovascular approach.

Figure 5: Comparison of reported hospital length of stay between OR and EVAR.

4. Discussion

In this study of pooled population of 37,781 patients with known AAA who underwent either EVAR or OAR in both the elective as well as the ruptured setting, EVAR appears to be favored with lower rates of not only 30-day mortality and average hospital length of stay but also myocardial infarction that is potentially associated with significant cost reduction without compromising outcomes.

In a similar meta-analysis performed by Lovegrove et al. of 21,178 patients who underwent either EVAR or OAR for elective AAA repair, EVAR was associated with shorter intensive care unit, total hospital stay, less cardiac and respiratory complications, and lower mortality rates [51]. However, myocardial infarction was not evaluated and was included in the large cardiac complication definition. In the ruptured setting, EVAR was associated with lower mortality rates than OAR with no difference in cardiac complications [46]. In our pooled data of 37,781 patients, EVAR was favored over OAR with statistically significantly lower rates of mortality and myocardial infarction with associated shorter hospital length of stay in both elective and ruptured setting. This result was observed in both observational as well as randomized clinical trials (RCT) but with less heterogeneity noted with RCT that we postulate is most likely related to variable experience of operators in different sites in EVAR versus OAR. This is in contrast to large volume RCT where operators underwent significant training period prior to site initiation, potentially leading to less complication and less heterogeneity in outcomes.

Pooled analysis of both elective and ruptured studies seems to favor EVAR with regards to perioperative risk for MI with a trend towards statistical significance. This data should be interpreted in the context of inherit selection bias regarding the patient population referred for EVAR (typically infrarenal anatomy, accommodating neck size, lack of complex anatomy, typically asymptomatic, smaller diameter, and without significant anatomic variation) compared with open repair. Additionally, patients referred for EVAR often have more significant comorbidity or acute illness precluding an open repair. Thus, this is critical in a population where the incidence of cardiovascular events is high at baseline to include postoperative MI in both the elective and the ruptured setting to identify an intervention that is associated over all with lower rates of postoperative MI.

There are limitations to this study design to include the observational design, heterogeneity of trials analyzed, variability in reporting various patient outcomes, and lack of individual patient data for covariates.

This study is one of the largest pooled data analysis of patients with known AAA who underwent either EVAR or OAR in the elective as well as the emergent (ruptured) setting. We demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in odds of 30-day mortality, myocardial infarction, and average hospital length of stay in AAA patients undergoing EVAR regardless of whether the procedure was elective or emergent in a large pooled patient’s sample.

5. Conclusions

EVAR has lower rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day myocardial infarction, and associated hospital length of stay based on our analysis of the pooled data from both observation and randomized control trials involving endovascular and open approach to elective and ruptured AAA repair.

Disclosure

The opinions and research contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be considered official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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