Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 768364, 15 pages

doi:10.1155/2012/768364

Research Article

Hopf Bifurcation of a Differential-Algebraic Bioeconomic Model with Two Time Delays

Xiaojian Zhou,1,2 Xin Chen,¹ and Yongzhong Song¹

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, Institute of Mathematics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

²School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226008, China

Received 7 September 2012; Accepted 26 September 2012

Academic Editor: Junjie Wei

Copyright © 2012 Xiaojian Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract.

We investigate the dynamics of a differential-algebraic bioeconomic model with two time delays. Regarding time delay as a bifurcation parameter, we show that a sequence of Hopf bifurcations occur at the positive equilibrium as the delay increases. Using the theories of normal form and center manifold, we also give the explicit algorithm for determining the direction of the Hopf bifurcations and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Numerical tests are provided to verify our theoretical analysis.

1. Introduction

Predator-prey systems with delay play an important role in population dynamics since Vito Volterra and James Lotka proposed the seminal models of predator-prey in the mid of 1920s. In recent years, predator-prey systems with delay have been studied extensively due to their theoretical and practical significance.

In 1973, May [1] first proposed the delayed predator-prey system

where and can be interpreted as the population densities of prey and predator at time , respectively. is the feedback time delay of prey species to the growth of species itself. denotes intrinsic growth rate of prey, and denotes the death rate of predator. The parameters are all positive constants.

Recently, Song and Wei [2] further considered the existence of local Hopf bifurcations of system (1.1). They regarded the feedback time delay as a bifurcation parameter and investigated the stability and the direction of periodic solutions bifurcating from Hopf bifurcations, by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold reduction developed by Hassard et al. [3].

Considering the feedback time delay of predator species to the growth of species itself and also with the delay , Yan and Li [4] studied Hopf bifurcation and global periodic solutions of the following modified delayed predator-prey system:

They established the global existence results of periodic solutions bifurcating from Hopf bifurcations using a global Hopf bifurcation result due to Wu [5], which was different from that used in Song and Wei [2]. In [6], Yuan and Zhang also investigated the stability of the positive equilibrium and existence of Hopf bifurcation of the model (1.2).

Noting that, in real situations, the feedback time delay of the prey to the growth of the species itself and the feedback time delay of the predator to the growth of the species itself are different, the generalized system of (1.2) with double time delays can be obtained:

In 1954, Gordon [7] studied the effect of harvest effort on ecosystem from an economic perspective and proposed the following economic theory:

This provides theoretical fundament for the establishment of bioeconomic systems by differential-algebraic equations (DAEs).

Let and represent the harvest effort and the density of harvested population, respectively. Then and , where is unit price of harvested population and is the cost of harvest effort. Considering the economic interest of the harvest effort on the predator, we can establish the following algebraic equation:

Recently, a class of differential-algebraic bioeconomic models were proposed and analyzed in [8–14]. For example, [8] discussed the problems of chaos and chaotic control for a differential-algebraic system. The existence and stability of equilibrium points, the sufficient conditions of existence for various bifurcations (transcritical bifurcation, singular induced bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation) are invested in [9–14]. However, the stability and the direction of periodic solutions bifurcating from Hopf bifurcations have not been discussed there. Very recently, Zhang et al. [15] analyzed the stability and the Hopf bifurcation of a differential-algebraic bioeconomic system with a single time delay and Holling II type functional response and first investigated the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions.

Based on the above economic theory and system (1.3), in this paper, we study the Hopf bifurcation of the following differential-algebraic bioeconomic system:

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, regarding time delay as bifurcation parameter, first, we study the stability of the equilibrium point of system based on the new normal form approach proposed by Chen et al. [16]. Then, following the normal form approach theory and the center manifold theory introduced by Hassard et al. [3], we compute the normal form for the Hopf bifurcation of system (2.1) and analyze the direction and stability of the bifurcating periodic orbits of the system. Numerical examples are given in Section 3 to illustrate our theoretical results.

2. Hopf Bifurcation

In this section, we analyze the stability and the Hopf bifurcation of the differential-algebraic bioeconomic system (2.1). Furthermore, we will derive the formula for determining the properties of the Hopf bifurcation.

Let , and . Dropping the bars, system (1.6) becomes the following bioeconomic system with single time delay:

where .

2.1. Existence of Hopf Bifurcation

For , the system (2.1) has positive equipment point , where , and is the positive root of the following equation:

In order to guarantee the existence of the positive equipment point , some restrictions must be satisfied also:

and .

In order to analyze the local stability of the positive equilibrium point, we first use the linear transformation , where

Then the system (2.1) yields

According to the literature [16], considering the local parametrization of the third equation of the system (2.5), and we can obtain the following parametric system of it:

where

is a smooth mapping, and satisfies

Thus the linearized system of parametric system (2.6) at (0,0) is given as below:

The characteristic equation of the linearized system of parametric system (2.9) at (0,0) is given by

where , and .

The second-degree transcendental polynomial equation (2.10) has been extensively studied and applied by many researchers [2, 17–20].

Let

(H1);(H2);(H3) either and or

(H4) either or , and

(H5), , and

From Lemma 2.1 in [2], we easily obtain the following results about the stability of the positive equilibrium and the Hopf bifurcation of (2.1).

Theorem 2.1. For system (2.1). One has the following.

(i) If (H1)–(H3) hold, then the equilibrium of the system (2.1) is asymptotically stable for all .

(ii) If (H1), (H2), and (H4) hold, then the equilibrium of the system (2.1) is asymptotically stable when and unstable when . System (2.1) undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at when .

(iii) If (H1), (H2), and (H5) hold, then there is a positive integer , such that the equilibrium switches times from stability to instability to stability; that is, is asymptotically stable when

and unstable when

Here,

Denote ; then the following transversality conditions hold:

2.2. Direction and Stability of the Hopf Bifurcation

In the previous section, we obtain the conditions for Hopf bifurcations at the positive equilibrium when . In this section, we will derive the formulaes determining the direction, stability, and period of these periodic solutions bifurcating from at . The basic techniques used here are the normal form and the center manifold theory developed by Hassard et al. [3].

Assuming the system (2.1) undergoes Hopf bifurcations at the positive equilibrium at , we let be the corresponding purely imaginary root of the characteristic equation at the positive equilibrium. In order to investigate the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions of system (2.1), we consider the parametric system (2.6) of system (2.5).

Let ; then the parametric system (2.6) is equivalent to the following functional differential equation system:

where .

For , define a family of operators

where . By the Riesz representation theorem, there exists a function of bounded variation for , such that

In fact, we can choose

For , define

Hence system (2.18) can be rewritten as

For , define

and a bilinear inner product

where . Then and are adjoint operators. By the discussion in Section 2.1, we know that are eigenvalues of . Thus they are also eigenvalues of . Suppose that and are eigenvectors of and corresponding to and , respectively. It is easy to obtain

Moreover, .

Now, we calculate the coordinates to describe the center manifold at . Using the same notations as in [3], we define

On the center manifold , we have , where

and and are local coordinates for in the direction of and . Note that is real if is real; we only consider real solutions. For , we have

where

Moreover, we have

Next, we will calculate and . From (2.23) and (2.29), we have

where .

For , we can get

On the other hand, ; hence we can obtain

It follows from (2.33) that

Solving it, we have

Now we will seek appropriate and . From (2.30) and (2.32), we have

where

Noting that

we have the following linear equations:

It is easy to get and . Furthermore, we can get the following values:

It is well known that, at the critical value , the sign of determines the direction of the Hopf bifurcation, determines the stability of bifurcated periodic solutions, while determines the period of bifurcated periodic solutions, respectively. In fact, we have the theorem as follows.

Theorem 2.2. (i) The Hopf bifurcation is supercritical if and subcritical if .

(ii) The bifurcated periodic solutions are stable if and unstable if .

(iii) The period of bifurcated periodic solutions increases if and decreases if .

3. Numerical Examples

We now perform some simulations for better understanding of our analytical treatment.

Example 3.1. Consider the following differential-algebraic system:

The only positive equilibrium point of the system (3.1) is . It is easy to get .

When , from (2.32), the characteristic equation of the linearized system of parametric system of (3.1) at is given by

By simple calculating, . According to Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, is stable.

When , we can further get , and which mean (H1), (H2), and (H5) hold. Furthermore, we have , and hence . According to conclusion (iii) of Theorem 2.1, the equilibrium point is stable only for , unstable for any , and the Hopf bifurcation occurs at .

By the aid of Mathematica, we can obtain the following values according to equalities in (2.41):

So we have , and . Thus from Theorem 2.2, we can conclude that the Hopf bifurcation of system (3.1) is subcritical, the bifurcating periodic solution exists when crosses to the left, and the bifurcating periodic solution is unstable and decreases.

Figure 1 shows the positive equilibrium point of system (3.1) is locally asymptotically stable when . The periodic solutions occur from when as is illustrated in Figure 2. When , the positive equilibrium point becomes unstable as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 1: : Dynamic behavior of the differential-algebraic system (3.1) with , and the positive equilibrium point is stable.

Figure 2: Dynamic behavior of the differential-algebraic system (3.1) with , periodic solutions bifurcating from the positive equilibrium point .

Figure 3: Dynamic behavior of the differential-algebraic system (3.1) with , and the positive equilibrium point is unstable.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments which improved the paper. This work is supported by the Foundation for the Authors of the National Excellent Doctoral Thesis Award of China (200720), the “333 Project” Foundation of Jiangsu Province, and the Foundation for Innovative Program of Jiangsu Province(CXZZ11_0870, CXZZ12_0383).

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